la i z H kq r k

bdkbZ 11 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj izÑfr

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
11.0 mís ’ ;
11.1 izLrkouk
11.2 jkT; vkSj mlds mn~Hko (Derivations)
11.3 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
11-3-1 jkT; ds rÙo
11-3-2 jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn
11-3-3 D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\
11.4 jkT; dh izÑfr % fofHkUu fl)kar
11-4-1 mnkjoknh fl)kar
11-4-2 ekDlZoknh fl)kar
11-4-3 xk¡/khoknh fl)kar
11.5 lkjka’k
11.6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
11.7 cks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj

11.0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki ik;saxs lHkh ekuo laLFkkvksa esa loksZifj] ;kuh jkT;] tks fd jktuhfr-
foKku dk eq[; lac) fo"k; gSA ^jkT;* 'kCn ds iz;ksxksa esa bruh T+;knk fofo/krk gS fd
;g Hkze iSnk djrk gSA bl izdkj] tSls jk"Vª] ns’k] lekt o ljdkj tSls jkT; ds
i;kZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa jkT; ds ewy y{k.kksa ,oa fl)karksa ij izdk’k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k
tkrk gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• jkT; 'kCn ds vFkZ o mn~Hko dks le> ldsa vkSj mlds ewy y{k.k tku ldsa(
• jkT; dk mlds fofHkUu i;kZ;ksa ls Hksn dj ldsa( vkSj
• jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa izeq[k lS)kfUrd <k¡ps dks le> ldsaA

11.1 izLrkouk
tSlk fd igys ft+Ø fd;k x;k] jktuhfr-foKku dk v/;;u djus ds rjhdksa esa ls ,d
gS jkT; dk mlds lHkh fofo/k fo’o:iksa esa v/;;u djukA ijUrq jkT; 'kCn dks vDlj
va/kk/kqa/k :i ls fdlh lkekU; izo`fÙk vFkok fdlh vkneh ds LokLF; dh] mlds ekul
dh vFkok mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh ^^voLFkk** tSlh fdlh tkudkjh dks O;Dr djus
ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA jktuhfr-foKku esa Hkh] bldks fofHkUu vYikUrjksa ds
lkFk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS( ljdkj] laLFkk vFkok mldh vo;o bdkb;ksa ds ,d i;kZ;
:i esaA vr%] jkT; D;k ^gS*] ;g izxfr esa lgk;rk djrk gS vFkok mls jksdrk gS] fdrus
vf/kdkj jkT; ds ikl gksus pkfg, vkSj ekuoh; dk;Zdyki ds fdu {ks=ksa esa] ;g vU;
fo|eku laLFkkvksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS vkSj jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa lgh-lgh
O;k[;k D;k gS\

5
jkT; dks le>uk izkphu ,FksUl ds le; ls gh ;s iz’u jktuhfr nk’kZfudksa dk fnypLi fo"k; jgs gSa(
rFkkfi] jktuhfr-fl)kar ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr dkj.kksa dks [kkst fudkyus ds lpsr
iz;kl izkphu ;wukfu;ksa ds lkFk] if’peh nqfu;k esa 'kq: gq,A bl izdkj] bl vo/kkj.kk
dks bl 'kkL=-fo|k ds ,d ewy fo"k; ds :i esa le>uk ykt+eh gks tkrk gSA

11.2 jkT; vkSj mlds mn~Hko (Derivations)

tSlk fd dgk x;k gS] jktuhfr-foKku dk ,d igyw gS jkT; ds lkFk fØ;k-O;kikj] tks
fd lHkh ekuo laLFkkvksa esa loksZifj gSA ;wukfu;ksa us ^ikWfy* (polis) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k
ftlds vuqlkj 'kgj-jkT; (city-state) vaxzsth 'kCn ^flfork* (civitas) ds lcls
T+;knk djhc ls esy [kkrk gS] ftldk Hkh vFkZ ^tu dY;k.k* ds |ksru ds lkFk ;gh gSA
teZuksa us ^LVsVl* (states) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tks fd mDr 'kCn-in dk Hkkx ek=
gSA vk/kqfud 'kCn ^LVsV* (state) teZuksa }kjk iwoZ-iz;qDr ^^LVsVl** (status) ls gh
fudyk gSA jktuhfr-foKku esa ^^LVsV** ¼;Fkk jkT;½ 'kCn loZizFke fudksyks eSdkboyh
}kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bl izdkj] ;g Li"V gks x;k fd jkT; 'kCn lksygoha 'krkCnh
ls igys cgqr vf/kd izpfyr ugha FkkA e/;dkyhu ;wjksi ds ,d cM+s fgLls esa jgus okys
yksx vk/kqfud jkT; dh ifjdYiuk ls vufHkK FksA vkxs pydj ;g 'kCn izfl) gks
x;k vkSj mlus izkf/kdkj laca/kh ,d i{kikr’kwU; vFkZ xzg.k dj fy;kA

11.3 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

pw¡fd jkT; jktuhfr-foKku ds v/;;u esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ la?kVd gS] ^jkT;* 'kCn dk
D;k rkRi;Z gS laca/kh ,d Li"V tkudkjh vko’;d gSA lkekftd thou ds vkjEHk ls
gh ekuo tkfr fdlh u fdlh izdkj ds izkf/kdj.k ds v/khu jgh gSA ;g izkf/kdj.k
viuh izÑfr esa cnyrk jgk gS vkSj viuk dke laxBu ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ek/;e ls
djrk jgk gSA jktuhfrd thou dh Bksl vfHkO;fDr esa bu Hksnksa ds rys iz;kstu dh
,d O;kogkfjd igpku ns[kh tk ldrh gS( vkSj vuko’;d rÙoksa ,oa mu ifjorZuksa dh
mis{kk djds tks le;] LFkku o ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x dh otg ls gksrs gSa] ge vU;
laxBuksa ls fHkUu] jkT; dk furkUr lkj ik ldrs gSaA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ds fufeÙk fopkj ls] vc ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd jkT; gS D;k\
jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk,¡] tSlk fd teZu ys[kd 'kqYt+ us dgk] vla[; gSaA LoHkkor% ;s
ifjHkk"kk,¡ muds ys[kdksa ds erksa ls jaftr gSa vkSj ml n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gSa] ftlls
jkT; dks le>k tkrk gSA lektoknhtu bls ,d lkekftd n`";?kVuk ekurs gSa]
tcfd fof/kosÙkktu jkT; dks ,d dkuwuh laLFkk ds :i esa vknj nsrs gSa( vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu fo"k;d ys[kdx.k dqN fuf’pr rÙoksa ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] ftudks jktuhfr-oSKkfud
vuns[kk djrs gSa] vkSj vUrr% nk'kZfud ys[kdx.k viuh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks nqcksZ/k 'kCnksa esa
izfrikfnr djrs gSaA rFkkfi] gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd jkT; ,d xw<+ ladYiuk Hkh
gS vkSj ,d Bksl laxBu Hkh] ;Fkk HkkSfrd rÙoksa ls igpkuk tkus okykA bl izdkj] lHkh
Hkkoksa esa] jkT; dk vFkZ fuEufyf[kr fy;k tk ldrk gS %
i) O;fDr;ksa dk ,d laxBu] ;Fkk ,d laxfBr bdkbZ ds :i esa ns[kh tkus okyh ekuo
tkfr(
ii) ,d fuf’pr {ks= ds jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr yksx(
iii) lkoZtfud dkuwu dk ,d laxBu tks fd fdlh lewg vFkok vf/koklh-leqnk;
6 (population) ds fo#) fgalk-iz;ksx ij ,dkf/kdkj dk i{kikrh gks(
iv) ,d laxBu tks vkarfjd ekeyksa esa viuk dk;Z laLFkkvksa ds ,d ,dhÑr lewg] la i z H kq r k
ftls ljdkj dgrs gSa] ds ek/;e ls djrk gSA
11- 3- 1 jkT; ds rÙo
jkT;] tSlk fd igys dgk x;k] ,d Bksl oLrq ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj
,d xw<+ fopkj ds :i esa HkhA ,d Bksl oLrq dk eryc gS fd ;g ,d fof’k"V ekuo-
lewg vFkok laLFkk gS vkSj xw<+ vFkZ esa ns[ks tkus ij ;g ,d fof/kxr fof’k"Vrk j[kus
okyk fuxe gSA jkT;] blh dkj.k] HkkSfrd vkSj ijkHkkSfrd vFkok vk/;kfRed] nksuksa
rÙoksa ls feydj curk gSA ;s rÙo gSa %
i) ,d ekuo-lewg] ;Fkk vf/koklh-lewg ¼tula[;k½
ii) ,d {ks= tgk¡ ij os LFkk;h :i ls fuokl djrs gSa ¼jkT;{ks=½
iii) vkUrfjd izHkqlÙkk ,oa ckg~; fu;a=.k ls Lora=rk ¼lEizHkqrk½
iv) ,d jktuhfrd laxBu vFkok ,taslh ftlds ekè;e ls vf/koklh-lewg dh
lkewfgd bPNk O;Dr dh tkrh gS] ;Fkk 'kklu-iz.kkyh ¼ljdkj½
jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dks] bl izdkj] ;g le>uk pkfg, fd bu rÙoksa esa ls fdlh
,d dk Hkh vHkko jkT; dks vÑr dj nsrk gS( lHkh dks vo’; gh ,d lkFk gksuk
pkfg,A jkT; turk ugha gksrk] u gh ns’k] u gh ljdkj] vfirq ;s lc gksrk gS vkSj
blds vfrfjDr] jkT; esa og ,drk t+:j gksuh pkfg, tks mls ,d fof’k"V ,oa
Lok/khu jktuhfrd lÙkk cukrh gSA ;s y{k.k lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy, loZekU; gSa] mudh
,sfrgkfld :i ls fof’k"V vfHkO;fDr;k¡ tks pkgs gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;g ckr ;wukuh
'kgj jkT;ksa] e/;dkyhu jkT;ksa] vk/kqfud jktra= ,oa jkT;ksa ds mu lHkh izdkjksa ij ykxw
gksrh gSa tks vkt fo|eku gSa& mnkjoknh yksdra=] Q+kSth rkuk’kkgh ,oa lkE;oknh
'kkluA vr% pkj rÙoksa dh ;g O;k[;k lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy, ,d tSlh gS( ;g] gkyk¡fd
jkT; ds lkekftd-jktuhfrd vFkZ ij Li"V :i ij izdk’k ugha MkyrhA

11- 3- 2 jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn

vke vkneh jkT; vkSj vU; dbZ laLFkkvksa] tSls lekt] jk"Vª o vU;] ds chp dksbZ Hksn
ugha djrkA ijUrq] jkT; dk fof/kK n`f"Vdks.k] tks ;g dgrk gS fd jkT; ,d dkuwu-
fuekZ=h lÙkk gS] jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn djrk gSA
jkT; vkSj lekt ds chp Hksn furkUr vko’;d gS D;ksafd lekt jkT; ls dgha vf/kd
cM+k gksrk gSA ,d lekt esa] lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ o lkekftd laca/k 'kkfey gksrs gSa]
tcfd jkT; ds rgr lekt dk ek= ,d igyw vkrk gSA jktuhfrd fo"k;d vusd
vkn’kZoknh ,oa v}SrkRed (monistic) ys[kdksa us lekt o jkT; ds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha
fd;k gSA ijUrq] mnkjoknh ys[kd bl izdkj dk Hksn djrs gSa vkSj nkok djrs gSa fd
jkT; lekt dk lsod gS vkSj lekt ds gh Hkhrj gksrk gS( fd lekt jkT; ls vf/kd
iqjkuk gS vkSj jkT; dh Hkk¡fr pkj rÙo ugha j[krk( jkT; ,d mPp :i ls laxfBr
laizHkqrklEiUu laLFkk gS] tcfd lekt vlaxfBr Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj izHkqlÙkklEiUu
ugha gksrk( jkT; dksbZ tUetkr laLFkk ugha gksrk] tcfd lekt gksrk gSA cgqokfn;ksa us
jkT; o lekt ds chp Hksn dh ges’kk egÙo fn;k gS] D;ksafd os jkT; dks egt ,d
laLFkk ds :i esa gh ekurs gSa] lekt ds fof’k"V fgrksa dks lk/kus ds fy, lekt dh vU;
laLFkkvksa ds leku ghA

7
jkT; dks le>uk ljdkj jkT; ds vo;oksa esa ls ,d gksrh gS] ijUrq ;s nks 'kCn] jkT; o ljdkj] ,d-nwljs
ds fy, va/kk/kaq/k :i ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs jgs gSaA ysfdu oLrqr%] ljdkj jkT; dk ,d
,tsalh ek= gS ftlds ek/;e ls lkewfgd bPNk dks izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] vfHkO;Dr
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dk;kZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA fLFkjrk] laizHkqrk ,oa foLrh.kZrk ds fygkt
ls] jkT; ljdkj dh ctk; ;s lc phtsa j[krk gSA ;g Hkh x+kSj djuk t+:jh gS fd jkT;
dks vHkh gky gh esa fodflr gqbZ laLFkk ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd ljdkj cgqr iqjkuh gSA
;gk¡ rd fd lcls iqjkru ekuo lektksa us Hkh ljdkj dk dksbZ izkjafHkd :i fodflr
fd;k gksxk rkfd leqnk; ds vke thou ij fu;a=.k j[kk tk ldsA blh dkj.k]
ljdkj jkT; ds vfLrRo gsrq ,d vko’;d 'krZ rks gS] ijUrq ;Fks"V (sufficient) ughaA

cgqoknhtu jkT; o lekt dh vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha djrs vkSj
n`<+rkiwoZd ;g dgrs gSa fd jkT; lekt dh fdlh Hkh vU; laLFkk dh rjg gh gSA
ijUrq] vkerkSj ij] jkT; viuh laizHkqrk ds dkj.k vU; lkekftd laLFkkvksa ls fHkUu
gksrk gSA gj mnkjoknh yksdra= esa] jkT; laizHkqrk ds HkkSfrd ;a= tSls iqfyl] lsuk]
ukSdj'kkgh vkSj tsy vf/kd et+cwr gks x, gSaA vkt] ,d izHkqlÙkklEiUu jkT; ds ikl
vR;f/kd HkkSfrd lÙkk gksrh gS] rkfd fonzksgksa dks dqpyk tk lds] tks fd vU; laLFkkvksa
ds ikl ugha gksrhA

jkT; vkSj jk"Vª@ukxfjdrkvksa ds chp Hksn ,d cM+s fookn dk fo"k; jgk gS D;ksafd
vk/kqfud jkT; jk"Vª-jkT; Hkh gSaA ijUrq jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dks jkT; vkSj jk"Vª
ds chp eq[; vUrj le>uk pkfg,] tks fd ;g gS fd jk"Vª dk vk/kkj euksoSKkfud ,oa
lkaLÑfrd ,drk gS tcfd jkT; dk vk/kkj HkkSfrd ,oa jktuhfrd ,drk gSA jk"Vª
iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds lkFk mHkjs] tcfd jkT; mlds igys ls gh fo|eku FkkA jkT;
ds vfuok;Z rÙo jk"Vª dh iwoZ-’krs± ugha gSaA

11- 3- 3 D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\

jkT; dk fof/kK n`f"Vdks.k ,d fof/klaxr vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa jkT; ,oa vU; lkekftd
laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn djrk gSA ijUrq dY;k.kdkjh jkT;ksa ds mn~xeu ds lkFk gh] jkT;
o lekt ds chp varj yqIrizk; gks x;k( jkT; o ljdkj ds chp Hksn egt ,d
rduhdh Hksn gS vkSj ljdkj] lHkh O;kogkfjd mís’;ksa ls] jkT; ds led{k gh gSA blh
izdkj] jk"Vª-jkT; ds mn; ds lkFk gh] jk"Vª o jkT; ds chp varj dksbZ T+;knk egÙoiw.kZ
ugha jgs vkSj jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp erHksn cgqokfn;ksa }kjk /kks Mkys x,A

jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vo’; gh lexz lekt ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A jkT;
dks ml lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd ra= ds :i esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,] tks fd tula[;k] fuf’pr
{ks=] ljdkj o laizHkqrk j[kus okyh iw.kZ LFkk;h oS/k laLFkkvksa esa dqN fuf’pr izdk;ks±]
xfrfof/k;ksa o izfØ;kvksa ds fu"iknukFkZ lekt esa izpfyr gksA dkuwu cukus dh loksZPp
lÙkk ,d jktuhfrd iz.kkyh gS tks fLFkjrk o larqyu dk;e j[kus] uhfr-fuekZ.k djus
,oa lekt esa vke dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± dks djus laca/kh izdk;ks± dks fu"ikfnr djrh gSA
cks/k iz’u 1
uks V % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA

1½ jkT; 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- la i z H kq r k

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2½ jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp varj crk,¡A D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.4 jkT; dh izÑfr % fofHkUu fl)kar

jkT; dh vusd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dYiuk dh xbZ gSA gj fl)kUrh jkT; dks viuh gh
'kkL=-fo|k ds 'kCnksa esa le>rk vkSj ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA gj ,d us jkT; dh mRifÙk]
izÑfr] {ks=] izdk;Z o mís’;ksa ds laca/k esa viuk gh fl)kar fn;k gSA ;s fl)kar izk;% :i
vkSj vFkZ esa ,d-nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa ge
fofHkUu fl)karksa ls nks-pkj gksus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

11- 4- 1 mnkjoknh fl)ka r

jkT; dh mRifÙk ,oa izÑfr laca/kh mnkjoknh fl)kar dh tk¡p-iM+rky djus ls igys]
dqN tkudkjh Lo;a mnkjokn ds gh fo"k; esa izkIr djuk Bhd jgsxkA 16oha vkSj 17oha
'krkfCn;ksa esa u, iw¡thoknh oxZ ¼e/;oxZ½ dk mn; gqvk] mnkjokn dh /kkj.kk mu
izfrfØ;kRed cyksa ds f[kykQ+ ,d izxkeh (progressive) fonzksg ds :i esa lkeus vk;h
ftudk izfrfuf/kRo lkeUrokn] ppZ vkSj jktra= djrs FksA ;g O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa o
Lora=rk ij vk/kkfjr yksxksa dh lgefr laca/kh ekU;rk gsrq ,d vkokt+ FkhA O;fDr-
laca/kh bldh vo/kkj.kk ^iqjksxkeh O;fDr* (posessive individual) dh vo/kkj.kk Fkh vkSj
;g yksdrkaf=d ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gsrq ,d jktuhfrd vkUnksyu FkkA

;g fl)kar euq"; dh mnkjoknh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS tks vius Lo;a dh Lora= bPNk
j[kus okys] bl lalkj esa ,d Lora= vfHkdÙkkZ :ih laca/k gS] og O;fDr;ksa] muds LoHkko]
xfrfof/k;ksa] #fp;ksa ,oa mís’;ksa dks vkisf{kr Hkwfedk fnyokrk gSA jkT; dks ,d
vko’;drk] ,d laLFkk & cqjh gks ;k Hkyh & ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] tks lekt esa
dkuwu o O;oLFkk] 'kkfUr o U;k; dk;e dj ldsA jkT; lexz lekt ds vke fgr dks
lk/kus ds fy, gksrk gSA bldks ekuo-dY;k.k dh ,tsalh ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS] tksfd
O;fDr ds thou vkSj laifÙk dks lqjf{kr djsxkA bldks euq"; ds uSfrd vkSj lkekftd
fodkl esa ;ksxdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA mnkjokn jkT; vksj lekt ds chp Hksn djrk gS
vkSj dgrk gS fd jkT; lekt ds fy, gS] u fd lekt jkT; ds fy,A
9
jkT; dks le>uk jkT; ds izdk;ks± ij mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k le;-le; ij cnyrs jgs gSaA 17oha 'krkCnh
ds nkSjku] iw¡thoknh oxZ & ftlus mnkjokn dk leFkZu fd;k& dh vko';drk,a fHkUu
Fkha vkSj 18oha] 19oha o 20oha 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku] bl oxZ dh vko’;drk,¡ cnyha]
ftlls lekt esa jkT; dh ,d fHkUu Hkwfedk vko’;d gks xbZA 18oha ,oa vkjfEHkd
19oha 'krkCnh dk lS)kfUrd mnkjokn] tks vYire izdk;ks± okys udkjh jkT; dk
leFkZu djrk Fkk] 19oha lnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ,oa vkjfEHkd 20oha lnh esa vk/kqfud mnkjokn
esa cny x;k ftlus dY;k.kdkjh izdk;ks± okys ldkjh (positive) jkT; dk leFkZu
fd;kA

lS)kfUrd mnkjokn dks vU; ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;Fkk ^yst+-Q+S* (liassez-faire)
vFkok iqfyl jkT; fl)kar] vFkok O;fDrokn fl)kar tks jkT; dks ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ
ekurk gSA vko’;d] euq"; ds LokFkZijd LoHkko ds dkj.k vkSj cqjk] D;ksafd ;g
LokFkZijd Lora=rk dk 'k=q gSA jkT; vkSj oS;fDrd Lora=rk dks ,d-nwljs ds foijhr
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj lS)kfUrd mnkjokn O;fDr dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds {ks= dks
c<+kdj vkSj jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds {ks= dks ?kVkdj mldks vf/kd Lora=rk iznku
djrk gSA jkT; dk dk;Z gS O;fDr dks HkkSfrd lqj{kk iznku djuk rkfd og jkT;
gLr{ksi ds fcuk vius O;fDrRo dks fodflr dj ldsA laf{kIrr%] bldk vFkZ gS
vYire jkT; izdk;Z ,oa vf/kdre oS;fDrd Lora=rkA ,sMe fLeFk us ,d vkfFkZd
vk/kkj ij bldk leFkZu fd;k vkSj cSUFke us ,d uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd vk/kkj ijA
rnksijkar mnkjokn vFkok vk/kqfud mnkjokn dks ^dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk fl)kar*
^la’kks/kuoknh (Revisionist)* vFkok ^lq/kkjoknh (Reformist) mnkjokn* Hkh dgk tkus
yxkA ;gk¡] jkT; dks egt ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ ugha le>k tkrk] cfYd ;g Hkh ekuk
tkrk gS fd jkT; lkekftd dY;k.k ds vusd dk;Z dj ldrk gS] lUrqyu yk ldrk
gS vkSj tulk/kkj.k dh lkekftd-vkfFkZd ek¡xksa dks iwjk dj ldrk gSA vusd fopkjdksa
fey] Ý+heSu] gkWCgkml] fy.Mls] dhUl] VkWuh] dksy] ckdZj] ykLdh ,oa eSdkboj us jkT;
ds ldkjh dk;ks± laca/kh fl)kar fn;kA

bl izdkj] mnkjoknh jkT; ds c<+rs yksdra=hdj.k us lHkh o;Ldksa dks erkf/kdkj

fnyokdj jkT; dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa egÙoiw.kZ gLr{ksi dh uhfr;k¡ 'kq: djus ds fy,
et+cwj dj fn;kA bldk vFkZ djk/kku ,oa jkT;h; vuqnku ds ek/;e ls lEiUurjksa ls
vYilEiUuksa dks lalk/ku gLrkarfjr djuk Hkh gSA vYire jkT; ls fHkUu] tks mnkjoknh
jkT; dk ewy Lo:i Fkk] dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ls vihy dh xbZ fd tudY;k.k dks viuk
eq[; dk;Z-O;kikj cuk;sA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; egt ,d pqukoh ncko dk tokc ugha Fkk]
cfYd vke turk ds chp mudh 'kfDr laca/kh psruk txkus gsrq izR;qÙkj Hkh Fkk] tks
et+nwj la?kksa tSlh laLFkkvksa ,oa tuer ds ek/;e ls O;Dr gqvkA ijUrq dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; dks lS)kfUrd vYire jkT; ls ,d Økafrd ifjorZu ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,A bldh ctk;] gesa bldks turk dks vf/kdre fj;k;r tkus ds ,d iz;kl ds
:i esa ns[kuk pkfg, tks fd ,d mnkjoknh] iw¡thoknh ckt+kj vFkZO;oLFkk dh vko’;drkvksa
ds vuq:i gksA

mnkjokn] 20oha lnh ds vafre o"kks± esa] uo-mnkjokn ds ,d u, :i esa cny pqdk gSA
bldks lS)kfUrd jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fopkjksa dh vksj ykSVus ds :i esa fy;k tk
ldrk gSA uo-mnkjoknh y{; gS ^jkT; dh lhekvksa dh vksj okilh*] la{ksi esa fd
vfu;fer i.; (market) iw¡thokn ls n{krk] o`f) vkSj O;kid lEiUUrk vk;sxhA jkT;
dk uo-mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k Ý+sfMªd g;sd ,oa feYVu Ý+hMeSu tSls vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa rFkk
10 jkWcVZ uksft+d tSls nk’kZfudksa ds ys[kksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 2 la i z H kq r k
uks V % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
1½ jkT; ds mnkjoknh fl)kar laca/kh fof’k"V y{k.k D;k gS-\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2½ lS)kfUrd mnkjoknh fl)kar D;k gS\

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- 4- 2 ekDlZ o knh fl)ka r

jkT; dk ekDlZoknh fl)kar jkT; ds mnkjoknh fl)kar dh ,d leh{kk] vkSj mlds ,d
fodYi ds :i esa mHkjkA ;fn mnkjokn dkexkj oxZ dk ,d lkekftd-vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuSfrd fl)kar Fkk] rks ekDlZokn Lo;a iw¡thokn vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke FkkA
mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] jkT; lkekftd vuqca/k] LohÑfr ,oa loZlEefr dk ifj.kke gS]
vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk dk;e djds ,oa U;k; o dY;k.kdkjh lsok,¡ eqgS;k djds lexz
leqnk; dk vke fgr lk/kus ds fy, gSA tcfd ekDlZoknh fl)kar ds vuqlkj] jkT;
oxZ-foHkktu ,oa oxZ-la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke gS vkSj ,d oxZ-fo’ks"k dk gh fgr lk/krk gS]
D;ksafd lHkh oxks± dk dksbZ ,d gh fgr@loZekU; fgr ugha gks ldrkA ;g jkT; dks
vLohdkj djrk gS] viuh vYiko’;drk oxks± dh fo|ekurk ls tksM+rk gS] vkSj lq>ko
nsrk gS fd ,d Økafr vkSj ,d oxZjfgr lekt dh LFkkiuk }kjk jkT; dh laLFkk dks
u"Vdj fn;k tk,A vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, fd lkekftd foKkuksa esa] ^^erSD; ekWMy**
vkSj ^^fookn ekWMy** ls lacaf/kr cgl ,d yEcs le; rd xeZ jghA erSD; ekWMy ftl
ij mnkjokn vk/kkfjr gS] n`<+rkiwoZd dgrk gS fd lekt o lkekftd laLFkkvksa] jkT;
lesr] dk vk/kkj lg;ksxh (shared) vkLFkk,¡] fgr] vkn’kZ ,oa laLFkk,¡ gSaA fookn fl)kar
fookn o la?k"kZ dks egÙo nsrk gS vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gS fd jkT; o vU; dbZ
laLFkk,¡ fookn dk gh ifj.kke gSaA
pfy,] jkT; dh izÑfr] izdk;Z ,oa fof/klaxr ds fo"k; esa ekDlZoknh ekU;rkvksa dk
/;kuiwoZd fo’ys"k.k djrs gSa] ftudks dkyZ ekDlZ us ^nkl-dSfiVy* o ^n fØfVd vkWQ 11
jkT; dks le>uk n xksFkk izksxzke* lesr viuh vusd Ñfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls rS;kj fd;kA ;|fi ekDlZ us
Lo;a jkT; dk vyx ls dksbZ fl)kar izfrikfnr ugha fd;k] jkT;-laca/kh fopkj-foe’kZ
ekDlZ ds yxHkx lHkh ys[kksa esa fc[kjk iM+k gSA ekDlZ mRiknu ds iw¡thoknh <ax
laca/kh ,sfrgkfld fo’ys"k.k esa O;Dr Fks] vr% og jkT; ljh[ks fof’k"V fo"k;ksa ij /;ku
dsfUnzr ugha dj ldsA ijUrq ,UtsYl o vU; ekDlZoknh fo}kuksa o Økafrdkfj;ksa us bl
igyw ij fy[kk gSA
jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh eq[; ckrksa ij jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dk /;ku
vko’;d gSA ekDlZ us vius vkjfEHkd ys[kksa esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd ,d oxZ dh laxfBr
'kfDr gS tks cgqla[;d dkexkj oxZ ij izcy jktuhfrd izHkqRo-LFkkiu fu;eksa ds
ek/;e ls nwljs dks] ;Fkk vkfFkZd :i ls izcy vYila[;d oxZ dks nckrh gSA ekDlZ us
jkT; dks ,d laØfer vkSj ijkJ;h lkekftd cy ekuk vkSj ^i`Foh ij bZ’oj dk
iz;k.k* (March) ds :i esa jkT; laca/kh gsxsy dh /kkj.kk dks vLohdkj fd;kA mUgksaus
jkT; dks dHkh Hkh lekt esa fookn lekIr djus okys vkSj ,drk o lkeUtL; ykus okys
fdlh Å¡ph uSfrdrk ds :i esa ugha fy;kA jkT; muds vuqlkj] dHkh u rks lekt ds
cjkcj Fkk u gh mlls Åij] oju~ ,sfrgkfld fodkl dh fdlh fuf’pr voLFkk esa
egt mldk ifj.kke FkkA bl izdkj] ekDlZ ,d vke lS)kfUrd <k¡ps esa vkSj
bfrgkl dh HkkSfrdoknh O;k[;k esa fo’okl djrs gSa ftls ^}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn*
(Dialectical Materialism) dgrs gSAa }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ,d vf/kd lkekU; lS)kfUrd
ra= g]S ftlls ,sfrgkfld fodkl laca/kh vf/kd Li"V fl)kar tUek gS] ftldks
^,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn* (Historical Materialism) vFkok bfrgkl dh HkkSfrdoknh
O;k[;k dgrs gSaA
ekDlZoknh dgrs gSa fd lHkh n`’;?kVuk,¡] ftudk ge vius efLr"d ,oa psruk ls ckgj
vuqHko djrs gSa] HkkSfrd] lkdkj vkSj ;FkkFkZ gksrh gSaA lkFk gh] lHkh n`’; ?kVuk,¡ fooknksa
dh vksj ys tkrs vkSj fQj] vUrr% fodkl ds ,d Å¡ps Lrj dh vksj mBrs vkUrfjd
izfroknksa ls vfHkyf{kr gksrs gSaA bl lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dks ekDlZ }kjk ^}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn*
uke fn;k x;k gSA blh dkj.k] fdlh Hkh n`’; ?kVuk dks le>us ds fy, gesa ml rjhds
dks vo’; le>uk pkfg, ftlesa og cnyrh gSA
bl izdkj] jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar jkT; dks efgekfUor ugha djrk( ;g ,d
oxZ-jfgr lekt esa] mlds iru] mlds frjLdkj dk fl)kar gSA bl fl)kar ds
vuqlkj] uhfr;k¡ vkSj jkT; ml vf/kjpuk (super structure) dk fgLlk gSa tks ,d iznÙk
lekt dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk vFkok mRiknu jhfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA jkT; dh mRifÙk
laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar Hkh jkT; o uhfr;ksa ds bl vke n`f"Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA
jkT; oxks± esa foHkkftr lekt vkSj muds chp la?k"kkZjaHk ds lkFk tUekA jkT; dh
mRifÙk laca/kh ,sfrgkfld fo’ys"k.k ;g gS fd jkT; fdlh Hkh lwjr esa lekt ij Fkksaih
xbZ dksbZ lÙkk ugha gS( cfYd] ;g fodkl dh ,d fuf’pr voLFkk esa lekt dh ,d
jpuk gS tks mlds lkFk fooknksa esa Q¡lk gksrk gSA jkT;] bl izdkj] lekt esa oxks± ds
tUe vkSj oxZ-la?k"kZ ds lkFk tUek vkSj ,d izHkkoh oxZ ds gkFkksa esa ,d 'kks"k.k-lk/ku
ek= gSA jkT; dh enn ls] 'kkld oxZ vkfFkZd :i ls det+ksj oxks± ij viuh lÙkk
dk;e j[krs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 3
uks V % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
12
1½ jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dks vius 'kCnksa esa Li"V djsaA la i z H kq r k

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- 4- 3 xk¡ / khoknh fl)ka r

pfy,] vc ;g ns[kus dk iz;kl djrs gSa xk¡/khth us jkT; dh izÑfr dks fdl izdkj
ifjdfYir fd;kA bldh lw{e :i ls tk¡p djus ls igys] gesa bl ckr ij /;ku nsuk
pkfg, fd xk¡/khoknh ifjdYiuk mnkjoknh o ekDlZoknh igyqvksa esa ik;h tkus okyh
jkT;-laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk lekurk,¡ o fHkUurk,¡ n’kkZrh gSA ge ;g Hkh x+kSj dj
ldrs gSa fd ;|fi ;g jkT; fo"k;d Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ls tUeh gS] ;g bl fo"k; ij
dqN ik’pkR; fopkjksa dk Hkh izHkko n’kkZrh gSA

lcls igys] xk¡/khth jkT; dh vko’;drk dks Lohdkj djrs gSa( ;|fi vfgalk ds ,d
leFkZd ds :i esa og ;g t+:j ns[krs gSa fd jkT; dk fufgrkFkZ gS fgalk-iz;ksx vFkok
voihM+uA ,slk blfy, gS fd xk¡/khth bl fopkj dks ekurs gSa fd euq"; LoHkkor%
vfgalkRed gS vkSj fd ;g vkn’kZ vFkZ esa euq"; ij ykxw gksrk gSA ,d ;FkkFkZoknh
n`f"Vdks.k ls] og bl ckr ls lger gSa fd jkT; dh dqN vko’;drk,a gksrh gSa D;ksafd
O;ogkjr%] euq"; esa vfgalk vkSj lkekftdrk laca/kh vkn’kZ xq.k ugha Hkh gks ldrsA ijUrq
;g ckr dgdj] xk¡/khth ;g Hkh ckr j[krs gSa fd fgalk dh ,d laLFkk ds :i esa jkT;
lhfer vo’; gksuk pkfg,A vU; 'kCnksa esa] xk¡/kh th vYire jkT; dks ekurs gSaA

nwljs] xk¡/khth dk lq>ko gS fd jkT; dqN dlkSfV;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lhfer gksuk pkfg,A
,d vksj] jkT; dk izkf/kdkj lÙkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr fdlh O;oLFkk }kjk
?kVk fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa jkT; ls uhps Lrj ds leqnk;ksa ds ikl T+;knk Lok;Ùkrk
vkSj dsUnzh; jkT; ls Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,A bl izdkj dh Lok;Ùkrk laca/kh ,d bdkbZ
xzke leqnk; gksuh pkfg,A ml leqnk; dks Lo;a ,d loZlEefr dh izfØ;k }kjk xzkeh.k
leqnk; dks izHkkfor djus okys lHkh fu.kZ;ksa dks r; djuk pkfg,A xk¡/khoknh n`f"Vdks.k
;g gS fd tgk¡ rd fd egRoiw.kZ LFkkuh; leqnk; laca/kh fu.kZ; ml Lrj ij fy,
tkrs gSa] dsUnzh; jkT; vYire gksxk] tks lexz vius {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ {ks=
dh j{kk] fons’k-laca/k ,oa lexz jkT;{ks= dks izHkkfor djus okyh dksbZ Hkh vU; leL;k,¡
ls vuqekur% lEc) jgsxkA jhfr-fjoktksa o ijEijkvksa ds ek/;e ls lexz lekt esa
fufgr uSfrd ekun.Mksa }kjk xk¡/khoknh fopkj esa jkT; dh 'kfDr Hkh vYiÑr gksrh gSA

rhljs] vkSj dsoy vfgalkRed :i ls] jkT; oS;fDrd ^^lf}osd** (Conscience) vFkok
^^vUrvkZRek dh vkokt+** ls mBrh uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa }kjk Hkh ifjlhfer gSA viuh egku~
Js.; Ñfr] fgUn Lojkt] esa mUgksaus dgk fd bl rjg dh jkt O;oLFkk ftlesa
jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa dks ,d cM+h la[;k esa Lo-’kklu xzke leqnk;ksa esa foHkkftr dj
fn;k tkrk gS] Lojkt 'kklu iz.kkyh gSA xk¡/khth dk nkok Fkk fd ;g Hkkjr esa lfn;ksa
13
jkT; dks le>uk esa pydj fodflr gqbZ ,d bZekunkjh ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gSA rFkkfi]
xk¡/khoknh jkT; dks mldh vkfFkZd o lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa ls foyx ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA blh dkj.k] Lojkt vFkok Lo-’kklu laca/kh ladYiuk vkfFkZd o lkekftd
O;oLFkkvksa dks Nwrh gSA Lo;a xzkeh.k leqnk; ds Hkhrj] xk¡/khth O;fDr;ksa ls Åij lewgksa
ds egÙo ij t+ksj nsrs gSaA

bl izdkj] xk¡/khth dks ,d vjktdrkoknh dguk x+yr gksxk] ;fn mlls rkRi;Z ,d
,sls fopkjd ls gS tksfd jkT; dh vko’;drk ls badkj djrk gksA fuf’prr%] og jkT;
dks ifjlhfer djrs gSa] ijUrq bldk eryc ;g ugha fd og blls NwV nsrs gSaA vYire
jkT; dk ekeyk ;g gS fd blesa vYire fgalk 'kkfey gS] vkSj bldk vFkZ Lojkt-
laca/kh xk¡/khoknh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh LohÑfr Hkh gSA tcfd oS;fDrd lf}osd ij
xk¡/khoknh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh LohÑfr Hkh gSA tcfd oS;fDrd lf}osd ij xk¡/khth
dk t+ksj oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ij mnkjoknh egÙo fn, tkus tSlk gh gS] bldks oS;fDrd
vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk ls vyx le>k tkuk pkfg,A xk¡/khoknh vf/kdkj O;fDr dks
O;fDrokn ds mnkjoknh vk/kkj ij ugha] cfYd uSfrd vk/kkj ij fn, tkrs gSa( ;Fkk ;g
nkok fd uSfrd :i ls dk;Z djuk gekjk dÙkZO; gSA lR;kxzg-laca/kh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk
vFkok fojks/k-izn’kZu laca/kh jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh vFkok vlR; dk fojks/k ,d uSfrd
vf/kdkj ,d dÙkZO; gS] vkSj xk¡/khoknh jkT; Hkh bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh dk mís’; gSA

xk¡/khth dh jkT;-laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ekDlZoknh jkT; ls bl lanHkZ esa feyrh-tqyrh gS fd

nksuksa gh jkT; dks ,d fgalk-ra= ds :i esa ysrs gSaA vius uSfrd igyw ds eísut+j]
xk¡/kh Hkh dÙkZO;ksa ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] u fd vf/kdkjksa ijA blds vykok xk¡/khoknh jkT;
oS;fDrd bPNkvksa dh lkewfgdrk laca/kh fdlh /kkj.kk dh ctk; ,d uSfrd] lkE;oknh
erSD; ij T+;knk vk/kkfjr gSA vusd rjhdksa ls] xk¡/khokn jkT; jkT; dk ,d fof’k"V
:i ls Hkkjrh; :i gSA vkt] xk¡/khoknh rÙo iapk;rhjkt vFkok yksdrkaf=d
fodsUnzhdj.k laca/kh vkn’kks± dh /kkj.kk esa izfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; jktuhfr
esa egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa esa ls ,d ;g jgk gS fd jkT; dk xka/khoknh Lo:i Hkkjr esa izLrkfor
fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks fdl gn rd\

jkT;-laca/kh bu rhu igyqvksa dk la{ksi.k djrs gq,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd mnkjoknh

jkT; oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS( fd ekDlZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] jkT; oxZ-
izHkqRo o oxZ-’kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS( vkSj xk¡/khoknh jkT; ,d uSfrd o lkE;oknh
loZlEefr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 4
uks V % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
1½ jkT; ds xk¡/khoknh fl)kar laca/kh fof’k"V y{k.kksa dks foLrkj ls crk,¡A
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ jkT; ds xk¡/khoknh fl)kar ds lkFk mnkjoknh vFkok ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh rqyuk la i z H kq r k
djsa vkSj mlds ckn Hksn n’kkZ;saA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.5 lkjka ’ k
vc rd] Åij jkT;-laca/kh fofHkUu /kkj.kkvksa dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k] tks ;g fuf’pr
djrh gSa fd jkT; ,d ,sfrgkfld lÙkk gSA bldk vFkZ] izÑfr] izdk;Z o dk;Z{ks= le;
o ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk cnys gSaA rFkkfi] ,d fLFkfr r; gS fd pw¡fd lekt
fofo/k lewgksa] fgrksa o fooknksa dk lewg gS] jkT; lexz lekt ds vke fgrksa ds mUu;u
(promotion) vkSj vfHkO;fDr gsrq ,d eap cuk gqvk gSA

jktuhfr dks lkekftd izfØ;kvksa ds ,d vk;ke ds :i esa le>k tkuk pkfg,] u fd

egt jkT; vkSj ljdkj laca/kh v/;;u ds :i esaA mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] jkT; egt
izHkqRo lEiUu dkuwu-fuekZ=h 'kfDr;k¡A dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus gsrq voihM+d 'kfDr j[kus
okyh dksbZ dkuwuh laLFkk ugha gS] cfYd bldk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw gS lekt dh lsok
djuk vkSj lekt esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dh vf/kd ls vf/kd ek¡xksa dks iwjk djukA
tcfd ekDlZokn us jkT; dh oxZ izo`fÙk ij t+ksj fn;k] mlus ;g n`<+rkiwoZd dgk fd
lekt dk vk/kkj uhao dk <k¡pk gksrk gS & ;Fkk] mRiknu jhfr lekt esa oxZ fu/kkZfjr
djrh gS & vkSj blh ij vk/kkfjr gS lekt dh lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd o jktuhfrd
vf/kjpukA ;g] muds vuqlkj] ,d voihM+d lk/ku gS tks lekt ds ,d fof’k"V
izHkko’kkyh vkfFkZd oxZ ls rkYyqd jgrk gSA nwljh vksj] xk¡/khoknh jkT; yksdrkaf=d
fodsUnzhdj.k ds vkn’kks± ds lkFk] ,d uSfrd o lkE;oknh loZlEefr ij vk/kkfjr gSA

bu lHkh fofHkUu igyqvksa esa] jkT; dh vko’;drk csgn eglwl dh tkrh gSA jkT; dks
pkgs ,d oxZ-laxBu ds :i esa ns[kk tk, vFkok ,d lÙkk-ra= ds :i esa] ;k fQj ,d
vko’;d ;k vuko’;d cqjkbZ ds :i esa] vFkok dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds :i esa] vFkok
thou ds furkar vk/kkj ds :i esa] og viuh ,sfrgkfld fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ds
nkSjku viuk mís’; iwjk djrk gSA

11.6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

vfljoFk~e] ,M~Mh] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] nh vij bf.M;k ifCyf’kax gkml izk- fyfeVsM]
y[kuÅ] 1984

tSu] ,e-ih-] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % fycjy ,.M ekfDlZ;u] vkWFkjt+ fxYM ifCyds’kUt+]
ubZ fnYyh] 1979

15
jkT; dks le>uk eSdkboj] vkj-,e-] n ekMuZ LVsV] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] yanu] 1976

js] vey ,oa eksfgr HkV~Vkpk;Z] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % vkbfM;kt+ ,.M bfULVV~;w’kUt+]
oYMZ izSl] dksydkrk] 1985 ¼u;k laLdj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gS½

11.7 cks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k iz’u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 11-2] 11-3 vkSj miHkkx 11-3-1
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-3-2 vkSj 11-3-3
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-1
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-1
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-2
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-3
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-3

16