53

i
rth
ya
id
v=u+at s = ut + ½ at2 v2 = u2 + 2 as
eV

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 54
dksbZ oLrq foJkekoLFkk esa rc dgyk,xh tc mldh fLFkfr esa fdlh ,d fcUnq
ds lkis{k dksbZ cnyko u gks jgk gksA
;fn fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr esa yxkrkj cnyko gks ¼fdlh ,d fcUnq ds lkis{k½]
rc ;g oLrq xfrtkoLFkk esa dgykbZ tk,xhA
fofHkUu rjg ds iFk ij fofHkUu rjg dh xfrtkoLFkk,¡ gksrh gSaA

i
fofHkUu xfrtkoLFkkvksa ds izk:i fuEufyf[kr gks ldrs gSa&

rth
(i) ?kw.kZu xfr & xksykdkj iFkA
(ii) js[kh; xfr & js[kh; iFkA
(iii) daiu xfr & nksyu iFkA
;fn fdlh HkkSfrd bdkbZ dk dsoy eksy gks vkSj fn'kk u gks rc og HkkSfrd
bdkbZ vfn'k jkf'k esa fxuh tk;sxhA mnkgj.k&pky] nwjhA
bu HkkSfrd bdkbZ;ksa dk eksy ,oe~ fn'kk nksuksa gh gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k&osx]
foLFkkiuA
ya
 okLrfod iFk ¼tks fd dksbZ oLrq viuh izkjfEHkd fLFkfr ls vafre fLFkfr ds chp pyrh gS½ dk
id
eki mldh nwjh dgykrh gSA
 nwjh ,d vfn'k jkf'k gS ftldk dsoy ekiu gksrk gS] fn'kk ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.k&jes'k 65
fdeh- dh nwjh pyrk gSA
 foLFkkiu&fdlh oLrq dh izkjfEHkd ,oa vfrae fLFkfr ds chp U;wure nwjh dk ekiu gksrk gSA
 foLFkkiu ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS ftldk ekiu vkSj fn'kk nksuksa gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k&jes'k ?kaVk?kj
eV

ls 65 fdeh- nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk esa tkrk gSA

 foLFkkiu dk eksy 'kwU; gks ldrk gS ¼;fn fdlh oLrq dk izkjfEHkd vkSj vafre fLFkfr ,d gks]
tSlk fd xksykdkj iFk esa gksrk gSA½

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 55

(i) okLrfod iFk ¼tks dksbZ oLrq viuh izkjfEHkd (i) foLFkkiu dh fLFkfr dh izkjfEHkd ,oa vafre fLFkfr
fLFkfr ls vafre fLFkfr ds chp pyrh gS½ dk ds chp nwjh U;wure nwjh dk ekiu gksrk gSA
eki mldh nwjh dgykrh gSA
(ii) ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA (ii) ;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA

i
(iii) ;g ges'kk /kukRed gksrh gS vkSj dHkh Hkh ^0* (iii) ;g bdkbZ /kukRed] _.kkRed ,oa 'kwU; Hkh gks

rth
;k _.kkRed ugha gks ldrhA ldrh gSA
(iv) nwjh fdlh js[kh; iFk esa foLFkkiu ds cjkcj (iv) bl bdkbZ dk ekiu ;k rks nwjh ds ekiu ds cjkcj
gks ldrh gS ;k bldk ekiu foLFkkiu ds gksxk ;k fQj de gksxkA
ekiu ls vf/kd gksrk gSA

'10m'
ya 'A' 'B' ;

dqy nwjh = R = 3.14 × 10 = 31.4 m

id
dqy foLFkkiu = 2R = 2 × 10 = 20 m

;fn dksbZ oLrq cjkcj nwjh cjkcj le; esa iwjk djs rks og ,d leku xfr
ls fopj.k dj jgk gksrk gSA
eV

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 56
;fn dksbZ vyx&vyx nwjh vyx&vyx le; esa iwjh djs rc og vleku
xfr ls fopj.k dj jgh gksrh gSA

(i) ;fn oLrq dh xfr le; ds lkFk yxkrkj c<+rh jgs rc og Roj.k xfr
dgyk,xhA

i
(ii) ;fn oLrq dh xfr le; ds lkFk yxkrkj ?kVrh jgs rc og eanu xfr

rth
dgyk,xhA
xfr ds nj dk ekiu pky dgykrk gSA oLrq dh pky dk mlds }kjk pyh xbZ nwjh
dks le; ls Hkkx nsdj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 pky ,d vfn'k jkf'k gS ftldk dsoy ekiu gksrk gS] ;g fn'kkjfgr gksrh gSA
 pky dk ek=d ehVj izfr lsd.M gksrk gSA (ms–1)
 ;fn dksbZ oLrq leku xfr ls fopj.k dj jgk gS rks og leku pky }kjk viuh nwjh r; djrk
ya
gSA
 ij ;fn vleku xfr gks rks oLrq dh pky ,d leku u jgdj cnyrh jgrh gSA
 bl fLFkfr esa ¼vleku fLFkfr½ fdlh oLrq dh mlds iFk ij vkSlr pky fudkyh tkrh gS
vFkok vkSlr pky vleku xfr dh fLFkfr esa fdlh oLrq }kjk pyh xbZ pky dh ,d fuf'pr
eki gSA
id
pky ¼fdyksehVj@?kaVk½ ¾ ¾ 8 fdeh-@?kaVk


eV

pky ¼[email protected]½ ¾ ¾ 2-22 [email protected]



 :ikarj.k dkjd %
(i) pky ¼fdeh-@?kaVk½ ¾ pky ¼[email protected]½

(ii) pky ¼[email protected]½ ¾ pky ¼fdeh-½

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 57
osx&fn'kk ds lkFk pky ds ekiu dks osx dgk tkrk gSA
osx ¾ foLFkkiu@le;
 osx ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS ftldk ifjeki mldh ekiu vkSj fn'kk esa ifjorZu ds lkFk ifjofrZr
gksrk jgrk gSA
 ,d js[kh; xfr esa vkSlr osx dh x.kuk vkSlr pky ds vuq:i gksrh gSA

i
rth
vkSlr osx ¾

leku xfr ls ifjorZu gksus okys osx dh fLFkfr esa vkSlr osx dh x.kuk fuEufyf[kr rjg ls
dh tkrh gS&
vkSlr osx ¾


VvkSlr ¾
ya ek=d  [email protected]

D;ksafd] osx ¾  lfn'k jkf'k

blfy,] osx ¼$½] ¼&½ vkSj 'kwU; Hkh gks ldrk gSA
id
vkSlr pky ¾
eV

¾ ¾ 30 fdeh-@?kaVk

vleku xfr dh fLFkfr esa ¼;fn yxkrkj osx c<+ jgk gks½ Roj.k gksrk gSA
osx dh le; ds lkFk ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgk tkrk gSA

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 58

(a) Roj.k ¾

Roj.k dh fLFkfr esa] v > u ;k 'a' = (+) ve.

/kukRed

i
vleku xfr dh fLFkfr esa ¼;fn yxkrkj osx ?kV jgk gks½ eanu] iSnk gksrk gSA
osx dh le; ds lkFk ifjorZu dh nj dks eanu dgk tkrk gSA

rth
eanu ¾

eanu dh fLFkfr esa] v < u ;k 'a' = (–) ve.

_.kkRed
Roj.k rFkk eanu lfn'k jkf'k;k¡ gSa ftudk eku (+), (–);k 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA
ek=d Roj.k rFkk eanu nksuksa ds fy, ehVj@¼lsd.M½2 gSA
ya v = 60 fdeh@?kaVk ¾  ¾ 16.66 [email protected]

u = 40 fdeh@?kaVk ¾ ¾ 11.11 [email protected]

Roj.k ¾ a = = 1.11 m/s2

id
(i) nwjh &le;&xzkQ& 's/t' xzkQ
(a) 's/t' xzkQ ¼le; xfr½&
eV

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 59
(b) 's/t'- xzkQ&¼vleku&xfr½&

i
rth
(c) s/t- xzkQ&¼foJkekoLFkk½&
ya
id
(ii) osx&le;&xzkQ& ''v/t xzkQ''
(a) ''v/t- xzkQ&¼leku&xfr½&
eV

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 60
(b) 'v/t- xzkQ ¼vleku xfr½&
(1) v/t- xzkQ ¼leku Roj.kh; xfr½&

i
rth
(2) ''v/t''- xzkQ ¼vleku Roj.kh; xfr½&
ya
id
(3) ''v/t''- xzkQ ¼leku eafnr xfr½&
eV

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 61
(4) ''v/t''- xzkQ ¼vleku eafnr xfr½&

i
rth
fdUgha nks le; varjkyksa ds chp dk {ks=Qy] v/t -xzkQ esa oLrq }kjk pys x, foLFkkiu
dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
ya
id
'A' 'B'
eV

xfr ds lehdj.k&¼vleku Roj.kh; xfr½

(i) izFke lehdj.k&

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 62

eku ysa fdlh oLrq dk izkjfEHkd osx 'u' gS ¼fcUnq&A½] ;g oLrq le; 'b' lsd.M ckn viuk
osx 'v' dj ysrk gS] tks bl oLrq dk vafre osx gS ¼fcUnq&B½

i
rth
ya
(ii) f}rh; lehdj.k&xfr ds lehdj.k&
s = ut + ½ at2

foLFkkiu]
id
xzkQh;&O;qRifÙk&¼Åij fn, x, xzkQ ds vuqlkj½
dqy foLFkkiu ¾ vk;r OADC dk {ks=Qy + ABD dk {ks=Qy
¾ OA × AD + ½ × (AD) × (BD)

¾ u × t + ½ × t × (v – u)
eV

= u × t + ½ × t × at (v = u + at) or v – u = at

s = u × t + ½ at2

(iii)
v2 = u2 + 2as

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 63

dqy foLFkkiu ¾ OABC leyEc dk {ks=Qy

i
rth
   

or v2 = u2 + 2as

0.1m/s2
ya u = 0 ms–1 Q eksVjdkj foJkekoLFkk esa gSA
a = 0.1 ms–2
t = 4 × 60 = 240 sec.
v=?
v = u + at
id
v = 0 + 0.1 × 240

v = 24 ms–1

6ms–2 2 sec
eV

eanu ¾ a = – 6 ms–2

le; ¾ t = 2 sec

nwjh ¾ s=?

vfre osx ¾ v = 0 ms–1 } Q jsyxkM+h #d tkrh gSA

v = u + at

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 64
or u = v – at

or u = 0 – (–6) × 2 = 12 ms–1

vkSj] s = ut + ½ at2

= 12 × 2 + ½ × (–6) × 22

i
= 24 – 12 = 12m Ans.

rth
ya;fn dksbZ oLrq o`Ùkh; iFk esa ,d leku xfr ls fopj.k djrh gS rks ,slh xfr dks ,d leku
o`Ùkh; xfr dgk tkrk gSA
,d leku o`Ùkh; xfr esa pky esa dksbZ cnyko ugha gksrk gS ijUrq osx esa yxkrkj cnyko vkrk
jgrk gSA ¼D;ksafd gj ,d ;gk¡ ij osx dh fn'kk esa ifjorZu vkrk jgrk gS½] blfy, ,dleku
o`Ùkh; xfr esa Roj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
osx dh fn'kk fdlh Hkh o`Ùkh; xfr esa Li'kZ js[kk ds leku gksrh gSA
id
1- 6m/s dks km/hr esa cnysaA
2- LihMksehVj rFkk vksMksehVj dk mi;ksx crk,¡A
3- nwjh&le; xzkQ dk <ky D;k fl) djrk gS \
eV

4-

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 65
5- xfr&le; xzkQ dk <ky D;k fl) djrk gS \
6- xfr ds nj esa o`f) ;k deh fdl HkkSfrd bdkbZ }kjk fl) gksrh gS \

7- ;fn ,d dNqvk 100 ehVj dh nwjh 15 feuV esa iwjh djrk gSA bl dNq, dh vkSlr pky esa

i
km / hr D;k gksxh \

rth
8- dksbZ cl tks dh 20m/s dh pky ls py jgh gS] blesa czsDl yxk, tkus ds dkj.k 25m/s2
dk eanu mRiUUk gksrk gSA ;g cl fdrus le; esa foJkekoLFkk esa igq¡p tk,xh \
9- ,d leku js[kh; xfr ,oa ,d leku o`Ùkh; xfr esa vUrj crk,¡A
10- ,d leku o`Ùkh; xfr esa Roj.k dh mifLFkfr dks Li"V djsaA

11- xfr ds rhuksa lehdj.kksa dh xzkQh; O;qRifÙk djsaA

ya
12- ,d leku o`Ùkh; xfr dh foospuk djsa] blds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nsaA
id
eV

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 66

i
rth
cy U;wVu xfr ds fu;e
ya
lUrqfyr cy vlUrqfyr cy

xfr dk izFke fu;e xfr dk nwljk fu;e xfr dk rhljk fu;e

id
tM+Ro nzO;eku cy = F = m × a
laosx = m × v
ek=d ¼laosx½ = kgm/s
eV

laosx laj{k.k dk fu;e fØ;k&izfrfØ;k

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 67

(Forces and Laws of Motion)

 &;g fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus esa enn djrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus ds fy,] ;k rks gesa oLrq [khapuh iM+rh gS ;k /kdsyuh iM+rh gSA blh

i
[khapus vkSj /kdsyus dks gh cy dgk tkrk gSA

rth
njokts dks [kksyus ds fy, ;k rks njoktk [khapk tkrk gS ;k /kdsyk tkrk gSA
 vyekjh dh fdlh Hkh njkt+ dks [kksyus ds fy, [khapuk iM+rk gS vkSj cUn djus ds fy,
èkdsyuk iM+rk gSA
&
1. cy fdlh fLFkj oLrq dks xfr'khy cukrk gS] mnkgj.k&,d QqVcky dks iSj ls /kDdk
ekjus ij og xfr'khy gks tkrh gSA
2. cy fdlh xfr'khy oLrq dks fLFkj dj nsrk gS; tSls&xkfM+;ksa esa czsd yxkus ls xkM+h :d
ya3.
tkrh gSA
cy fdlh Hkh xfr'khy oLrq dh fn'kk cny nsrk gS ; tSls&lkbfdy ds gSMy ij cy yxkus
ls mldh fn'kk cny tkrh gSA blh izdkj dkj dk fLVfjax (Steering) ?kqekus ls fn'kk
cny tkrh gSA
4. cy fdlh xfr'khy oLrq ds osx us ifjorZu dj nsrk gSA Rofjr djus ls fdlh okgu ds
osx dk c<+k;k tk ldrk gS vkSj czsd yxkus ls blds osx dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5. cy fdlh oLrq dh vkd`fr vkSj vkdkj esa ifjorZu dj nsrk gS; tSls&gFkkSM+k ekjus ls
fdlh Hkh iRFkj ds dbZ VqdM+s gks tkrs gSaA
id
&
1. lUrqfyr cy 2. vlUrqfyr cyA
1. &cy larqfyr dgs tkrs gSa tc os ,d&nwljs dks fu"izHkkoh djrs gSa vkSj mudk
ifj.kkeh ¼usV½ cy 'kwU; (Zero) gksrk gSA
eV

&jLlkd'kh ds [ksy esa tc nksuksa Vhe jLls dks cjkcj cy ls [khaprh gSaA rc
ifj.kkeh cy 'kwU; gksxk vkSj nksuksa Vhesa vius LFkku ij fLFkj cus jgrs gSaA bl n'kk esa nksuksa Vheksa
}kjk jLls ij yxk;k x;k cy lUrqfyr cy gSA
 lUrqfyr cy fdlh Hkh oLrq dh voLFkk essa ifjorZu ugha ykrk gS D;ksafd ;g cy leku
ifjek.k dk gksrk gS ijUrq foijhr fn'kkvksa esa gksrk gSA
 lUrqfyr cy fdlh Hkh oLrq dh vkd`fr vkSj vkdkj esa ifjorZu dj nsrk gSA mnkgj.k&Qwys
gq, xqCckjs ij vxj nksuksa fn'kkvksa ls cy yxs rks xqCckjs dh vkd`fr ,oa vkdkj nksuksa esa
ifjorZu gks tk,xkA

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 68
2. &tc fdlh oLrq ij yxs vusd cyksa dk ifj.kkeh cy 'kwU; ugha gksrk gS]
rks ml cy dks vlUrqfyr cy dgk tkrk gSA
vlUrqfyr cy fuEufyf[kr izHkko fn[kk ldrk gS&
 fdlh Hkh fLFkj oLrq dks xfr'khy dj nsrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh xfr'khy oLrq ds osx dks c<+k nsrk gSA

i
 fdlh Hkh xfr'khy oLrq ds osx dks de dj ldrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh xfr'khy oLrq dks fLFkj cuk nsrk gSA

rth
 fdlh Hkh oLrq ds vkd`fr ,oa vkdkj esa ifjorZu dj nsrk gSA

xSyhfy;ksa us vius iz;ksxksa ds izs{k.k ls fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd dksbzZ xfr'khy oLrq rc rd fLFkj
;k fu;r osx ls xfr djrh jgsxh tc rd dksbZ cká vlUrqfyr cy bl ij dk;Z ugha djrkA
vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh vlUrqfyr cy oLrq ij ugha yx jgk gSA izk;ksfxd :i ls ;g vlEHko gS fdlh
Hkh oLrq ij 'kwU; vlUrqfyr cy gksA
D;ksafd ?k"kZ.k cy] ok;q nkc vkSj vU; dbZ rjg ds cy oLrq ij yxrs gSaA
ya
U;wVu us xSyhfy;ksa ds fl)kUrksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj oLrqvksa dh xfr dk foLr`r v/;;u
fd;k vkSj xfr ds rhu ewy fu;e izLrqr fd,A
&U;wVu ds xfr ds izFke fu;e ds vuqlkj] dksbZ oLrq viuh
fojke voLFkk ;k ,d leku jSf[kd xfr dh voLFkk esa rc rd cuh jgrh gS tc rd ml ij
dksbZ cká vlUrqfyr cy dk;Z u djsaA
id
&vxj dksbZ oLrq fojke voLFkk esa gS] rks og oLrq rc rd fojke voLFkk esa jgsxh
tc rd fd dksbZ cká cy mldks xfr iznku ugha dj nsrkA blh izdkj vxj dksbZ oLrq xfr'khy
gS rks og rc rd xfr'khy jgsxh tc rd ds dksbZ cká cy mldks jksd ugha nsrkA bldk eryc
gS lHkh oLrq,¡ viuh fo|eku voLFkk esa fdlh ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrh gSaA fdlh Hkh voLFkk esa
ifjorZu flQZZ cká cy ls gh gks ldrk gSA
eV

(a) ,d O;fDr vxj cl esa [kM+k gS vkSj vpkud cl pyus yxs rks og O;fDr ihNs dh rjQ
fxjsxk D;ksafd cl vkSj og O;fDr nksuksa gh fojke voLFkk esa gS] cl ds pyus ls O;fDr ds iSj rks
xfr esa vk x, ijUrq 'kjhj dk vfrfjDr Hkkx fojke voLFkk esa gh jgrk gSA blh dkj.k O;fDr
ihNs dh rjQ fxj tkrk gSA
(b) vxj dksbZ O;fDr pyrh cl esa [kM+k gS vkSj vpkud cl :d tk, rks og O;fDr vkxs
dh rjQ fxjsxkA tc cl py jgh gksrh gS rks O;fDr Hkh xfr esa gksrk gSA ijUrq vpkud czsd

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 69
yxkus ls] cl dh xfr de gks tkrh gS ;k :d tkrh gS] blls O;fDr ds iSj Hkh fojke voLFkk esa
tk tkrs gSaA ijUrq mldk 'kjhj xfr esa gh jgrkA ftlds dkj.k O;fDr vkxs dh rjQ fxjrk gSA
(c) xhys diM+ksa dks rkj ij lw[kkus ls igys diM+s dks dbZ ckj >Vdus ls ikuh dh cw¡nsa uhps
fxj tkrh gSa vkSj diM+s tYnh lw[k tkrs gSaA ,slk blhfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd diM+s dks >Vdus ls
diM+k xfr esa vk tkrk gS vkSj ikuh dh cw¡nsa fojke voLFkk esa gh jgrh gSa vkSj blh ctg ls diM+ksa

i
ls vyx gks tkrh gSa vkSj tehau ij fxj tkrh gSA
(d) ,d LVªkbdj dks viuh v¡xqfy;ksa ls rhozrk ls {kSfrt >Vdk nsdj] <sjh ¼dSje dh xksfV;k¡½

rth
dh lcls uhps okyh xksVh ij Vdjkus ls uhps okyh xksVh gh 'kh?kzrk ls <sjh ls ckgj vk tkrh
gSA uhps okyh xksVh ds ckgj vk tkus ds ckn 'ks"k xksfV;k¡ vius tM+Ro ds dkj.k yEcor~ fn'kk
esa uhps dh vksj fxj tkrh gSaA
(e) dkjksa esa lhV cSYV] ;kf=;ksa dks vpkud czsd yxus ls yxus okys >Vds dh ctg ls fxjus
ls cpkrh gSA

&tM+Ro fdlh oLrq dk og xq.k gS ftlds dkj.k og viuh fojke voLFkk vFkok ,d
ya
leku xfr dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu dk izfrjks/k djrk gSA okLro esa nzO;eku ] fdlh oLrq ds tM+Ro
dk eki gSA ;fn fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku vf/kd gS rks mldk tM+Ro Hkh vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr~
gYdh oLrqvksa dh vis{kk Hkkjh oLrqvksa esa vf/kd tM+Ro gksrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa fdlh Hkh oLrq dh izkd`frd izo`fÙk ftlls og rc rd viuh fojke voLFkk
;k ,d leku jSf[kd xfr dh voLFkk esa jgrh gS tc rd fd oLrq ij dksbZ cká vlUrqfyr cy
dk;Z u djsa tM+Ro dgykrh gSA ,d Hkkjh oLrq dk nzO;eku vf/kd gksrk gS blfy, tM+Ro Hkh
vf/kd gksrk gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjh cDls dks [khapuk vkSj fgykuk gksrk gSA
id
(Momentum)
 fdlh oLrq esa lekfgr xfr dh dqy ek=k dks laosx dgrs gSaA
 xf.krh; :i esa fdlh oLrq dk laosx blds nzO;eku vkSj osx dk xq.kuQy gSA laosx dk
izrhd P gSA
eV

 laosx (P) = nzO;eku (m) × osx (v)

m = oLrq dk nzO;eku] v = oLrq dk osx
 &fdlh Hkh iRFkj] dadM+ ;k fdlh Hkh vU; oLrq dks Qsaddj ekjus ls] O;fDr ?kk;y
gks tkrk gS D;ksafd oLrq dk laosx T;knk gksrk gSA
 ,d NksVh lh cUnwd dh xksyh fdlh O;fDr dh tku Hkh ys ldrh gS D;ksafd cUnwd dh xksyh
dk laosx T;knk gksrk gSA
 pyrh gqbZ xkM+h ls Vdjkus ls ,d O;fDr dks T;knk pksV yx ldrh gS D;ksafd ml xkM+h
dk laosx T;knk gksrk gSA

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 70
(Momentum man and velocity)
 tSlk fd laosx fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj osx dk xq.kuQy gksrk gSA
P=m×v
 bldk eryc gS fd laosx] nzO;eku vkSj osx nksuksa ds lekuqikfrd gksrk gSA vxj nzO;eku
c<+sxk] rks laosx esa Hkh o`f) gksxh vkSj vxj osx esa o`f) gksxh rks Hkh laosx esa o`f) gksrh gSA

i
 blls irk pyrk gS fd vxj gYdh oLrq vkSj Hkkjh oLrq nksuksa ,d osx ls xfr dj jgs gSa rks

rth
Hkkjh oLrq dk laosx T;knk gksrk gS gYdh oLrq dk laosx de gksrk gSA
 blh izdkj vxj dksbZ gYdh oLrq] cgqr vf/kd osx ls pyrh gS rks bldk laosx vf/kd gksxk
vkSj blh laosx ds dkj.k gh ;g oLrq fdlh ls Vdjkus ij T;knk pksV igq¡pk ldrh gS ;
tSls&cUnwd dh NksVh lh xksyh balku dh tku ys ldrh gSA
 vDlj lM+d ij cgqr ls gknls] okguksa dh rst osx ds dkj.k gksrs gSa D;ksafd osx vf/kd gksxk
rks laosx vf/kd gksxkA
yaeku ysrs gSa fd dksbZ oLrq fojke voLFkk esa gS rks
nzO;eku (m) vkSj osx (v) = 0
gesa irk gS fd P = mv = m × 0 = 0
blls irk pyrk gS fd vxj dksbZ fojke voLFkk esa gksrk gS rks bldk laosx 'kwU; (0) gksrk
gSA
&laosx dh SI ek=d kg m/s gSA
SI bdkbZ nzO;eku = kg
id
SI bdkbZ osx = m/s
P=m×v kg × m/s = kg m/s
SI bdkbZ laosx = kg m/s
eV

1. 10 kg 2m/s

& nzO;eku (m) = 10 kg

osx (v) = 2 m/s
laosx (P) = mv
= 10 kg × 2m / s = 20 kg m/s
laosx = 20 kg m/s. Ans.

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 71
2. 25g 100 m/s

& osx (v) = 100 m/s

nzO; (m) = 25g = 25/1000 kg = 0.025 kg
laosx (P) 100 × 0.025 = 2.5 kg m/s

i
fdlh cUnwd dh xksyh dk laosx = 2.5 kg m/s Ans.

rth
3. 25g 0.1 m/s

& osx (v) = 0.1 m/s

¼xksyh dk½
xksyh dk nzO;eku (m) = 25g = 25/1000 kg = 0.025 kg
laosx (P) = nzO;eku (m) × osx (v)
ya P = 0.025 kg × 0.1 m/s
laosx = 0.0025 kg m/s Ans.
4. 4,000 kg 20,000
kg 2m/s
& Bsyk dks osx (v) = 2m/s
Bsys dk nzO;eku = 4,000 kg, Bsys esa j[ks lkeku dk otu = 20,000 kg
id
Bsys dk dqy nzO;eku = 4,000 kg + 20,000 kg
= 24,000 kg
laosx (P) = nzO;eku (m) × osx (v)
P = 24,000 kg × 2 m/s = 48,000 kg m/s Ans.
eV

5. 1,000 kg 0.5 m/s

& dkj dk osx (v) = 0.5 m/s

dkj dk nzO;eku = 1,000 kg
laosx (P) = nzO;eku (m) × osx (v)
P = 1,000 kg × 0.5 m/s = 500 kg m/s
dkj dk laosx = 500 kg m/s. Ans.

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 72

U;wVu ds xfr ds nwljs fu;e ds vuqlkj] fdlh oLrq ds laosx ds ifjorZu dh nj ml ij

yxus okys vlarqfyr cy dh fn'kk ds cy dh lekuqikfrd gksrh gSA

i
eku ysrs gSa] fd fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku = mkg

rth
izkjfEHkd osx = u m/s
vfUre osx = v m/s
izkjfEHkd laosx (P1) = mu
vfUre laosx (P2) = mv
 laosx esa ifjorZu ¾ vfUre laosx & izkjfEHkd laosx
P = mv – mu
P = m (v – u)
ya
xfr igyk fu;e
 F [ gesa irk gS fd ] ¼xfr dk igyk fu;e½
[a = Roj.k gS]
id
 F ma
F = k ma
k ,d vkuqikfrdrk fLFkjkad gSA
ge cy ds ek=d dks bl izdkj ysrs gSa fd k dk eku ,d gks tkrk gSA
k = 1 j[kus ij & F = ma
eV

 bl izdkj oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj Roj.k dk xq.kuQy] ml ij yxs cy dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
 cy dk ek=d F = 1 kg × 1m/s2
= 1 kg m/s2
 cy ds bl ek=d dks fo'ks"k uke fn;k gS U;wVu bldk izrhd N gSA

& 1 U;wVu dk cy og cy gS 1 kg tks nzO;eku dh fdlh oLrq esa 1m/s2 dk Roj.k

mRiUu dj nsrk gSA

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 73

&vxj cká cy F = 0 gS rks dksbZ oLrq viuh fojke voLFkk
;k ,d leku jSf[kd xfr dh voLFkk esa gh cuh jgrh gSA

blfy, F = 0 ge tkurs gSa F =

i
(a) ‘u’

rth
m (v – u) = 0 × t = 0

v–u= 
ya
blfy,
v–u=0

v=u ...... (1)

,slh voLFkk esa izkjfEHkd osx vfUre osx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
(b)
i.e. u=0
lehdj.k (1) ls u = v = 0
id
oLrq fojke voLFkk esa gh jgsxhA

 fdlh Hkh fØ;k ds fy, Bhd mlds cjkcj ysfdu foijhr fn'kk esa izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA bl
izdkj fØ;k vkSj izfrfØ;k ds cy ifjek.k esa cjkcj ysfdu fn'kk esa ,d&nwljs ds foijhr gksrs gSaA
eV

&(1) lM+d ij pyuk] tehau ij O;fDr dk pyuk

(2) uko [ksuk
(3) uko ls mrjus ij uko ihNs pyh tkrh gS
(4) cand
w dk izfr{ksi djuk

;fn fdlh lewg esa oLrq,¡ ,d&nwljs ij cy yxk jgh gS vFkkZr~ ikjLifjd fØ;k dj jgh gS
rks ikjLifjd fØ;k ds igys vkSj ikjLifjd fØ;k ds igys vkSj ikjLifjd fØ;k ds ckn] mudk

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 74
dqy laosx lajf{kr jgrk gS] tcfd ml ij dksbZ cká cy u yxsA bls laosx laj{k.k dk fu;e
dgrs gSaA
ekuk fd A rFkk B nks xksys gSa ftudk nzO;eku Øe'k% m1 and m2 rFkk izkjfEHkd osx Øe'k%
u1 and u2 gSA ,d NksVs vUrjky le; (t) rd ,d&nwljs Vdjkus ds i'pkr~ budk osx Øe'k v1
,oa v2 gks tkrk gS&

i
rth
ya
vr% xksyk (A) ds laosx esa ifjorZu = m1 (v1 – u1)
id
;fn xksyk (A) }kjk xksyk (B) ij vkjksfir cy
eV

xksyk (B) }kjk xksyk (A) ij vkjksfir cy

vc xfr ds rhljs fu;ekuqlkj ;s nksuksa cy FA B

vkSj FB A
,d&nwljs ds cjkcj vkSj
foijhr gksaxsA

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 75
blfy,
FA B
= FB A

i
m 1v 1 – m 1u 1 = m 2v 2 – m 2u 2
m1v1 – m2u2 = m1u1 – m2u2

rth
bl izdkj] VDdj ds iwoZ xksyksa dk dqy laosx = VDdj ds ckn xksyksa dk dqy laosx
vFkkZr~ dqy laosx vifjofrZr rFkk lajf{kr jgrk gS] c'krs± bu ij dksbZ vU; ckgjh cy dk;Z
u djsaA
20 g 2 kg 150 m/s

xksyh dk nzO;eku m1 = 20 gm = 0.02 kg

jk;Qy dk nzO;eku m2 = 2 kg
ya
izkjEHk esa xksyh jk;Qy ds vUnj gksrh gS vkSj fojke voLFkk esa gksrh gSA
blfy, dy nzO;eku m1 + m2 = 0.02 kg + 2 kg = 2.02 kg
izkjfEHk osx u1 = 0
izkjfEHkd laosx = 2.02 kg × 0 = 0 ......... (1)
vfUre osx jk;Qy dk v2
vfUre osx xksyh dk v1
foLQksV ds ckn nksuksa dk laosx
id
= m1v1 + m2v2
= 0.02 × 150 + 2v2

= 0.02 × 150 + 2v2 ..... (2)

laosx laj{k.k ds fu;e ls] nksuksa laosxksa dk cjkcj j[kus ij lehdj.k (1) = lehdj.k (2)
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2u2
eV

0 = 0.02 × 150 + 2v2

0= × 150 + 2v2
0 = 3 + 2v2
2v2 = – 3
v2 = –3/2 = – 1.5 m/s Ans.

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 76
_.kkRed fpà ;g iznf'kZr djrk gS fd jk;Qy xksyh dh foijhr fn'kk esa xfr djsxhA
vr% jk;Qy dk izfr{ksfir osx = 1.5 m/s ihNs dh vksj
2. A 50 kg 4 m/s
B 60 kg 3 m/s, A
B

i
rth
mA = 50 kg mB = 60 kg
uA = 4 m/s u B = 3 m/s
izkjfEHkd osx = mA uA izkjfEHkd osx = mB uB
= 50 × 4 = 200 kg m/s = 60 × 3 kg m/s
= 180 kg m/s
dqy izkjfEHkd osx = mA uA + mB uB
= 200 + 180 = 380 kg m/s ..... (1)
yaeku ysrs gSa vfUre osx = v m/s
vfUre laosx = (mA + mB) × v
= (50 + 60) × v = 110 v .....(2)
laosx laj{k.k ds fu;e ds vuqlkj
lehdj.k (1) = lehdj.k (2)
id
110 v = 380 kg m/s

v= = 3.45 m/s Ans.

eV

1- D;k cy dHkh _.kkRed gks ldrk gS vkSj dc \

2- fdlh Hkh oLrq dk mldh voLFkk esas ifjorZu dk fojks/k djus dh izo`fÙk D;k dgykrh gSA
3- tM+Ro dk eki] fdlh oLrq ds ------------- ls gksrk gSA
4- vf/kd nzO;eku okyh oLrq dk --------------- Hkh vf/kd gksrk gSA
5- [email protected] dks nzO;eku Hkh dgrs tks ------------ ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

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 77
6- fdlh cl dh lhV ds Åij yxs tky esa j[kk lkeku D;ksa fxj tkrk gS] tc cl vpkud
#d tkrh gS \

1- oLrq esa xfr ds eku dks ------------- dgrs gSaA

i
2- laosx dh bdkbZ D;k gS \
3- 1 U;wVu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

rth
4- dksbZ Hkh ckWy fcuk jksds D;ksa vius vki :d tkrh gS] tc ge mls Q'kZ ij yq<d + krs gSa \
5- fdlh Hkh Vªd dks vpkud jksduk eq'fdy gksrk gS tcfd fdlh eksVjlkbfdy dks jksduk
vklku gksrk gS] D;ksa \
6- gesa vkxs dh rjQ >Vdk D;ksa yxrk gS tc dksbZ cl ftlesa ge [kM+s gSaA ;k cSBs gSa]
vpkud #d tkrh gS \
7- fdlh Hkh cl ds vpkud 'kq: gksus ls] gesa ihNs dh rjQ >Vdk D;ksa yxrk gSA
8-
yatc gekjh dkj nk,¡ ;k ck,¡ eqM+rh gS] rks gekjk 'kjhj foijhr fn'kk esa >qd tkrk gS] D;ksa \

1- eSVªks Vsªu ds vpkud :dus ls lkjs ;k=hx.k mlds Q'kZ ij fxj tkrs gSa] D;ksa \
2- gekjs Åij ,d fo'kkydk; ok;qe.My gS vkSj gekjs 'kjhj ds lkjs vax bl ok;qe.Myh;
nkc dks eglwl djrs gSa] ge D;ksa dqpys ugha tkrs gSa \
3- ,Qhy VkWoj ls ,d 1 kg dk flDdk vkSj 5 kg dk ,d iRFkj] 10 m/s2 ds Roj.k ls uhps Qsadk
id
tkrk gSA dkSu lcls igys tehau ij igq¡psxk vkSj D;ksa \
4- U;wVu dh xfr ds izFke fu;e ds rhu vuqiz;ksx fy[ksaA
5- (a) ?k"kZ.k ---------------- esa ekik tkrk gSA
(b) vlarqfyr vkSj larqfyr cy esa mnkgj.k ds lkFk vUrj Li"V djsaA
eV

1- vius vkl&ikl ds nSfud thou ls U;wVu ds xfr ds rhljs fu;e ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
2- laosx laj{k.k ds fu;e dks fl) dhft,A
3- (a) U;wVu ds xfr ds izFke fu;e dks xfr ds nwljs fu;e ls O;qRiUu dhft,A
(b) ,d dkj ftldk nzO;eku 100 kg gS vkSj mlesa 2 ;k=h gj ,d dk nzO;eku 50 kg gS
cSBs gq, gSaA dkj dk osx 60 m/hr gS vkSj mls 5 sec esa jksdus ds fy, fdrus cy dk
iz;ksx gksxk \

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 78

4- nks xsnsa A vkSj B ftudk nzO;eku Øe'k% 40 g vkSj 50 g gS] osx Øe'k% 40 m/s vkSj 30m/s
gSA tc ;s nksuksa xsan Vdjkrh gSa vkSj Vdjkus ds ckn B, 25 m/s ds osx ls pyus yxrh gS] rks
A dk Vdjkus ds ckn D;k osx gksxk \
5- ,d yM+dh ftldk otu 30 kg gS] ,d dkBxkM+h ftldk 5 kg otu gS vkSj osx 10 m/s

i
ij dwnrh gSA mlds dwnus ds ckn dkBxkM+h vkSj yM+dh fdl osx ls pyuk 'kq: dj nsaxsA
Kkr dhft,A

rth
3 (b) = – 2000 / 3 N
4 = 46.25 m/s

ya 5 = 8.57 m/s
id
eV

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 79

i
rth
ya
U;wVu dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k mRIykou cy xq#Roh; Roj.k
dk lkoZf=d fu;e ‘F’ (g) = 9.8 m/s2

cy iz.kksn nkc
id
G = xq#Rokd"kZ.k fLFkjkad P = F/A R = i`Foh dh f=T;k
M1 = oLrq 1 dk nzO;eku P = nkc M = i`Foh dk nzO;eku
M2 = oLrq 2 dk nzO;eku F = cy G = xq#Rokd"kZ.k fLFkjkad
R = nks oLrqvksa ds chp dh nwjh A = {ks=Qy
eV

xq#Rokd"kZ.k fLFkjkad
dk eku = 6.67 × 11–11 Nm2 / kg2

W=m×g
Hkkj = nzO;eku × xq#Roh; Roj.k

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 80

vxj ge dksbZ ,d iRFkj fcuk /kDdk fn, Qsadrs gSa] ¼,d Å¡pkbZ ls½ og
iRFkj i`Foh dh vksj Rofjr gksrk gS tc iRFkj /kjrh dh rjQ Rofjr gksrk
gS] rks irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ ,d cy ml iRFkj ij yx jgk gSA

i
 og cy tks fdlh Hkh oLrq dks /kjrh ds dsUnz dh rjQ [khaprk gS]
mls i`Foh dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dgykrk gSA

rth
 bldk eryc gS fd iRFkj Hkh /kjrh dks vkdf"kZr djrk gS] ;kfu bl czák.M esa lHkh oLrq,¡
,d nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSA
 (Issac Newton) us xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e fn;k gS ftls mUgks aus 1687
esa izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA
&U;wVu dks xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds fu;e ds vuqlkj] nks fi.Mksa
ds chp xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy muds nzO;ekuksa ds xq.kuQy dk vuqØekuqikrh vkSj muds chp dh
nwjh ds oxZ dk O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
ya
 ;fn nks fi.Mksa dk nzO;eku m1 vkSj m2 gks vkSj muds chp dh nwjh d gks] rks muds chp
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy
F ;k
id
eku ysrs gSa m1 vkSj m2 nzO;eku dh nks oLrq,¡ A vkSj B ,d&nwljs ls d nwjh ij j[kh gSA nksuksa
oLrqvksa ds chp vkd"kZd cy F gksrk gSA U;wVu ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds fu;e ds vuqlkj&
(i) nks oLrqvks a ds chp cy muds nzO;ekuksa ds xq.kuQy vuqØekuqikrh gksrk gS
eV

vFkkZr~ F m1m2 .... (i)

(ii) nks oLrqvksa ds chp cy muds chp nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gS

vFkkZr~ F .... (ii)

lehdj.k (i) vkSj (ii) dks la;qDr djus ij

F

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 81

F dh bdkbZ = Newton
m dh bdkbZ = kg
d dh bdkbZ = m

 xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy

i
 tgk¡ ij G lkoZf=d dgykrk gSA

rth
 bldk eku fdUgha Hkh nks oLrqvksa ds fy, lHkh LFkkuksa ij leku gksrk gSA
bldk eku 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
 G dks lkof=d fLFkjkad dgrs gSa] D;ksafd bldk eku e/;orhZ ek/;e dh izd`fr ;k
rkieku ;k vU; fdlh izfrorZ ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA

&^^fdlh Hkh fØ;k ds fy, Bhd mlds cjkcj ysfdu

ya
foijhr fn'kk esa izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA**
&^^gj ,d oLrq bl czãk.M esa gj nwljh oLrq
dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA** LorU= :i ls fxjk iRFkj vkSj /kjrh ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA
vr% i`Foh mls vius dsUnz dh vksj [khaprh gSA ysfdu U;wVu dh xfr ds r`rh; fu;e ds vuqlkj
iRFkj }kjk Hkh i`Foh dks viuh vksj [khapuk pkfg, vkSj okLro esa iRFkj Hkh i`Foh dks viuh rjQ
[khaprk gSA
F=m×a
id
iRFkj dk nzO;eku de gksus ds dkj.k mlds osx esa Roj.k 9.8 m/s2 gksrk gS] ysfdu i`Foh dk
nzO;eku vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k mldk Roj.k 1.65 × 10–24 m/s2, tks bruk de gksrk gS fd vuqHko
gh ugha gks ldrkA

gesa i`Foh ls ck¡/ks j[kus okyk cy
eV

(1)
(2) i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj pUnzek dh xfr
(3) lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj xzgksa dh xfr
(4) pUnzek vkSj lw;Z ds dkj.k Tokj HkkVk

tc fdlh oLrq dks Åij dh vksj Qsadk tkrk gS rc ;g ,d fuf'pr Å¡pkbZ rd igq¡p dj
uhps dh vksj fxjuk vkjEHk dj nsrh gS D;ksafd ml ij i`Foh dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkjksfir gksrk
gSA

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 82
 &fdlh oLrq dk i`Foh ds xq#Roh; cy ds izHkko esa iru ¼fxjuk½] eqDr iru dgykrk
gSA eqDr iru esa] oLrq ds osx dh fn'kk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk D;ksafd og ges'kk i`Foh dh
rjQ fxjrh gSA ysfdu oLrq ds osx ds ifjek.k esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA i`Foh ds xq#Roh; cy ds
dkj.k oLrq ds osx esa ifjorZu ;k Roj.k xq#Roh; Roj.k dgykrk gSA mls ‘G’ ls iznf'kZr djrs
gSaA bldk ek=d ogh gS tks Roj.k dk gSA m/s2

i


rth
LorU= :i ls fxjrh gqbZ oLrqvksa esa i`Foh ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ds dkj.k mRiUu Roj.k xq#Roh;
Roj.k dgykrk gSA bl ‘g’ ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bldh fn'kk lnSo i`Foh ds dsUnz dh
rjQ gksrh gSA
‘g’
i`Foh }kjk fdlh fi.M ij yxus okyk cy

.... (1)
ya
tgk¡ Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku] m = fi.M dk nzO;eku
R = i`Foh dh f=T;k] F cy yxus ds dkj.k mRiUu Roj.k xq#Roh; Roj.k gksxkA
rc F = m × g .... (2)
F dk eku (1) esa j[kus ij

m×g=
id
G = 6.6734 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku = 6 × 1024 kg
eV

R = i`Foh dh f=T;k = 6.4 × 106 m

g =

= 9.8 m/s2

(g) xq#Roh; Roj.k vkSj xq#Roh; fLFkjkad esa lEcU/k xq#Roh; Roj.k (g) o xq#Roh; fLFkjkad

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 83

(g)

1- bldk eku 9.8 m/s2 gksrk gSA 1- bldk eku 6.6734 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 gksrk gSA

i
2- bldk eku fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa 2- bldk eku lnSo fLFkj gksrk gSA

rth
ij fHkUu gksrk gSA
3- bldk ek=d eh-@ls-2 gSA 3- bldk ek=d Nm2/kg2 gSA
4- ;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA 4- ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
1. 150 gm 500 gm

&loZizFke xSyhfy;ksa us crk;k fd ;g vo/kkj.kk fcYdqy xyr gS fd gYdh oLrq dh

vis{kk Hkkjh oLrq i`Foh ij tYnh igq¡prh gS( vxj nksuksa dks ,d lkFk fdlh Å¡pkbZ ls fxjk;k tk,A
ya,d gh Å¡pkbZ ls fxjk;s tkus ij fHkUu&fHkUu nzO;eku ds fi.M ,d gh lkFk i`Foh dh lrg
ij igq¡psaxs D;ksafd i`Foh dh vksj fxjrs gq, fi.M dk Roj.k mlds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk
gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e bldh iqf"V djrk gSA
ekuk m nzO;eku dk ,d fi.M i`Foh ds dsUnz ls ‘d’ nwjh ls fxjk;s tks i`Foh }kjk yxus okyk
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy

(Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku½

id
ysfdu iRFkj ij yxus okyk cy
F=m×a
F dk eku lehdj.k (i) esa j[kus ij
eV

m×a

vr% LorU= :i ls fxjrs gq, fi.M esa mRiUu Roj.k i`Foh ds nzO;eku vkSj i`Foh ds dsUnz ls
mldh nwjh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% 150 gm o 500 gm ds iRFkj Åij ls fxjus ij ,d gh le;
ij lrg ¼i`Foh½ ij igq¡psaxsA

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 84
uhps dh vksj fxjrh gqbZ vkSj Åij dh vksj Qsadh x;h oLrqvksa ds fy, xfr ds lehdj.k&
1. ;fn dksbZ oLrq vkjfEHkd osx u ls uhps fxj jgh gS]
rc t lsd.M i'pkr~ vfUre osx (v) = u + gt ..... (1)

t lsfd.M i'pkr~ r; dh x;h nwjh (h) = ut + gt2 ..... (2)

i
v1 u o h esa lEcU/k v2 = u2 + 2gh ...... (3)

rth
2. ;fn dksbZ oLrq fojke dh voLFkk ls uhps fxj jgh gS rc vkjfEHkd osx (u) = 0
t lsd.M i'pkr~ vfUre osx (v) = gt ..... (1)

t lsd.M i'pkr~ r; dh x;h nwjh (h) = gt2 ..... (2)

v, u o h esa lEcU/k v2 = 2gh ..... (3)

3. tc fdlh oLrq vkjfEHkd osx (u) ls Åij tk jgh gS] rc xq#Roh; Roj.k (g) _.kkRed
ya
gksxk D;ksafd oLrq ds osx dh fn'kk Åij dh vksj gS xq#Roh; Roj.k dh fn'kk uhps dh vksjA bl
fLFkfr esa
t lsd.M i'pkr~ vfUre osx (v) = u – gt .... (1)
t lsd.M i'pkr~ r; dh x;h nwjh (h) = ut – gt2 .....(2)

v, u o h esa lEcU/k v2 = u2 – 2gh .... (3)

id
&fdlh oLrq esa fufgr inkFkZ dk ifjek.k nzO;eku dgykrk gS ;k fdlh oLrq ds
tM+Ro dh eki nzO;eku dgykrh gSA ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gS bldk flQZ ifjek.k gksrk gS] fn'kk
ugha gksrh gSA SI ek=d fdyksxzke gS ftls ‘kg’ ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku loZ= leku jgrk gSA
 nzO;eku dks ‘m’ ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
eV

 fdlh LFkku ij nzO;eku ¼fdlh oLrq dk½ 'kwU; ugha gksrk gSA
&fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj og cy gS ftlls i`Foh mls viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd
cy = nzO;eku × Roj.k
F=m×a
i`Foh ds xq#Roh; cy ds dkj.k Roj.k xq#Roh; Roj.k ‘g’ gSA
F=m×g

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 85
ysfdu i`Foh }kjk vkjksfir cy Hkkj (weight) dgykrk gSA bls ‘W’ ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
W=m×g
vr% Hkkj ,d cy gS vkSj mldk S.I. ek=d U;wVu N gSA
 (one kg wt)

i
ge tkurs gSa fd W = m × g

rth
vxj nzO;eku (m) = 1 kg
g = 9.8 m/s2
w = 1 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 9.8 kg m/s2
= 9.8 N
vr% i`Foh dk og xq#Roh; cy tks 1 fdyksxzke nzO;eku okyh oLrq ij yxrk gS] ,d fdyksHkkj
(one kg wt) dgykrk gS tks 9.8 N ds cjkcj gSA

1.
yafdlh oLrq esa fufgr dqy nzO; dh ek=k 1. ftl xq#Roh; cy ls i`Foh fdlh oLrq dks
oLrq dk nzO;eku dgykrh gSA vius dsUnz dh vksj [khaprh gS] og oLrq
dk Hkkj dgykrk gSA
2. fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku dh eki ge oLrq 2. Hkkj = oLrq dk nzO;eku × xq#Roh; Roj.k
ds tM+Ro dh eki ls djrs gSaA ;k W = m × g
id
3. fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku loZ= leku jgrk 3. oLrq dk Hkkj fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ij fHkUu
gSA gksrk gSA
4. nzO;eku dk eki HkkSfrd rqyk }kjk djrs 4. Hkkj dk eki dekuhnkj rqyk }kjk djrs
gSaA gSaA
eV

5. ;g ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA 5. Hkkj ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA

6. fdlh LFkku ij g dk eku 'kwU; gksus ij 6. fdlh LFkku ij ‘g’ dk eku 'kwU; gksus ij]
Hkh nzO;eku dk ifjek.k ugha cnyrkA oLrq dk Hkkj Hkh 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA

‘g’ &i`Foh ,d iw.kZ xksyk ugha gksA i`Foh dh f=T;k

/kzqoksa ls fo"kqor o`Ùk dh vksj tkus ij c<+rh gS] blfy, g dk eku /kzqoksa ij fo"kqor o`Ùk dh vis{kk
vf/kd gksrk gSA vf/kdka'k x.kukvksa ds fy, i`Foh ds i`"B ij ;k blds ikl g ds eku dks yxHkx

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 86
fLFkj eku ldrs gSa ysfdu i`Foh ls nwj dh oLrqvksa ds fy, i`Foh ds xq#Roh; cy ds dkj.k Roj.k
lehdj.k g = ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
12,800
ge tkurs gSa fd i`Foh dh f=T;k (R) = 6,400 fdeh- i`Foh ds dsUnz ls 12,800 fdeh-

i
dh nwjh = 2R

rth
g=

vr% 12,800 fdeh- ;k 2R nwjh gksus ij

g2 = =

ya g1 = 4g2
vr% i`Foh ds dsUnz ls 12,800 fdeh- dh nwjh xq#Roh; Roj.k dk eku i`Foh ds /kjkry ds
xq#Roh; Roj.k dk gksxk ;k ge dg ldrs gSa] 12,800 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj
i`Foh ds Hkkj dk Hkkx gksxkA
id
ekuk fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku m gSA i`Foh ij mldk Hkkj vFkkZr~ og cy ftlls i`Foh mls
viuh vksj [khaprh gS] og cy gksxkA

Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku] Re = i`Foh dh f=T;k

eV

pUnzek ij oLrq dk Hkkj

tgk¡ Mm = pUnzek dk nzO;eku] Rm = pUnzek dh f=T;k] lehdj.k (2) dks lehdj.k (1) ls
Hkkx nsus ij

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 87

i
Me = 100 Mm ¼pUnzek ls i`Foh dk nzO;eku yxHkx 100 xquk gS½
Re = 4 Rm ¼pUnzek ls i`Foh dh f=T;k yxHkx 4 xquk gS½

rth
;k
vr% pUnzek ij fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj mlds i`Foh ds Hkkj dk gSA ¼/;ku jgs oLrq dk nzO;eku
i`Foh ij oLrq ds nzO;eku ds cjkcj gh gksrk gS dsoy Hkkj esa vUrj gksrk gSA½

ya ;g lEHko gS fd fdlh oLrq dks i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djus ij ck/; fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ge tkurs gaS fd tSls&tSls oLrq dh vkjfEHkd py c<+rh tkrh gS] oSls&oSls oLrq Hkh i`Foh
dh lrg ds lkFk vf/kd oØ gksrh tkrh gSA i`Foh ds xksykdkj gksus ds dkj.k mldh lrg rd
vkus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd nwjh r; djuh iM+rh gSA ;fn vkjfEHkd pky dk eku ,d fuf'pr eku
ls vf/kd dj fn;k tk;s og oLrq yxkrkj fxjrh tk;sxh ysfdu i`Foh dh lrg rd dHkh ugha
igq¡psxh vkSj ,slh oLrq yxkrkj i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerh jgsxhA

id
(Thrust and Pressure)
 &fdlh oLrq dh lrg ds yEcor~ yxus okyk cy] iz.kksn (Thrust) dgykrk gSA
 &izfr ,dkad {ks=Qy ij yxus okyk iz.kksn nkc dgykrk gSA

nkc =
eV

 &cy ¼iz.kksn½ dk ek=d U;wVu (N) o {ks=Qy dk ek=d ehVj2 (m2) gSA
nkc dk S.I. ek=d ¾

nkc dk S.I. ek=d ikWLdy (Pascal) gSA ;g ‘Pa’ ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

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 88

(i) yxk;k x;k cy
(ii) lrg dk {ks=Qy
&

i
 Å¡ps Hkouksa ds vk/kkj uhoa pkSM+s cuk;s tkrs gSa rkfd Hkou dk Hkkj ¼cy½ vf/kd {ks=Qy ij
yxs vkSj nkc de iM+sA

rth
 ,d iryh vkSj etcwr Mksjh ls cus iV~Vs okys cSx dks ys tkuk pkSM+s iV~Vs okys cSx dh vis{kk
dfBu rFkk d"Vizn gksrk gS D;ksafd iryh etcwr Mksjh okys cSx esa] cSx dk Hkkj cgqr de {ks=Qy
ij yxrk gS vkSj cgqr vf/kd nkc mRiUu djrk gSA dkVus okys vkStkjksa dh /kkj rst+ gksrh gS ;k
dg ldrs gSa mudh lrg dk {ks=Qy de gksrk gS vkSj cy yxkus ij vf/kd nkc mRiUu djrk
gS vkSj dkVus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
 lHkh nzo vkSj xSlsa rjy dgykrh gSaA ;s lHkh fn'kkvksa esa nkc yxkrh gSA

ya (Buoyancy)
tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh rjy esa MqckbZ tkrh gS rks oLrq dk Hkkj tks i`Foh ds xq#Roh; cy ds
dkj.k gksrk gS] oLrq dks uhps dh vksj o rjy ml ij Åij dh rjQ cy yxkrk gSA
 mRIykou cy lnSo Åij dh rjQ vkjksfir gksrk gSA bl cy dk ifjek.k nzo ds ?kuRo ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA
 oLrq ij yxus okyk xq#Roh; cy > mRIykou cy
&oLrq Mwc tk;sxhA
id
 oLrq ij yxus okyk xq#Roh; cy mRIykou cy
fu"d"kZ&oLrq rSjrh gSA
 ;gh dkj.k gS fd yksgs dh dhy Mwc tkrh gS cfYd ikuh dk tgkt ikuh dh lrg ij rSjrk
gS ¼vfdZfeMht dk fl)kUr½
(Density)&fdlh inkFkZ dk ,dkad vk;ru nzO;eku ?kuRo dgykrk gSA vxj inkFkZ
eV

dk nzO;eku m o vk;ru v gS rks

?kuRo dk S.I. ek=d ;k kg m–3

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 89
 (Archimedes Principle)
 &^^tc fdlh oLrq dks fdlh rjy esa iw.kZr% ;k va'kr% Mqcks;k tkrk
gS] rc oLrq Åij dh rjQ yxus okys ,d cy dk vuqHko djrh gS] ;g cy oLrq }kjk foLFkkfir
rjy ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA


i
(1) ;g inkFkks± dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo Kkr djus esa mi;ksxh gSA

rth
(2) ;g ty;kuksa vkSj iuMqfc;ksa ds fMtkbu cukus esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) nqX/kekih vkSj gkbMªksehVj vkfdZfeMht ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA
blh dkj.k ls yksgs ,oa LVhy dk cuk ,d ty;ku bruk cM+k gksrs gq, Hkh ty ij rSjrk gS
ysfdu ,d NksVh lh fiu ty esa Mwc tkrh gSA
 (Relative Density)
vkisf{kd ?kuRo fdlh inkFkZ ds ?kuRo vkSj ikuh ds ?kuRo ds vuqikr dks vkisf{kd ?kuRo
ya
dgrs gSaA
vkisf{kd ?kuRo
 bldk dksbZ ek=d ugha gksrkA
19.3 103 kg/m3
S.I.
&lksus dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo = 19.3
id
ty dk ?kuRo 103 kg/m3

vkisf{kd ?kuRo

19.3
eV

lksus dk ?kuRo = 19.3 × 103 kg/m3

0.025 m3 67 kg
,Y;qfefu;e dk nzO;eku (m) = 67 kg
,Y;qfefu;e dk vk;ru (v) = 0.025 m3
?kuRo (d)

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 90
2.5 kg 20 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm

&fn;k gS&b±V dk nzO;eku (m) = 2.5 kg

i
foek,¡ = 20 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm

rth
b±V dk Hkkj ¼cy½ = m × g = 2.5 kg × 9.8 m/s2
= 24.5 N
(i) tc 10 cm × 5 cm okyh lrg Q'kZ ds lEidZ esa gSA
{ks=Qy = 10 cm × 5 cm
= 0.10 m × 0.05 m = 0.005 m2

nkc 
ya
(ii) tc 20 cm × 5 cm okyh lrg Q'kZ ds lEidZ esa gSA
{ks=Qy = 20 cm × 5 cm
= 0.2 m × 0.05 m = 0.01 m2

nkc
id
(iii) tc 20 cm × 10 cm okyh lrg Q'kZ ds lEidZ esa gSA
{ks=Qy = 20 cm × 10 cm
= 0.2 m × 0.1 m = 0.02 m2

nkc
eV

9.8

& cy = 20 N, Hkkj (W) = 9.8 N

ge tkurs gSa W = m × g
9.8 = m × 9.8
m = 1 kg

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 91
vkSj F=m×a
20 = 1 × a
a = 20 m/s2
1200 N 200 N

i
rth
O;fDr dk i`Foh ij Hkkj w1 = 1200 N
O;fDr dk pUnzek ij Hkkj w2 = 200 N
i`Foh ij xq#Roh; Roj.k = 10 m/s2
w=m×g
m = 1200 10 = 120
m = 120 kg
ya
vr% nzO;eku Hkh pk¡n ij ogh jgsxk tks i`Foh ij gS D;ksafd nzO;eku gj txg fLFkj jgrk gSA
vr% pk¡n ij nzO;eku = 120 kg
w 2 = m × g2
200 = 120 × g

g
id
78.4 m
2
(g = 9.8 m/s )

&fn;k x;k gS h = 78.4 m

v=0
eV

g = 9.8 m/s2
u=?

v2 = u2 – 2 gh

0 = u2 – 2 × 9.8 × 78.4

u2 =

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 92

i
u = 39.2 m/s2 Ans.

rth
49 N ?
&fn;k x;k] oLrq dk Hkkj W = 49 N
g = 9.8 m/s2
w = mg
m Ans.
1
1. U;wVu dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k dk lkoZf=d fu;e fyf[k,A
2. i`Foh o i`Foh ds i`"B ij iM+h ,d oLrq ds chp yxus okys xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dk lehdj.k

3.
ya fyf[k,A
D;k G ¼fLFkjkad½ dk eku lHkh txg cjkcj gksrk gSA
4. fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj Kkr dhft, ftldk nzO;eku 1 kg gSA
5. fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj i`Foh dh lrg ij 10 kg gSA vxj i`Foh ds dsUnz ij ys tk,¡ rks mldk
Hkkj fdruk gksxk \ ¼mÙkj = 0½
6. fdlh Hkh LorU= :i ls fxjrh gqbZ oLrq dk xq#Roh; Roj.k fdruk gksxk \
id
7. xq#Roh; fLFkjkad dk eku fyf[k, vkSj ek=d Hkh fyf[k,A
8. yksgs dh dhy ikuh esa D;ksa Mwc tkrh gS \
9. ,d dkjd crkb, ftl ij ‘g’ fuHkZj djrk gSA
10. fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj Kkr djus ds fy, dkSu&lh rqyk dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
2
eV

1. fdlh oLrq dk nzO;eku 1600 gm i`Foh ij gSA mldk nzO;eku pUnzek ij fdruk gksxkA
¼mÙkj = 1600 gm½
2. ,d gh dejs esa j[kh nks oLrq,¡ ,d&nwljs dks D;ksa vkdf"kZr ugha djrh gSA
3. i`Foh vkSj pUnzek dh xfr ds fy, dkSu&lk cy mÙkjnk;h gS vkSj dSls fofHkUu oLrq,¡ i`Foh
ds vklikl ?kwerh gSA
4. vkfdZfeMht dk fl)kUr D;k gS \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
5. ,sls nks dkjd crkb, ftu ij mRIykou cy fuHkZj djrk gSA

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 93
3
1. vkisf{kd ?kuRo dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, vkSj ,Y;wfefu;e dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo Kkr dhft,A
¼,Y;wfefu;e dk ?kuRo = 27000 m3, ty dk ?kuRo = 1000 m3½ ¼mÙkj = 2.7½
2. ,d cky ¼xsan½ 1 m dh Å¡pkbZ ls NksM+h tkrh gSA fdrus le; esa og i`Foh dh lrg ij

i
igq¡psaxsA (t = 0.455)

rth
3. ,d xsan dks Åij dh vksj Qsadk tkrk gS vkSj Qsadus okys ds ikl 6s ds ckn uhps vkrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr phtsa Kkr dhft,&
(a) og osx ftlls xsan Åij dh vksj Qsadh tkrh gSA [v = 29.4 m/s, h = 4.9]

(b) og vf/kdre nwjh tgk¡ rd og xsan tk ldrh gSA

(c) 4 sec. i'pkr~ ml xsan dh fLFkfrA ¼mÙkj = 39.2 m½

ya
id
eV

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 50 | 9 (S.A.-2)

10

i
rth
(J)
1 twy = 1 U;wVu × 1 ehVj

dk;Z ¾ cy × foLFkkiu (i) /kukRed (+ive)

W=f×s (ii) _.kkRed (-ve)
ya
(iii) 'kwU; (0)

ÅtkZ
dk;Z djus dh {kerk :ikUrj.k nj
ek=d&twy (J)
id
1. Å"eh; ÅtkZ dk;Z djus dh nj
2. jklk;fud ÅtkZ 'kfDr (P) = dk;Z@le; (W/T)
3. fo|qr ÅtkZ ek=d = okV
4. izdk'k ÅtkZ 1 okV = 1 twy@1 lsds.M
eV

5. /ofu ÅtkZ ÅtkZ dk ÅtkZ

6. ;kaf=d ÅtkZ :ikUrj.k laj{k.k
ÅtkZ dk O;kolkf;d ek=d&
fdyksokV ?k.Vk (KWh)
1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 twy
xfrt ÅtkZ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
2
KE =½ mv PE = mgh
ek=d=twy ek=d&twy

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 | 51

&dk;Z djus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

lthoksa esa ÅtkZ] Hkkstu ls feyrh gSA
e'khuksa dks ÅtkZ] b±/ku ls feyrh gSA
&lHkh izfØ;kvksa] fy[kuk]
i<+uk] fp= cukuk] lkspuk] fopkj&foe'kZ djuk vkfn esa ÅtkZ O;; gksrh gSA ysfdu
oSKkfud ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj buesa cgqr FkksM+k&lk ux.; dk;Z gqvkA

i
&(1) ,d O;fDr fdlh nhokj ;k pV~Vku dks /kdsyus esa iw.kZr;k Fkd

rth
tkrk gS ysfdu nhokj ds u fgyus ds dkj.k dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrk gSA
(2) ,d O;fDr Hkkjh lwVdsl ysdj fcuk fgys Mqys [kM+sa&[kM+sa Fkd tkrk gSA ysfdu
fLFkj gksus ds dkj.k mlus dksbZ dk;Z ugha fd;kA
ya
id
 &
(a) ,d pyrh gqbZ oLrq fojkekoLFkk esa vk tk;sA
(b) ,d oLrq fojke voLFkk ls pyuk 'kq# dj nsaA
(c) ,d xfreku oLrq dk osx ifjorZu gks tk;sA
eV

(d) ,d oLrq dk vkdkj ifjorZu gks tk;sA

&dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS tc ,d cy oLrq esa xfr
mRiUu djrk gSA
dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS tc ,d oLrq ij cy yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj oLrq cy ds izHkko
ls xfr'khy gks tkrh gS ¼foLFkkfir gks tk;s½A
(i) oLrq ij cy yxuk pkfg,A
(ii) oLrq foLFkkfir gksuh pkfg,A

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 52 | 9 (S.A.-2)

i
&  &(1) ,d lkbfdy lokj lkbfdy esa iSMy ekj jgk gSA

rth
(2) ,d O;fDr cks>s dks Åij dh rjQ ;k uhps dh rjQ ys tk jgk gSA
 & (1) tc dqyh otu ysdj fLFkj [kM+k gSA
(2) O;fDr nhokj ij cy yxk jgk gSA
&,d xfreku oLrq ij fd;k x;k dk;Z
oLrq ij yxs cy rFkk oLrq }kjk cy dh fn'kk esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ds xq.kuQy ds cjkcj
gksrk gSA
ya
dk;Z ¾ cy × foLFkkiu
W=f×s
dk;Z ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
dk;Z dk ek=d U;wVu ehVj ;k twy gSA
 tc ,d cy oLrq dks cy dh fn'kk esa 1 ehVj (m) foLFkkfir dj nsrk
gS rks ,d twy (1 J) dk;Z gksrk gSA
id
1 twy = 1 U;wVu × 1 ehVj
1 J = 1 Nm
eV

1J = 1 N × 1 m lhf<+;k p<+us ij xq#Ro cy ds fo#) dk;Z gksrk gSA

S
&
(i) & &T;knk fd;k x;k dk;ZA
&de fd;k x;k dk;ZA

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 | 53

(ii) & &T;knk fd;k x;k dk;ZA

&de fd;k x;k dk;ZA
&,d cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z /kukRed]
_.kkRed ;k 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA
(i) dk;Z gksrk gS tc cy oLrq dh xfr dh fn'kk esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
&,d cPpk f[kykSuk xkM+h dks i`Foh ds lekukUrj [khap jgk gS] ;g

i
èkukRed dk;Z gSA

rth
W=f×s

(ii) rc gksrk gS tc cy oLrq dh xfr dh foijhr fn'kk esa yxk;k

ya
tkrk gSA (180º ds dks.k ij)
&(a) tc ge tehu ij j[kh QqVcky ij fdd ekjrs gSa rks QqVcky fdd
ekjus dh fn'kk esa pyrh gS ;g /kukRed dk;Z gSA (b) ysfdu tc QqVcky :drh gS ml
ij ?k"kZ.k cy xfr dh fn'kk ds foijhr fn'kk esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;gk¡ dk;Z _.kkRed
gSA
id

(iii) dk;Z gksrk gS tc yxk;s x;s cy vkSj xfr dh fn'kk esa 90º dk dks.k
curk gSA
&pUnzek i`Foh ds pkjksa rjQ xksyh; iFk esa xfr djrk gSA ;gk¡ ij i`Foh
eV

dk xq#Ro cy pUnzek dh xfr dh fn'kk ds lkFk 90º dk dks.k cukrk gSA vr% fd;k
x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gSA

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 54 | 9 (S.A.-2)

 _.kkRed fpUg dk vFkZ i`Foh ds xq#Ro cy ds foijhr dk;Z gSA

 /kukRed dk;Z i`Foh ds xq#Ro cy dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k dk;Z gSA
&,d dqyh 15 kg cks> tehu ls mBkdj 1.5 eh- ¼tehu ls Åij½ vius
flj ij j[krk gSA mlds }kjk cks> ij fd;s x;s dk;Z dk ifjdyu dhft,A
&cks> dk nzO;eku m = 15 kg
foLFkkiu S = 1.5 eh-

i
fd;k x;k dk;Z W = f × s = mg × s [tgk¡ cy F = m × g]

rth
= 15 × 10 × 1.5 (g = 10 m/s2) xq#Ro cy
= 225.0 kg m/s2
= 225 Nm = 225 J
fd;k x;k dk;Z = 225 J
&(1) lw;Z ÅtkZ dk fo'kkyre lzksr gSA
(2) vf/kdrj ÅtkZ lzksr lw;Z ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA
ya (3) dqN ÅtkZ ijek.kqvksa ds ukfHkd] i`Foh ds vkUrfjd Hkkx rFkk Tokj -HkkVksa ls
izkIr gksrh gSA
dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
fdlh oLrq esa fufgr ÅtkZ] ml oLrq }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
dk;Z djus okyh oLrq esa ÅtkZ dh gkfu gksrh gS] rFkk ftl oLrq ij dk;Z fd;k tkrk
gS mldh ÅtkZ esa o`f) gksrh gSA
id
ÅtkZ ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
&ÅtkZ dk S.I. ek=d twy (J) gSA
ÅtkZ dk cM+k ek=d fdyks twy gSA
1 KJ = 1000 J.
eV

,d twy dk;Z djus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ dh ek=k ,d twy gSA

&ÅtkZ ds eq[; :i gSa&
(i) xfrt ÅtkZ (ii) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ
(iii) Å"eh; ÅtkZ (iv) jklk;fud ÅtkZ
(v) fo|qr ÅtkZ (vi) izdk'k ÅtkZ
(vii) /ofu ÅtkZ (viii) ukfHkdh; ÅtkZA

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 | 55

fdlh oLrq dh xfrt ÅtkZ vkSj fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ds ;ksx dks ;kaf=d
ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
(Mechanical Energy)&fdlh oLrq dh xfr ;k fLFkfr ds dkj.k
dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks ;kaf=d ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
(Kinetic Energy)&fdlh oLrq dh xfr ds dkj.k dk;Z djus dh
{kerk dks xfrt ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA

i
%

rth
&,d xfr'khy fØdsV ckWyA
&cgrk gqvk ikuhA
&,d xfr'khy xksyhA
&cgrh gqbZ gokA
&,d xfr'khy dkjA
&,d nkSM+rk gqvk f[kykM+hA
ya&yq<+drk gqvk iRFkjA
&mM+rk gqvk gokbZ tgktA
xfrt ÅtkZ oLrq ds nzO;eku rFkk oLrq ds osx ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
&vxj m nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq ,d leku osx u ls xfr'khy
gSA bl oLrq ij ,d fu;r cy f foLFkkiu dh fn'kk esa yxrk gS vkSj oLrq S nwjh rd
foLFkkfir gks tkrh gS bldk osx u ls v gks tkrk gSA rc Roj.k a mRiUu gksrk gSA
id
fd;k x;k dk;Z (w) = f × s ..... (i)
rFkk f = ma ......(ii)
xfr ds rhljs lehdj.k ds vuqlkj u, v, s rFkk a esa fuEu lEcU/k gS&
v2 – u2 = 2as
eV


vr% S= .....(iii)
lehdj.k (ii) rFkk (iii) ls F rFkk S dk eku lehdj.k (i) esa j[kus ij

W = ma ×


=m× = ½ m (v2 – u2)

;fn oLrq fojke voLFkk ls pyuk 'kq: djrh gS] u = 0

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 56 | 9 (S.A.-2)

W = ½ mv2
Ek = ½ mv2
&15 kg nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq 4m/s ds ,d leku osx ls xfr'khy gSA
oLrq dh xfrt ÅtkZ D;k gksxh \
& oLrq dk nzO;eku ¼M) = 15 kg
oLrq dk osx ¼v) = 4 m/s

i
xfrt ÅtkZ ¼Ek ) = ½ mv2

rth
= × 15 kg × 4 ms–1 × 4 ms–1
= 120 J
oLrq dh xfrt ÅtkZ 120 J gSA
&fdlh oLrq esa oLrq dh fLFkfr ;k blds vkdkj esa ifjorZu ds
dkj.k] tks dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gS] mls fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
&(1) &;g i`Foh ls Å¡ph fLFkfr ds dkj.k
ya
Vjckbu dks ?kqek ldrs gSaA ftlls fo|qr mRiUu gksrh gSA
(2) &tc f[kykSuk dkj dk dlk gqvk fLizax
[qkyrk gS] rks blesa lafpr fLFkfrt ÅtkZ fuZeqDr gksrh gS ftlls f[kykSuk dkj pyrh
gSA
(3) &/kuq"k dh vkd`fr esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k mlesa lafpr
fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ¼rhj NksM+rs le;½ rhj dh xfrt ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA
id
eV

(i) &PE  m
oLrq dk nzO;eku T;knk gksxk rks fLFkfrt ÅtkZ T;knk gksxhA
oLrq dk nzO;eku de gksxk rks fLFkfrt ÅtkZ de gksxhA

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 | 57

(ii) &P E  h (;g ml jkLrs ij fuHkZj ugha djrk ftl

ij oLrq us xfr dh gSA)
oLrq dh i`Foh ry ls Å¡pkbZ T;knk gksxh rks fLFkfrt ÅtkZ T;knk gksxhA
oLrq dh i`Foh ry ls Å¡pkbZ de gksxh rks fLFkfrt ÅtkZ de gksxhA
(iii) &oLrq esa ftruk T;knk f[kapko (Stretching), ,saBu
(Twisting) ;k >qdko (Bending) gksxk mruh gh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ T;knk gksxhA

i
&;fn m nzO;eku dh oLrq dks i`Foh

rth
ds Åij h Å¡pkbZ rd mBk;k tkrk gS rks i`Foh dk xq#Ro cy (m × g) uhps dh fn'kk
esa dk;Z djrk gSA oLrq dks mBkus ds fy, xq#Ro cy ds foijhr dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
vr% fd;k x;k dk;Z W = cy × foLFkkiu
= mg × h = mgh.
;g dk;Z oLrq esa xq#Roh; fLFkfrt
ÅtkZ ds :i esa lafpr gks tkrk gSA
vr% fLFkfrt ÅtkZ = (EP) = m × g × h
ya
;gk¡ (g) i`Foh dk xq#Roh; Roj.k gSA
&10 kg nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq dks /kjrh ls 6m Å¡pkbZ rd mBk;k tkrk
gSA bldh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ Kkr dhft, \
&oLrq dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ = mgh
oLrq dk nzO;eku (m) = 1 kg
id
/kjrh ls oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ (h) = 6 m
i`Foh dk xq#Roh; Roj.k g = 10 ms–2
EP = 10 × 6 × 10
= 600 J
eV

oLrq dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ 600 J gSA

&ÅtkZ ds ,d :i ls ÅtkZ ds nwljs :i esa ifjorZu dks
ÅtkZ dk :ikUrj.k dgrs gSaA
&1. ,d fuf'pr Å¡pkbZ ij ,d iRFkj esa fLFkfrt ÅtkZ gksrh gS tc ;g
uhps fxjk;k tkrk gS] rks tSls&tSls Å¡pkbZ de gksrh tkrh gS] oSls&oSls iRFkj dh fLFk-
frt ÅtkZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ysfdu uhps fxjrs iRFkj dk osx c<+us ds dkj.k iRFkj
dh xfrt ÅtkZ c<+rh tkrh gS] tSls gh iRFkj tehu ij igq¡prk gS] bldh fLFkfrt
ÅtkZ 'kwU; gks tkrh gS vkSj xfrt ÅtkZ vf/kdre gks tkrh gSA

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 58 | 9 (S.A.-2)

bl izdkj lkjh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ xfrt ÅtkZ esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrh gSA
2. iu fctyh?kj (Hydroelectric power house) esa ikuh dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ xfrt
ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gksrh gS rFkk ckn esa fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cny tkrh gSA
3. rkih; fctyh ?kj (Tharmal power house) esa dks;ys dh jlk;fud ÅtkZ
Å"eh; ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ;gh Å"eh; ÅtkZ xfrt ÅtkZ rFkk fo|qr ÅtkZ
esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrh gSA

i
4. ikS/ks izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh izfØ;k }kjk lkSj ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx Hkkstu dh jklk;fud
ÅtkZ cukus esa djrs gSaA

rth
&tc ÅtkZ dk ,d :i ÅtkZ ds nwljs :i esa :ikUrfjr
gksrk gS rc dqy ÅtkZ dh ek=k vpj jgrh gSA
 ÅtkZ dh u rks mRifÙk gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh fouk'kA
 gkykafd ÅtkZ :ikUrj.k ds nkSjku dqN ÅtkZ csdkj ¼Å"eh; ÅtkZ ;k /ofu
ds :i esa½ gks tkrh gS ysfdu fudk; dh dqy ÅtkZ vifjofrZr jgrh gSA
(Free Fall) &
ya
 m nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq esa h Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (Potential energy) =
mgh
 tSls oLrq uhps fxjrh gS Å¡pkbZ h ?kVrh gS] vkSj fLFkfrt ÅtkZ Hkh ?kVrh gSA
 Å¡pkbZ h ij xfrt ÅtkZ 'kwU; Fkh] ysfdu oLrq ds uhps fxjus ds le; ;g
c<+rh tkrh gSA
 eqDr iru ds le; fdlh Hkh fcUnq ij fLFkfrt vkSj xfrt ÅtkZ dk ;ksx
id
leku jgrk gSA
mv2 + mgh = vpj (Constant)
xfrt ÅtkZ $ fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ¾ vpj
eV

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 | 59

& &dk;Z djus ds nj dks 'kfDr dgrs gSaA ;k ÅtkZ

:ikUrj.k dh nj dks 'kfDr dgrs gSaA

;k 

;gk¡ p = 'kfDr] w = fd;k x;k dk;Z] t = fy;k x;k le;

'kfDr dk S.I. ek=d okV (w) gS] ;k [email protected] gSA

i
1 okV 

rth
tc ,d twy dk;Z ,d lsds.M esa gksxk] rks 'kfDr ,d okV gksxhA
fd;k x;k dqy dk;Z ;k mi;ksx dh x;h dqy ÅtkZ
vkSlr 'kfDr =
fy;k x;k dqy le;
(Electric appliances) &fo|qr midj.kksa ds }kjk fo|qr
ÅtkZ dks mi;ksx djus dh nj dks fo|qr midj.k dh 'kfDr dgrs gSaA
&'kfDr dk cM+k ek=d fdyksokV (KW) gSA
ya
1 fdyksokV = 1000 okV = 1000 [email protected]
5S 20 J
& 'kfDr (P) = fd;k x;k dk;Z@fy;k x;k le;
fd;k x;k dk;Z (W) = 20 J
fy;k x;k le; (t) = 5s
id
'kfDr (P) =

'kfDr (P) = 4 Js–1 = 4 W

oLrq dh 'kfDr 4 okV gSA
eV

&twy ÅtkZ dk cgqr NksVk ek=d gSA ÅtkZ dh

T;knk ek=k mi;ksx gksrh gS] ogk¡ ij bldk mi;ksx lqfo/kktud ugha gSA O;kolkf;d
mn~ns';ksa ds fy, ÅtkZ ds cM+s ek=d fdyksokV ?k.Vk (KWh) dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
(KWh)&tc ,d fdyksokV 'kfDr dk fo|qr midj.k] ,d ?k.Vs
ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS rc ,d fdyksokV ?k.Vk (KWh) ÅtkZ O;; gksxhA
&1 fdyksokV ?k.Vk ÅtkZ dh og ek=k gS
tks ,d fdyksokV izfr ?k.Vk dh nj ls O;; gksrh gSA

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 60 | 9 (S.A.-2)

,d fdyksokV ?k.Vk ¾ ,d fdyksokV × ,d ?k.Vk

KWh = 1000 okV × 1 ?k.Vk
= 1000 okV × 3600 lsds.M ¼1 ?k.Vk = 60 × 60 lsds.M½
= 36,00,000 twy
1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 =1
60 6

i
rth
&fo|qr cYc dh 'kfDr (P) = 60 okV  0.06 KW
mi;ksx fd;k x;k le; (t) = 6 h
ÅtkZ = 'kfDr × fy;k x;k le;
= 0.06 KW × 6 h
= 0.36 KWh = 0.36 ;wfuV
cYc }kjk 0.36 ;wfuV [kpZ dh x;hA
ya
[A-1 ]
id
1. dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
2. 1J dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
3. ,d mnkgj.k nhft, ftlesa cy }kjk /kukRed dk;Z fd;k x;k gksA
4. ,d mnkgj.k nhft, ftlesa cy }kjk _.kkRed dk;Z fd;k x;k gksA
eV

5. ÅtkZ dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

6. ^dk;Z* rFkk ^ÅtkZ* ds ek=d fyf[k,A
7. 'kfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
8. ,d okV 'kfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
9. ,d fdyksokV ?k.Vk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

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 | 61

[B-2 ]
1. xfrt ÅtkZ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ bldk lw= fyf[k,A
2. fdlh oLrq dh xfrt ÅtkZ fdu&fdu dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS \
3. fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ fdruh gksxh tc bldh Å¡pkbZ nksxuq h dj nh tk;s \
4. ,d fdyksokV ?k.Vk esa fdrus twy gksrs gSa \
5. ÅtkZ laj{k.k fdls dgrs gSa \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A

i
[C-3 ]

rth
1. fd;k x;k dk;Z fdu&fdu jkf'k;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS \ os dk;Z dks dSls izHkkfor
djrs gSa \
2. 100 Kg nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq 5 m rd [khaph tkrh gSA fd;s x;s dk;Z dks
ifjdfyr dhft,A [g = 10 ms–2]
3. m nzO;eku dh ,d oLrq 5 ms–1 dh osx ls xfr'khy gS rc bldh xfrt ÅtkZ
22 J gSA ;fn oLrq dk osx nksxu
q k dj fn;k tk;s rks bldh xfrt ÅtkZ D;k gksxh \
ya [D-5 ]
1. 50 kg nzO;eku dk ,d yM+dk 100 m dh Å¡pkbZ ij p<+rk gSA mlds }kjk fdruk
dk;Z fd;k x;k \ mlus dqy fdruh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ izkIr djh \
2. 5 fo|qr ia[ks] ftuesa izR;sd dh 'kfDr 120 okV gS] 4 ?k.Vs rd vk;ksx esa yk;s tkrs
gSaA buds }kjk O;; dh x;h ÅtkZ KWh esa ifjdfyr dhft,A
3. ,d fo|qr ghVj dh ?kksf"kr 'kfDr 1500 okV gSA 10 ?k.Vs esa ;g fdruh ÅtkZ
id
mi;ksx djsxk \
Ans. B- (3) (Doubled) nksxquh gks tk;sxhA
C- (2) 5000 J, (3) 100 J
D- (1) 4.9 × 104 J, 4.9 × 104J
(2) 2.4 KWh
eV

(3) 15 KWh ¼;wfuV½

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 62 | 9 (S.A.-2)

11

i
rth
;g ÅtkZ dk ,d :i gS]
tks rjaxksa ds :i esa
lapfjr gksrh gSA
dEiu }kjk vuqnS/;Z rjaxsa
ya
mRiUu gksrh gSA laihMu $ fojyu
vfHky{k.k /ofu dk JO;rk dk ekuo d.kZ dh
1. rjax nS/;Z ijkorZu ifjlj lajpuk
2. vko`fÙk
3. vkorZdky
4. vk;ke
id
5. osx
izfr/ofu vuqj.ku

rjax nS/;Z × vko`fÙk vuqiz;ksx lqukbZ nsus ;ksX; voJO;

eV

Audible Infrasonic
20 Hz to 20000 Hz 20 Hz ls de
ijkJO;
Ultrasonic
20000 Hz ls T;knk

vuqiz;ksx

lksukj

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 | 63

&(i) /ofu gekjs dkuksa esa Jo.k dk laosnu mRiUu djrh gSA
(ii) /ofu ÅtkZ dk ,d :i gS ftlls ge lqu ldrs gSaA
(iii) ÅtkZ laj{k.k dk fu;e /ofu ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA
(iv) /ofu dk lapj.k rjaxksa ds :i esa gksrk gSA
&/ofu rc iSnk gksrh gS tc oLrq dEiu djrh gS ;k dEieku
oLrqvksa ls /ofu iSnk gksrh gSA

i
&fdlh oLrq dks dfEir djds /ofu iSnk djus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ fdlh cká

rth
lzksr }kjk miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA
&1- rcyk ;k Mªe dh rfur f>Yyh ij gkFk ls ekjdj dEiu iSnk djrs
gSa ftlls /ofu iSnk gksrh gSA
ya
2. iz;ksx'kkyk esa dEieku Lofj= f}Hkqt ls /ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA bldks fn[kkus
ds fy, ,d NksVh Vsful ¼IykfLVd½ dh xsan dks /kkxs dh lgk;rk ls fdlh vk/kkj ij
yVdkdj dEieku Lofj= f}Hkqt ls Li'kZ djkrs gSaA xsan ,d cM+s cy ds }kjk nwj èkdsy
nh tkrh gSA
id
1. dEiu djrs rUrq ls ¼flrkj½
2. dEiu djrh ok;q ls ¼ck¡lqjh½
3. dEiu djrh rfur f>Yyh ls ¼rcyk] Mªe½
eV

4. dEiu djrh IysVksa ls ¼lkbfdy dh ?k.Vh½

5. oLrqvksa ls ?k"kZ.k }kjk
6. oLrqvksa dks [kqjpdj ;k jxM+dj (Scratching or Scrubing)
&og inkFkZ ftlesa gksdj /ofu lapfjr gksrh gS] ek/;e dgykrk gSA
 ek/;e Bksl] nzo ;k xSl gks ldrk gSA
 tc ,d oLrq dEiu djrh gS] rc blds vkl&ikl ds ok;q ds d.k Hkh fcYdqy
oLrq dh rjg dEiu djrs gSa vkSj viuh lUrqfyr voLFkk ls foLFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA

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 64 | 9 (S.A.-2)

 ;s dEieku ok;q ds d.k vius vkl&ikl ds ok;q d.kksa ij cy yxkrs gSaA

vr% os d.k Hkh viuh fojkekoLFkk ls foLFkkfir gksdj dEiu djus yxrs gSaA
 ;g izfØ;k ek/;e esa rc rd pyrh jgrh gS tc rd /ofu gekjs dkuksa esa
ugha igq¡p tkrh gSA
 /ofu }kjk mRiUu fo{kksHk ek/;e ls gksdj xfr djrk gSA ¼ek/;e ds d.k xfr
ugha djrs gSa½

i
 rjax ,d fo{kksHk gS tks ek/;e esa xfr djrk gS rFkk ,d fcUnq ls nwljs fcUnq
rd ÅtkZ ys tkrk gS tcfd nksuksa fcUnqvksa esa lh/kk lEidZ ugha gksrk gSA

rth
 /ofu ;kaf=d rjaxksa ds }kjk lapfjr gksrh gSA

ya
(C) (b)
(R)
 /ofu rjaxsa vuqnS/;Z rjaxsa gSaA tc ,d oLrq dEiu djrh gS rc vius vkl&ikl
dh ok;q dks laihfMr djrh gSA bl izdkj ,d mPp ?kuRo ;k nkc dk {ks= curk gS
ftls lEihMu (C) dgrs gSaA
id
eV

 laihMu og {ks= gS tgk¡ ek/;e ds d.k ikl&ikl vkdj mPp nkc cukrs gSaA
 ;g lEihMu dEieku oLrq ls nwj tkrk gSA
 tc dEieku oLrq ihNs dh vksj dEiu djrh gS rc ,d fuEu nkc {ks= curk
gS ftls fojyu (R) dgrs gSaA
 tc oLrq vkxs&ihNs rsth ls dEiu djrh gS rc gok esa lEihMu vkSj fojyu
dh ,d Js.kh cudj /ofu rjax cukrh gSA
 /ofu rjax dk lapj.k ?kuRo ifjorZu dk lapj.k gSA

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 | 65

S&
 /ofu rjaxas ;kaf=d rjaxas gSa] buds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e ¼gok] ikuh] LVhy½
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 ;g fuokZr esa lapfjr ugha gks ldrh gSA
 ,d fo|qr ?k.Vh dks ok;q#) csytkj esa yVdkdj csytkj dks fuokZr iEi ls
tksM+rs gSaA

i
 tc csytkj ok;q ls Hkjk gksrk gS] rc /ofu lquk;h nsrh gSA ysfdu tc fuokZr

rth
iEi dks pykdj ok;q dks csytkj ls fudkydj ?k.Vh ctkrs gSa] rc /ofu lqukbZ ugha
nsrh gSA

ya
 vr% /ofu lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
&(1) og rjax ftlesa ek/;e ds d.k vkxs ihNs mlh
fn'kk esa dEiu djrs gSa ftl fn'kk esa rjax xfr djrh gS] vuqnS/;Z rjax dgykrh gSA
 tc ,d fLaydh dks /kDdk nsrs rFkk [khaprs gSa rc lEihMu ¼fLyadh dh
dq.Mfy;k¡ ikl&ikl vk tkrh gS½ rFkk fojyu ¼dqaMfy;k¡ nwj&nwj gks tkrh gSa½ curs gSaA
id
 tc rjax fLaydh esa xfr djrh gS rc bldh izR;sd dq.Myh ¼NYyk½ rjax dh
fn'kk esa vkxs&ihNs ,d NksVh nwjh r; djrh gSA vr% vuqnS/;Z rjax gSA
 d.kksa ds dEiu dh fn'kk rjax dh fn'kk ds lekUrj gksrh gSA
eV

(2) tc fLyadh ds ,d fljs dks vk/kkj ls fLFkj djds nwljs fljs dks Åij uhps
rsth ls fgykrs gSa rc ;g vuqizLFk rjaxsa mRiUu djrh gSaA

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 66 | 9 (S.A.-2)

 ;g rjax fLyadh esa {kSfrt (Horizontal) fn'kk esa xfr djrh gS tcfd fLyadh
dh dq.Mfy;k ¼d.k½ rjax dh fn'kk ds yEcor Åij uhps xfr djrh gSaA
 bl izdkj vuqizLFk rjaxksa esa ek/;e ds d.k Åij-uhps xfr djrs gSa vkSj rjax
dh fn'kk ls ledks.k ¼yEcor½ cukrs gSaA
 izdk'k fdj.ksa Hkh vuqizLFk rjaxsa gSa ysfdu mudks lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA

i
rth
&/ofu rjax ds vfHky{k.k gS&rjax nS/;Z] vko`fÙk] vk;ke]
vkorZdky rFkk rjax osx&
 tc ,d rjax ok;q esa lapj.k djrh gS rc gok dk ?kuRo rFkk nkc viuh
ya
e/; fLFkfr ls cnyrs gSaA
 laihMu dks f'k[kj ;k Ük`ax (Crest) rFkk fojyu dks xrZ (Trough) ls fn[kk;k
tkrk gSA
 lEihMu vf/kdre ?kuRo ;k nkc dk {ks= gSA
 fojyu U;wure ?kuRo ;k nkc dk {ks= gSA
id
eV

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 | 67

(i) (Wavelength) (1) /ofu rjax esa ,d laihMu rFkk ,d lVs gq,
fojyu dh dqy yEckbZ dks rjax nS/;Z dgrs gSaA
(2) nks Øekxr laihMuksa ;k nks Øekxr fojyuksa ds e/; fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh
dks rjax nS/;Z dgrs gSaA
 rjax nS/;Z dks xzhd v{kj ySEMk () ls fu:fir djrs gSaA bldk S.I. ek=d
ehVj (m) gSA

i
rth
ya
(ii) (Frequency)&(1) ,d lsds.M esa mRiUu iw.kZ rjaxksa dh la[;k ;k
,d lsds.M esa dqy nksyuksa dh la[;k dks vko`fÙk dgrs gSaA
(2) ,d lsds.M esa xqtjus okys lEihMuksa rFkk fojyuksa dh la[;k dks Hkh vko`fÙk
dgrs gSaA
 fdlh rjax dh vko`fÙk ml rjax dks mRiUu djus okyh dfEir oLrq dh vko`fÙk
ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
 vko`fÙk dk S.I. ek=d gV~Zt (Hertz izrhd Hz) gSA vko`fÙk dks xzhd v{kj 
id
¼U;w½ ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
&,d gV~Zt] ,d dEiu izfr lsds.M ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
vko`fÙk dk cM+k ek=d fdyksgV~Zt gSA 1 KHz = 1000 Hz.
(Time Period)&(1) ,d dEiu ;k nksyu dks iwjk djus djus esa
eV

(iii)
fy, x;s le; dks vkorZdky dgrs gSaA
(2) nks Øekxr laihMu ;k fojyu dks ,d fuf'pr fcUnq ls xqtjus esa yxs le;
dks vkorZdky dgrs gSaA
 vkorZdky dk S.I. ek=d lsds.M (S) gSA bldks T ls fu:fir djrs gSaA
 fdlh rjax dh vko`fÙk vkorZdky dk O;qRØekuqikrh gSA

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 68 | 9 (S.A.-2)

(iv) (Amplitude) fdlh ek/;e ds d.kksa ds mudh ewy fLFkfr ds nksuksa

vkSj vf/kdre foLFkkiu dks rjax dk vk;ke dgrs gSaA
 vk;ke dks ‘A’ ls fu:fir djrs gSa rFkk bldk S.I. ek=d ehVj ‘m’ gSA
 /ofu ls rkjRo] izcyrk rFkk xq.krk tSls vfHky{k.k ik;s tkrs gSaA
(Pitch)&/ofu dk rkjRo /ofu dh vko`fÙk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
;g vko`fÙk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS&T;knk vko`fÙk] Å¡pk rkjRo] de vko`fÙk] fuEu

i
rkjRoA

rth
 vkSjrksa dh vkokt rh{.k (Shrill) gksrh gS mldk rkjRo T;knk gksrk gS tcfd
iq#"kksa dh vkokt dk rkjRo de gksus ls mudh vkokt likV gksrh gSA
 mPp rkjRo dh /ofu esa ,d bdkbZ le; esa cM+h la[;k esa lEihMu rFkk
fojyu ,d fuf'pr fcUnq ls xqtjrs gSaA
fuEu rkjRo&de vko`fÙk
T;knk rkjRo&T;knk vko`fÙk
ya
&/ofu dh izcyrk /ofu rjaxksa ds vk;ke ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA
id
 dkuksa esa izfr lsds.M igq¡pus okyh /ofu ÅtkZ ds ekiu dks izcyrk dgrs gSaA
izcy /ofu T;knk ÅtkZ T;knk vk;ke
e`nq /ofu de ÅtkZ de vk;ke
 izcyrk dks Mslhcy (db) esa ekik tkrk gSA
eV

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 | 69

(Timbre)&fdlh /ofu dh xq.krk ml /ofu }kjk mRiUu rjax dh vkd`fr

ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g laxhre; /ofu dk vfHky{k.k gSA ;g gesa leku rkjRo rFkk
izcyrk dh /ofu;ksa esa vUrj djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
&,dy vko`fÙk dh /ofu dks Vksu dgrs gSaA
(Note)&vusd /ofu;ksa ds feJ.k dks Loj dgrs gSaA
(Noise)&'kksj lquus esa d.kZfiz; ugha gksrk gSA

i
(Music)&laxhr lquus esa lq[kn gksrk gS] vkSj bldh xq.krk vPNh gksrh gSA

rth
(v) (Velocity)&,d rjax }kjk ,d lsds.M esa r; dh x;h nwjh dks
rjax dk osx dgrs gSaA bldk S.I. ek=d [email protected] (ms–1) gSA

osx =

,  /ofu dh rjaxnS/;Z gS vkSj ;g T le; esa pyh x;h gSA

vr% V = v ( = v nu) osx = rjax nS/;Z × vko`fÙk rjax lehdj.k
ya
&,d /ofu rjax dk vkorZdky 0.053 gSA bldh vko`fÙk D;k gksxh \
&vko`fÙk fn;k x;k gS T = 0.05 S

  = 20 Hz

/ofu rjax dh vko`fÙk 20 Hz gSA

&(1) /ofu dh pky inkFkZ ¼ek/;e½ ds xq.kksa
id
ij fuHkZj djrh gS] ftlesa ;g lapfjr gksrh gSA ;g xSlksa esa lcls de nzoksa esa T;knk
rFkk Bkslksa esa lcls rst gksrh gSA
(2) /ofu dh pky rkieku c<+us ds lkFk c<+rh gSA
(3) gok esa vknzZrk ¼ueh½ c<+us ds lkFk /ofu dh pky c<+rh gSA
 izdk'k dh pky /ofu dh pky ls rst gSA
eV

 ok;q esa /ofu dh pky 22ºC ij 344 ms–1 gSA

&dqN ok;q;ku] xksfy;k¡ rFkk jkWdsV vkfn ijk/ofud pky ls pyrs gSaA
ijk/ofud dk rkRi;Z oLrq dh ml pky ls gS] tks /ofu dh pky ls rst ¼T;knk½ gksrh
gSA ;s ok;q esa cgqr rst vkokt iSnk djrh gSA ftUgsa iz?kkrh rjaxsa dgrs gSaA
 /ofu cwe iz?kkrh rjaxksa }kjk mRiUu foLQksVd 'kksj gSA
 ;g tcjnLr /ofu ÅtkZ dk mRltZu djrk gS tks f[kM+fd;ksa ds 'kh'ks rksM+
ldrh gSA

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 70 | 9 (S.A.-2)

(Re ection of Sound)&izdk'k dh rjg /ofu Hkh tc fdlh

dBksj lrg ls Vdjkrh gS rc okil ykSVrh gSA ;g /ofu dk ijkorZu dgykrk gSA
/ofu Hkh ijkorZu ds le; izdk'k ds ijkorZu ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djrh gS&
(i) vkifÙk /ofu rjax] ijkofrZr /ofu rjax rFkk vk;ru fcUnq ij [khapk x;k
vfHkyEc ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSaA
(ii) /ofu dk vkiru dks.k ges'kk /ofu ds ijkorZu dks.k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

i
rth (Echo)&/ofu rjax ds ijkorZu ds dkj.k /ofu ds nksgjko ¼iqu% lquuk½
dks izfr/ofu dgrs gSaA
ya
 ge izfr/ofu rHkh lqu ldrs gSa tc ewY; /ofu rFkk izfr/ofu ¼ijkofrZr /ofu½
ds chp 0.1 lsds.M dk le; vUrjky gksA
 izfr/ofu rc iSnk gksrh gS tc /ofu fdlh dBksj lrg ¼tSls b±V dh nhokj
igkM+ vkfn½ ls ijkofrZr gksrh gSA eqyk;e lrg /ofu dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gSaA
 izfr/ofu lquus ds fy, U;wure nwjh dh x.kuk&
id
pky ¾ ok;q esa /ofu dh pky = 344 m/s (22ºC ij)
le; = 0.1 lsds.M

;k nwjh = 344 ms–1 × 0.1 s = 34.4 m

 vr% Jksrk rFkk ijkorZd i`"B ds chp dh nwjh = 17.2 m (at 22ºC)
eV

 cknyksa dh xM+xM+kgV] fctyh dh vkokt ds dbZ ijkorZd i`"Bksa tSls cknyksa

rFkk Hkwfe ls ckj&ckj ijkorZu ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
&(1) fdlh cM+s gkWy esa] gkWy dh nhokjksa] Nr rFkk Q'kZ ls ckj&ckj
ijkorZu ds dkj.k /ofu dk LFkkf;Ro ¼/ofu dk cus jguk½ vuqj.ku dgykrk gSA
(2) vxj ;g LFkkf;Ro dkQh yEck gks rc /ofu /kqa/kyh] fod`r rFkk Hkzked gks tkrh
gSA

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 | 71

&
(1) lHkk Hkou dh Nr rFkk nhokjksa ij laihfMr Qkbcj cksMZ ls cus iSuy /ofu
dk vo'kks"k.k djus ds fy, yxk;s tkrs gSaA
(2) f[kM+dh] njoktksa ij Hkkjh insZ yxk;s tkrs gSaA
(3) Q'kZ ij dkyhu fcNk, tkrs gSaA
(4) lhV /ofu vo'kks"kd xq.k j[kus okys inkFkks± dh cuk;h tkrh gSA

i
rth
Q'kZ ls /ofu ds ckj&ckj ijkorZu ds
dkj.k /ofu ds LFkkf;Ro dks vuqj.ku
dgrs gSaA
2. vuqj.ku ds T;knk yEck gksus ij
/ofu /kq¡/kyh] fod`r rFkk Hkzked gks
ya
tkrh gSA

&(1) ;k ykmMLihdj] gkWuZ] rw;Z vkSj

'kgukbZ vkfn bl izdkj cuk;s tkrs gSa fd os /ofu dks lHkh fn'kkvksa esa QSyk;s fcuk ,d
gh fn'kk esa Hkstrs gSaA
 bu lHkh ;a=ksa esa 'kaDokdkj Hkkx /ofu rjaxksa dks ckj&ckj ijkofrZr djds
id
Jksrkvksa dh vksj Hkstrk gSA
 bl izdkj /ofu rjaxksa dk vk;ke tqM+ tkus ls /ofu dh izcyrk c<+ tkrh gSA
(2) &;g ,d fpfdRlk ;a= gS tks ekuo 'kjhj ds vUnj ân; vkSj
QsQM+ksa esa mRiUu /ofu dks lquus esa dke vkrk gSA ân; dh /kM+du dh /ofu LVsFkksLdksi
dh jcj dh uyh esa ckjEckj ijkofrZr gksdj MkWDVj ds dkuksa esa igq¡prh gSA
eV

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 72 | 9 (S.A.-2)

(3) (Sound Board)&(a) cM+s gkWy ;k lHkkxkj esa nhokjksa] Nr rFkk

lhVksa }kjk /ofu dk vo'kks"k.k gks tkrk gSA vr% oØkdkj /ofu iV~Vksa dks oDrk ds ihNs
j[k fn;k tkrk gS rkfd mldk Hkk"k.k Jksrkvksa dks vklkuh ls lqukbZ ns tk;sA ;s /ofu
iV~V /ofu ds cgqy ijkorZu ij vk/kkfjr gSA
(b) dalVZ gkWy dh Nrsa oØkdkj cuk;h tkrh gSa rkfd ijkorZu ds ckn /ofu gky
ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa igq¡p tk;sA

i
rth
JO;rk dk ifjlj&(1) euq"; esa JO;rk dk ifjlj 20 Hz 2000 Hz rd gksrk
gSA 5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPps rFkk dqÙks 25 KHz rd dh /ofu lqu ysrs gSaA
ya
(2) 20 Hz vko`fÙk dh /ofu;ksa dks (Infrasonic Sound)
dgrs gSaA
 dEiu djrk gqvk ljy yksyd voJO; /ofu mRiUu djrk gSA
 xS.Ms 5 Hz dh vko`fÙk dh /ofu ls ,d&nwljs ls lEidZ djrs gSaA
 gkFkh rFkk Ogsy voJO; /ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA
 HkwdEi iz?kkrh rjaxksa ls igys voJO; rjaxsa iSnk djrs gSa ftUgsa dqN tUrq
id
lqudj ijs'kku gks tkrs gSaA
(3) 20 KHz vko`fÙk dh /ofu;ksa dk (Ultrasonic waves)
;k ijk/ofu dgrs gSaA dqÙks] MkWyfQu] pexknM+] ekWjikWbt rFkk pwgs ijk/ofu lqu ldrs
gSaA dqÙks rFkk pwgs ijk/ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA
&;g cSVjh pkfyr bysDVªkWfud e'khu gS tks de lquus okys
eV

yksxksa }kjk iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA ekbØksQksu /ofu dks fo|qr ladsrksa esa cnyrk gS tks
,aIyhQk;j }kjk izof/kZr gks tkrs gSaA ;s izof/kZr ladsr ;qfDr ds Lihdj dks Hksts tkrs
gSaA Lihdj izof/kZr ladsrksa dks /ofu rjaxksa esa cnydj dku dks Hkstrk gS ftlls lkQ
lqukbZ nsrk gSA
(Application of ultrasound)&(1) bldk mi;ksx m|ksxksa
esa /kkrq ds bykdksa esa njkjksa ;k vU; nks"kksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, ¼fcuk mUgsa uqdlku
igq¡pk,½ fd;k tkrk gSA

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 | 73

(2) ;g m|ksxksa esa oLrqvksa ds mu Hkkxksa dks lkQ djus esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gS
ftudk igq¡puk dfBu gksrk gS; tSl& s lfiZykdkj uyh] fo"ke vkdkj dh e'khu vkfnA

i
rth
(3) ijk/ofu dk mi;ksx ekuo 'kjhj ds vkUrfjd vaxksa; tSls ;d`r] fiÙkk'k;]
xHkkZ'k;] xqnsZ vkSj ân; dh tk¡p djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(4) (ECG)&bu rjaxksa dk mi;ksx ân; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks
fn[kkus rFkk bldk izfrfcEc cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bls bdksdkfMZ;ksxzkQh dgrs gSaA
(5) (Ultrasonography)&og rduhd tks 'kjhj ds vkUrfjd
vaxksa dk izfrfcEc ijk/ofu rjaxksa dh izfr/ofu;ksa }kjk cukrh gSA vYVªklksuksxzkQh dgykrk
ya
gSA
(6) ijk/ofu dk mi;ksx xqnsZ dh NksVh iFkjh dks ckjhd d.kksa esa rksM+us ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
(Sonar)&lksukj 'kCn (Sound Navigation and Ranging) ls cuk gSA
 lksukj ,d ;qfDr tks ikuh ds uhps fiM+ksa dh nwjh] fn'kk rFkk pky ukius ds
fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
id
 lksukj esa ,d izsf"kr rFkk ,d lalwpd gksrh gS tks tgkt dh ryh esa yxk
gksrk gSA
 izsf"k= ijk/ofu rjaxas mRiUu djds izsf"kr djrk gSA
eV

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 74 | 9 (S.A.-2)

 ;s rjaxsa ikuh esa pyrh gS] leqnz ds ry esa fi.Mksa ls Vdjkdj ijkofrZr gksdj
lalwpd }kjk xzg.k dj yh tkrh gS vkSj fo|qr ladsrksa esa cny yh tkrh gSA
 og ;qfDr ijk/ofu rjaxksa }kjk tgkt ls leqnz ry rd tkus rFkk okil tgkt
rd vkus esa fy;s x;s le; dks uki ysrh gSA
 bl le; dk vk/kk le; ijk/ofu rjaxksa }kjk tgkt ls leqnz ry rd tkus
esa fy;k tkrk gSA

i
 ;fn ijk/ofu ds izs"k.k vkSj lalwpu dk le; vUrjky t gSA leqnz ty esa èofu
dh pky v gS rc rjax }kjk r; dh x;h nwjh = 2d

rth
2d = vt. ;g fof/k izfr/ofud ijkl dgykrh gSA

izsf"k= ijk/ofu rjaxsa iszsf"kr dh leqnz ry ij fi.M ls VdjkbZ

fi.M dh nwjh /ofu dh fo|qr ladsrksa esa cnyh lalwpd }kjk xzg.k dh okil ijkofrZr gqbZ
pky vkSj le; ls
Kkr dh x;h
ya
lksukj dk mi;ksx leqnz ry dh xgjkbZ ukius] ty ds uhps pV~Vkuksa] ?kkfV;ksa]
iuMqCch] fge 'kSy rFkk Mwcs gq, tgkt dk irk yxkus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
pexknM+ va/ksjh jkr esa mPp rkjRo dh ijk/ofu rjaxsa mRlftZr djrs gq, mM+rh
gSa tks vo'ks"kksa ;k dhVksa ls ijkofrZr gksdj pexknM+ ds dkuksa rd igq¡prs gSaA ijkofrZr
Lianksa dh izd`fr ls pexknM+ dks irk pyrk gS fd vojks/k ;k dhV dgk¡ gS vkSj fdl
izd`fr ds gSaA
id
&
 ekuo d.kZ rhu fgLlksa ls cuk gS&cká d.kZ] e/; d.kZ] vUr%d.kZ
 dku laosnh vax gS ftudh lgk;rk ls ge /ofu dks lqu ikrs gSaA
 dks dgrs gSa] ;g vkl&ikl ls /ofu bdV~Bk djrk gSA
eV

 ;g /ofu Jo.k ufydk ls xqtjrh gSA

 Jo.k ufydk ds vUr ij ,d iryh yphyh f>Yyh d.kZ iVg ;k d.kZ iVg
f>Yyh gksrh gSA
 esa rhu gfM~M;k¡&eqXnjd] fugkbZ vkSj oyFkd (hammer, anviland
stirrup) ,d-nwljs ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA eqXnjd dk LorU= fgLlk d.kZiV~V ls rFkk oy;d
dk vard.kZ ds v.Mkdkj fNnz dh f>Yyh ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

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 | 75

i
rth
 esa ,d eqM+h gqbZ ufydk d.kkZorZ (Cochlea) gksrh gS tks v.Mkdkj
ya
fNnz ls tqM+h gksrh gSA d.kkZorZ esa ,d nzo Hkjk gksrk gS ftlesa raf=dk dksf'kdk gksrh gS
d.kkZorZ dk nwljk fljk Jo.k raf=dk ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks efLr"d dks tkrh gSA
&tc /ofu rjax dk laihMu d.kZiVg ij Vdjkrk gS rc d.kZiVg ds
ckgj dk ncko c<+ tkrk gS vkSj d.kZiV~V dks vUnj dh vkSj nckrk gS tcfd fojyu
ds le; d.kZiV~V ckgj dh rjQ xfr djrk gSA bl izdkj d.kZiVg vUnj d.kZiVg
vUnj&ckgj dFku djuk 'kq# dj nsrk gSA
id
 ;s dEiu rhu gfM~M ;ksa }kjk dbZ xq.kk c<+k fn;s tkrs gS aA e/; d.kZ /ofu
rjaxksa ls izkIr bu izof/kZ r (ampli ed) nkc ifjorZuksa dks vUr%d.kZ dks Hkst nsrk gSA
 var%d.kZ esa ;s nkc ifjorZu d.kkZorZ ds }kjk fo|qr ladsrksa esa cny fn;s tkrs
gSaA
 ;s fo|qr ladsr Jo.k raf=dk ds }kjk efLr"d dks Hkst fn;s tkrs gSa vkSj
eV

efLr"d budh /ofu :i esa O;k[;k djrk gSA

d.kZ iYyo Jo.k ufydk d.kZiVg eqXnjd fugkbZ oy;d

efLr"d Jo.k raf=dk d.kkZorZ v.Mkdkj fNnz

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 76 | 9 (S.A.-2)

[A-1 ]
1. /ofu rjaxksa dks ;kaf=d rjaxsa D;ksa dgrs gSa \

i
2. /ofu dk dkSu&lk vfHky{k.k fu/kkZfjr djrk gS&rkjRo rFkk izcyrk \

rth
3. /ofu osx ds fy, rjax lw= fyf[k,A
4. ekuo dk JO;rk rFkk ifjlj fyf[k,A
5. /ofu D;k gS \
6. fLyadh ij mRiUu gksus okyh nks izdkj dh rjaxksa ds uke fyf[k,A
7. vko`fr dk S.I. ek=d D;k gS \ bldk cM+k ek=d Hkh fyf[k,A
8. /ofu dSls iSnk dk tkrh gS \
9.
ya fdl ek/;e esa /ofu lcls rst lapfjr gksxh \ (a) gok (b) ty (c) LVhyA
10. /ofu ds ijkorZu ij vk/kkfjr nks ;qfDr;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A
[B-2 ]
1. /ofu ijkorZu ds nks fu;e crkb,A
2. rjax nS/;Z rFkk vko`fÙk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
3. vkorZdky rFkk vk;ke dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
id
4. rfM+r dh ped gesa igys fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj xM+kxM+kgV dh vkokt ckn esa lqukbZ
nsrh gSA D;ksa \
5. ijk/ofud pky ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
6. dalVZ gkWy dh Nrsa oØkdkj D;ksa cuk;h tkrh gSa \
eV

[C-3 ]
1. vuqj.ku D;k gS \ ,d cM+s gky esa vuqj.ku dks dSls de fd;k tk ldrk gS \
2. izfr/ofu D;k gS \ izfr/ofu dSls curh gS \ cknyksa dh xM+xM+kgV dh vkokt dSls
curh gS \
3. ijk/ofu ds dksbZ rhu vuqiz;ksx crkb,A
4. pexknM+ viuk f'kdkj idM+us esa ijk/ofu dk dSls mi;ksx djrh gS \ le>kb,A

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 | 77

[D-5 ]
1. lksukj D;k gS \ bldh dk;Zfof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A blds mi;ksx crkb, \
2. ,d rjax gok esa 340 ms–1 dh xfr ls lapfjr gks jgh gSA bldh rjax nS/;Z D;k
gksxh ;fn bldh vko`fr (a) 512 dEiu izfr lsds.M gS (b) 100 Hz gS \
3. ,d lksukj LVs'ku ladsr dh izfr/ofu 3S ckn xzg.k djrk gSA oLrq dh nwjh D;k

i
gksxh \ ¼/ofu dh ikuh esa pky = 1440 ms–1½-

rth
4. 200 ehVj Å¡ph ehukj dh pksVh ls ,d iRFkj ehukj ds vk/kkj fLFkr ,d ikuh ds
rkykc esa fxjk;k tkrk gSA ikuh esa blds fxjus dh /ofu pksVh ij dc lqukbZ nsxh \
(g = 10 m/s2 rFkk /ofu dh pky = 340 ms–1)
Ans. 5
2. (a) 0.66 ehVj (b) 3.4 ehVj
3. 2160 ehVj [ladsr iRFkj }kjk rkykc rd tkus esa fy;k x;k le; t = ?
ya
s = ut + gt2 ,500 = 0 + ½10t2]
4. 11.47 lsdsM [t2 = 100 t = 10 sec.]
id
eV

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