🌐 BASICS OF GEOMETRY
1. Points, Lines, and Planes
Point: A location in space, has no size. (e.g., dot “A”)
Line: Extends infinitely in both directions.
Line Segment: Part of a line, has two endpoints (AB).
Ray: Starts at one point, extends infinitely in one direction.
Plane: A flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions.
👉 Example:
Point → location of a city on a map.
Line segment → length of a pencil.
Ray → sunlight coming from the sun.
Plane → surface of a table.
2. Angles (Detailed)
When two lines or rays meet at a point, an angle is formed.
Acute angle: 0°–90°
Right angle: 90°
Obtuse angle: 90°–180°
Straight angle: 180° (like a straight line)
Reflex angle: 180°–360°
Full angle: 360°
👉 Examples:
Acute → Pizza slice
Right → Corner of a notebook
Obtuse → Door opened wide
3. Triangles (Special Polygons)
Triangles are 3-sided polygons.
By sides:
o Equilateral: all 3 sides equal
o Isosceles: 2 sides equal
o Scalene: all sides different
By angles:
o Acute-angled triangle → all angles < 90°
o Right-angled triangle → one angle = 90°
o Obtuse-angled triangle → one angle > 90°
👉 Property: Sum of all angles in a triangle = 180°
4. Quadrilaterals (4-sided polygons)
Square → all sides equal, all angles 90°
Rectangle → opposite sides equal, all angles 90°
Rhombus → all sides equal, opposite angles equal
Parallelogram → opposite sides parallel & equal
Trapezium (Trapezoid) → one pair of sides parallel
👉 Property: Sum of angles in a quadrilateral = 360°
5. Circles (Detailed)
Radius (r) → distance from center to any point on circle
Diameter (d = 2r) → line passing through center
Circumference (C = 2πr) → perimeter of circle
Chord → line joining two points on the circle
Arc → portion of the circumference
Sector → region bounded by two radii & arc (like a pizza slice)
Tangent → line that touches the circle at exactly one point
👉 Example: In a clock →
Hand length = radius
Edge path = circumference
Slice between 12 and 3 = sector
6. Polygons (General)
A polygon is a closed figure made of straight sides.
3 sides → Triangle
4 sides → Quadrilateral
5 sides → Pentagon
6 sides → Hexagon
8 sides → Octagon
n sides → n-gon
👉 Formula for sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n – 2) × 180°
👉 Example: Pentagon (5 sides) → (5–2) × 180° = 540°
7. Perimeter and Area (Basic Measurement)
Perimeter: Total length of boundary of a shape.
Area: Region covered inside a shape.
👉 Examples:
Square with side = a →
o Perimeter = 4a
o Area = a²
Rectangle (l × w) →
o Perimeter = 2(l + w)
o Area = l × w
Circle (r) →
o Circumference = 2πr
o Area = πr²
