EDUCATION SPRINT

CLASS- IX Total Marks : 155

Water

Section B

* Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence. [49]

1. What causes the violence associated with torrential rain?

Ans. : The sudden release of the latent heat of condensation causes the violence
associated with torrential rain.
2. Which property of water enables it to modify the climate?

Ans. : Due to the high specific heat capacity, the presence of a large amount of
water is able to modify the climate.
3. What is the effect of impurities present in the water on the melting point and boiling point
of water?

Ans. : The boiling point of water increases due to the presence of dissolved
impurities.
The freezing point of water decreases due to the presence of dissolved impurities.

4. How is aquatic life benefited by the fact that water has maximum density at 4oC?

Ans. : The property of anomalous expansion of water enables aquatic life to exist
because water freezes on the surface of the water body, but it is still liquid below
the ice layer.
5. Explain why:
Ice at zero degrees centigrade has greater cooling effect than water at 0oC.

Ans. : Ice at 0°C gives more cooling effect than water at 0°C because at 0°C ice
absorbs 336 J per gram of energy to melt to 0°C water.

6. Explain why:
Air dissolved in water contains a higher proportion of oxygen.

Ans. : Air dissolved in water contains a higher percentage of oxygen because the
solubility of oxygen in water is more than that of oxygen in air.

7. Explain why:
If distilled water is kept in a sealed bottle for a long time, it leaves etchings on the surface
of the glass.

[1]
 Ans. : If distilled water is kept in a sealed bottle for a long time, it etches the
surface of glass because substances which are apparently insoluble in water
actually dissolve in minute traces in water.
8. Explain why:
Rain water does not leave behind concentric rings when boiled.

Ans. : Rain water does not leave concentric rings when boiled because rain water
does not contain dissolved solids.
9. Explain the terms:
Solution

Ans. : Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances,

the components of which cannot be seen separately.
10. Explain the terms:
Solute

Ans. : Solute: A solute is the substance which dissolves in a solvent to form a

solution.
11. Explain the terms:
Solvent

Ans. : Solvent: A solvent is the medium in which a solute dissolves.

12. Explain why a hot saturated solution of potassium nitrate forms crystals as it cools.

Ans. : Solubility of nitrates decreases with a fall in temperature. Thus, when a hot
saturated solution of potassium nitrate cools, it forms crystals as it separates from
the solution.
13. If you are given some copper sulphate crystals, how would you proceed to prepare its
saturated solution at room temperature?

Ans. : Take 100 g of distilled water in a beaker. Add to this one gram of copper
sulphate crystals.
14. Define
Henry's law

Ans. : Henry's law: At any given temperature, the mass of a gas dissolved in a fixed
volume of a liquid or solution is directly proportional to the pressure on the
surface of a liquid.
15. Define
Crystallisation.

Ans. : Crystallisation: It is the process by which crystals of a substance separate out

on cooling its hot saturated solution.
16. Define
Seeding

[2]
 Ans. : Seeding is a process in which a small quantity of crystals are used to produce
more amount of crystals of the same material.
17. Give the names and formulae of two substances
Liquid drying agent

Ans. : Sulphuric acid: H2SO 4

18. Give the names and formulae of two substances
A basic drying agent

Ans. : Quick lime: CaO

19. Solubility of NaCl at 40oC is 36.5 g. What is meant by this statement?

Ans. : Solubility of NaCl at 40°C is 36.5 g means that 36.5 g of NaCl dissolves in 100 g
of water at a temperature of 40°C.
20. Which test will you carry out to find out if a given solution is saturated or unsaturated or
supersaturated?

Ans. : 1. A solution in which more of a solute can be dissolved at a given

temperature is an unsaturated solution.
2.A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature is a
saturated solution at that temperature.
3. A solution in which some solute separates on cooling slightly is a super
saturated solution.
21. State the term:
A solution where solvent is a liquid other than water.

Ans. : Non-aqueous solution

22. State the term:
When a substance absorbs moisture on exposure to moist air and dissolves in the
absorbed water and turned to solution.

Ans. : Deliquescence
23. State the term:
A substance which contains water of crystallisation.

Ans. : Hydrated substance

24. When a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere but does not form a solution.

Ans. : Hygroscopy
25. When a compound loses its water of crystallisation on exposure to dry air.

Ans. : Efflorescence
26. The substance that can remove hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio of 2:1(in the form
of water) from the compound.

Ans. : 1. Dehydrating agent

27.

[3]
 Explain why:
Water is an excellent liquid to use in cooling systems.

Ans. : Water is an excellent liquid to use in cooling systems because of its high
specific heat.
28. Explain why:
A solution is always clear and transparent.

Ans. : A water-soluble solid disappears in a solution where the solvent is water, and
water has the property of being clear and transparent. So, the solution is also clear
and transparent.
29. Explain why:
Lakes and rivers do not suddenly freeze in the winters.

Ans. : Lakes and rivers do not freeze suddenly in winters because of the high
specific latent heat of solidification, i.e. the amount of heat released when 1 g of
water solidifies to form 1 g of ice at 0°C. It is about 336 J/g or 80 cal/g.
30. Explain why:
The solute cannot be separated from a solution by filtration.

Ans. : The component which dissolves in a solvent is known as a solute. So, it

cannot be separated from a solution by filtration. However, filtration is used when
the solute is insoluble in the solution.
31. Explain why:
Fused CaCl2 or conc. H2SO4 is used in a desiccator.

Ans. : Fused CaCl2 or concentrated H2SO 4 is deliquescent in nature, i.e. it absorbs

moisture, and hence, these are used in desiccators as drying agents.
32. Normally, solubility of crystalline solid increases with temperature. Does it increase
uniformly in all cases? Name a substance whose solubility:
Increases rapidly with temperature

Ans. : Potassium nitrate

33. Normally, solubility of crystalline solid increases with temperature. Does it increase
uniformly in all cases? Name a substance whose solubility:
Increases gradually with temperature.

Ans. : Potassium chloride

34. Normally, solubility of crystalline solid increases with temperature. Does it increase
uniformly in all cases? Name a substance whose solubility:
Increases slightly with temperature.

Ans. : Sodium chloride

35. Normally, solubility of crystalline solid increases with temperature. Does it increase
uniformly in all cases? Name a substance whose solubility:
Initially increases then decreases with rise in temperature.

[4]
 Ans. : Calcium sulphate
36. In which of the following substances will there be
Decrease in mass

Ans. : Decrease in mass: Sodium carbonate crystals

37. In which of the following substances will there be
Increase in mass

Ans. : Increase in mass: Iron and conc. sulphuric acid

38. In which of the following substances will there be
No change in mass when they are exposed to air?
Sodium chloride
Iron
Conc. sulphuric acid
Table salt
Sodium carbonate crystals

Ans. : No change in mass: Sodium chloride

39. What is the composition of water? In what volume its elements combine?

Ans. : The composition of water is 2 atoms of hydrogen with 1 atom of oxygen

(H2O).
By number of atoms, they combine in the ratio 2:1.
40. Hot saturated solution of sodium nitrate forms crystals as it cools. Why?

Ans. : Solubility of sodium nitrate decreases with a fall in temperature. Thus, when
a hot saturated solution of sodium nitrate cools, it forms crystals as it separates
from the solution.
41. What do you understand by
Soft water

Ans. : Water is said to be soft when the water containing sodium salts easily gives
lather with soap.
42. What do you understand by
Hard water

Ans. : Water is said to be hard when it does not readily form lather with soap.
43. What do you understand by
Temporary hard water

Ans. : Water which contains only hydrogen carbonates of calcium and magnesium
is called temporary hard water.
44. What do you understand by
Permanent hard water

Ans. : Water containing sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium is called
permanent hard water.

[5]
45. What are the causes for:
Temporary hardness

Ans. : The presence of hydrogen carbonates of calcium and magnesium makes

water temporarily hard.
46. What are the causes for
Permanent hardness

Ans. : The presence of sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium makes
water permanently hard.
47. Name the substance which makes water temporarily hard

Ans. : Hydrogen carbonates of calcium and magnesium

48. Name the substance which makes water permanently hard.

Ans. : Sulphates and chlorides of magnesium and calcium

49. What is the advantage of a detergent over soap?

Ans. : Detergents are more soluble in water than soap and are unaffected by the
hardness of water as their calcium salts are soluble in water.

* Answer The Following Questions in Brief. [60]

50. Water exists in all three states. Discuss.

Ans. : In the free state, water occurs in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Solid state: A large amount of fresh water is found in the form of snow or ice.
Liquid state: Most of the water present in oceans and found in streams, rivers,
lakes, ponds and springs on land is water in the liquid state.
Gaseous state: Water vapour present in the air is in the gaseous state.
Water vapour condenses in the sky to form clouds. Mist and fog are also examples
of water in the gaseous form.
51. Why does temperature in Mumbai and Chennai not fall as low as it does in Delhi?

Ans. : The temperature in Mumbai and Chennai do not fall as low as in Delhi
because these cities are situated in the coastal areas. Due to high specific heat
capacity, the presence of a large amount of water is able to modify the climate of
the nearby land areas making them warmer in winter and cooler in summer. So,
the temperature does not fall as low as it does in Delhi.
52. Give the properties of water responsible for controlling the temperature of our body.

Ans. : Our body is almost 65% of water, and it has the property of specific heat. Due
to high specific heat capacity, the presence of a large amount of water is able to
modify the climate of the body and control the temperature of our body, which is
warm in winter and cool in summer.
53. 'Water is the universal solvent'. Comment.

[6]
 Ans. : Water dissolves many substances forming an aqueous solution. It can
dissolve solids, liquids and gases. When a solid dissolves in water, the solid is the
solute, the water is the solvent and the resultant liquid is the solution. So, it is said
that water is a universal solvent. In other words, water can dissolve nearly every
substance.
54. Density of water varies with temperature. What are its consequences?

Ans. : The property of anomalous expansion of water enables marine life to exist in
the colder regions of the world, because even when water freezes on the top, it is
still liquid below the ice layer, as the density of water is greater than that of ice.
55. What are the observations and conclusions when tap water is boiled and evaporated in
watch glass?

Ans. : When tap water is boiled and evaporated:

Observations:
A number of concentric rings of solid matter are seen on the watch glass after
evaporation of tap water.
Conclusion:
Tap water contains dissolved salts, minerals and impurities.
56. What is the importance of dissolved salts in water?

Ans. : Importance of dissolved salts in water:

Dissolved salts provide specific taste to water.
Dissolved salts act as micronutrients for the growth and development of living
beings.
57. State the importance of the solubility of CO2 and O2 in water.

Ans. : 1. Fish extracts the oxygen from the water and expels water through the gills.
Fish can survive in water only through the dissolved oxygen present in water.
2. Aquatic plants make use of dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
3. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water reacts with limestone to form calcium
bicarbonate.
4. Marine organisms such as snails, oysters, etc., extract calcium carbonate from
calcium bicarbonate to build their shells.
58. How is air dissolved in water different from ordinary air?

Ans. : Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen. Air dissolved in water
contains a higher percentage of oxygen (30-35%). Oxygen is only 21% in ordinary
air. In this way, air dissolved in water is different from ordinary air.
59. Explain what you understand from the following diagram:

[7]
 Ans. : When a solid changes into a liquid, it absorbs heat equal to the latent heat of
fusion. When a liquid changes into a solid, it loses heat equal to the latent heat of
solidification.
When a liquid changes into a gas, it absorbs heat equal to the latent heat
of vaporisation. When a gas condenses into a liquid, it loses heat equal to the
latent heat of condensation.
60. Explain why:
Burns caused by steam are more severe than burns caused by boiling water.

Ans. : Burns caused by steam are more severe than burns caused by boiling water
because of high specific latent heat of condensation. 2268 J/g of heat is released
when 1 g of steam condenses to form 1 gm of water.
Due to the high specific latent heat of solidification of water, rivers and lakes do
not freeze easily.
61. Explain why:
Rivers and lakes do not freeze easily?

Ans. : Large rivers do not freeze "through out" because, Water, ice, and snow are
good insulators and poor conductors of heat. The portions of a lake or river that
are exposed to the cold winter air will freeze into ice and this ice insulates the
water below from further rapid freezing.
62. Give three factors which affect the solubility of a solid solute in a solvent.

Ans. : Three factors on which the solubility of a solid depend:

1. Temperature
2. Nature of the solid
3. Nature of the solvent
63. How can you show that your solution is really saturated?

Ans. : Stir this mixture with the help of a glass rod and dissolve the copper sulphate
crystals. Similarly, go on dissolving more copper sulphate (1 gram at a time) with
constant and vigorous stirring. A stage is reached when no more copper sulphate
dissolves. It is called a saturated solution at this temperature.
64. State any three methods of crystallisation.

Ans. : In the laboratory, crystals may be obtained by the following methods:

By cooling a hot saturated solution gently
By cooling a fused mass
By sublimation
By slowly evaporating a saturated solution

[8]
65. Give the names and formulae of two substances.
Hydrated substance

Ans. : Washing soda crystals: Na2CO 3.10H2O

Blue vitriol: CuSO 4.5 H2O
66. Give the names and formulae of two substances
Anhydrous substance

Ans. : Table salt: NaCl

Nitre: KNO 3
67. What is the effect of temperature on solubility of KNO3 and CaSO4 in water?

Ans. : Solubility of potassium nitrate (KNO 3) in water increases with an increase in

temperature.
Solubility of calcium sulphate (CaSO 4) in water decreases with an increase in
temperature.
68. What is the effect of pressure on solubility of gases? Explain with an example.

Ans. : With an increase in pressure, the solubility of a gas in water increases.

With an increase in temperature, the solubility of a gas in water decreases.
For example, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water under normal atmospheric
pressure is low, but when the water surface is subjected to higher pressure, a lot
more of CO 2 gas gets dissolved in it.
Similarly, in case of soda water, on opening the bottle, the dissolved gas rapidly
bubbles out because the pressure on the surface of the water suddenly
decreases.
69. Explain why:
Effervescence is seen on opening a bottle of soda water.

Ans. : Carbon dioxide is dissolved in soda water under pressure. On opening the
bottle, the pressure on the surface of water suddenly decreases; therefore, the
solubility of CO 2 in water decreases and the gas rapidly bubbles out.
70. Explain why:
Table salts become sticky on exposure to humid air during the rainy season.

Ans. : Table salt becomes sticky on exposure during the rainy season, because it
generally contains a small percentage of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride
as impurities. These impurities absorb moisture from the monsoon air due to their
deliquescent nature, and thus, table salt become sticky.
71. What are drying or desiccating agents? Give examples.

Ans. : These are substances which can readily absorb moisture from other
substances without chemically reacting with them.
Examples:

[9]
 Phosphorous pentoxide (P2O 5), quick lime (CaO)
72. What are hydrous substances? Explain with examples.

Ans. : Substances which contain water molecules along with salt are hydrated
substances.
Examples: Sodium carbonate decahydrate: Na2CO 3.10H2O
Copper sulphate pentahydrate: CuSO 4.5H2O
73. Name three methods by which hydrous substances can be made anhydrous.

Ans. : Methods by which hydrous substances can be made anhydrous:

By heating
Exposure to dry air
74. What is the importance of dissolved impurities in water?

Ans. : The dissolved impurities in water are salts and minerals.

Dissolved salts provide specific taste to water.
Salts and minerals are essential for growth and development.
They supply the essential minerals needed by our body.
75. State two ways by which a saturated solution can be changed to unsaturated solution.

Ans. :
On heating, a saturated solution becomes unsaturated and more solute can be
dissolved in the solution.
By adding more solvent, a saturated solution can be made unsaturated.
76. Give equations to show what happens when temporary hard water is
Boiled
Boil

Ca(HCO 3 ) −−−→ CaCO 3 + H2 O + CO 2 ↑

Ans. :
2
Boil

Mg(HCO 3 ) −−−→ MgCO 3 + H2 O + CO 2 ↑

2

77. Give equations to show what happens when temporary hard water is
Treated with slaked lime
Boil

Ans. : Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2 −−−→ 2CaCO 3 + 2H2 O

Boil
+
Mg(HCO 3 ) Ca(OH)2 −−−→ MgCO + 2H2 O
2 3

78. State the disadvantages of using hard water.

Ans. :
It is more difficult to form lather with soap.
Scum may form in a reaction with soap, wasting the soap.
Carbonates of calcium and magnesium form inside kettles. This wastes energy
whenever you boil a kettle.
Hot water pipes 'fur up'. Carbonates of calcium and magnesium start to coat the
inside of pipes which can eventually get blocked.

[10]
79. What is soap? For what is it used?

Ans. : Soap is chemically a sodium salt of stearic acid (an organic acid with the
formula C17H35COOH) and has the formula C17H35COONa.
Soap is used for washing purposes.

* Answer The Following Questions. [30]

80. How do fishes and aquatic animals survive when the pond gets covered with thick ice?

Ans. : Water has an unusual physical property. When cooled, it first contracts in
volume, as do other liquids, but at ∘
4 C (maximum density), it starts expanding,
and continues to do so till the temperature reaches 0∘ C, the point at which it
freezes into ice.
The property of anomalous expansion of water enables marine life to exist in the
colder regions of the world, because even when the water freezes on the surface,
it is still liquid below the ice layer.

81. The properties of water are different from the properties of the elements of which it is
formed. Discuss.

Ans. :
Properties of water are different from the properties of elements from
which it is formed.
Elements - Oxygen and
Property Water
Hydrogen
These
It is a
are colourless, odourless,
Nature clear, colourless, odourless,
tasteless and non-poisonous
tasteless and transparent liquid.
gases.
It can dissolve many substances Oxygen and hydrogen are
Solubility
and is called a universal solvent. slightly soluble in water.

[11]
 Oxygen is heavier than air,
Pure water has maximum
Density and hydrogen is the lightest
density at 4°C.
of all the known gases.
82. State the methods by which hydrated salts can be made anhydrous.

Ans. : Hydrated salts can be converted to anhydrous substances by heating and

also when exposed to dry air.
Example:
Glauber's salt becomes powdery anhydrous sodium sulphate when exposed to dry
air.
dryair

Na2 SO4 ⋅ 10H2 O −−−−→ NaSO4 + 10H2 O

83. What is the use of solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water?

Ans. : Air dissolved in water is biologically very important.

Oxygen dissolved in water is used by marine life like fish for respiration, and thus,
marine life is sustained.
Aquatic plants make use of dissolved carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to prepare
food.
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium
bicarbonate.
Marine organisms such as oysters and snails extract calcium carbonate from
calcium bicarbonate to build their shells.
84. What are the advantages of soft water.

Ans. : Advantages of soft water:

When the water is soft, you use much less soap and fewer cleaning products. Your
budget will reflect your savings.
Plumbing will last longer. Soft water is low in mineral content and therefore does
not leave deposits in the pipes.
Clothes last longer and remain bright longer if they are washed in soft water.
85. What are the advantages of hard water.

Ans. : Advantages of hard water:

Water free from dissolved salts has a very flat taste. The presence of salts in hard
water makes it tasty. So, hard water is used in making beverages and wines.
Calcium and magnesium salts present in small amounts in hard water are essential
for bone and teeth development.
Hard water checks the poisoning of water by lead pipes. When these pipes are
used for carrying water, some lead salts dissolve in water to make it poisonous.
Calcium sulphate present in hard water forms insoluble lead sulphate in the form
of a layer inside the lead pipe and this checks lead poisoning.
86. Why does the hardness of water render it unfit for use in a boiler.

[12]
 Ans. : Steam is usually made in boilers which are made of a number of narrow
copper tubes surrounded by fire. As the cold water enters these tubes, it is
immediately changed into steam, while the dissolved solids incapable of changing
into vapour deposit on the inner walls of the tubes. This goes on and makes the
bore of the tubes narrower. The result is that less water flows through the tubes
at one time and less steam is produced. When the bore of the tube becomes very
narrow, the pressure of the steam increases so much that at times the boiler
bursts.
87. Why does the hardness of water render it unfit for use in a washing purposes.

Ans. : If hard water is used, calcium and magnesium ions of the water combine with
the negative ions of the soap to form a slimy precipitate of insoluble calcium and
magnesium usually called soap curd (scum).
Formation of soap curd will go on as long as calcium and magnesium ions are
present. Till then, no soap lather will be formed and cleaning of clothes or body
will not be possible. Moreover, these precipitates are difficult to wash from fabrics
and sometimes form rusty spots if iron salts are present in water.
88. Explain with equation, what is noticed when permanent hard water is treated with
Slaked time

Ans. : Slaked lime

Boil

Ca(HCO 3 ) + Ca(OH)2 −−−→ 2CaCO 3 + 2H2 O

2
Boil
+
Mg(HCO 3 ) Ca(OH)2 −−−→ MgCO + CaCO 3 + 2H2 O
2 3

Lime is first thoroughly mixed with water in a tank and then fed into another tank
containing hard water. Revolving paddles thoroughly mix the two solutions. Most
of the calcium carbonate settles down. If there is any solid left over, it is removed
by a filter. This is known as Clarke's process.
89. Explain with equation, what is noticed when permanent hard water is treated with
Washing soda.

Ans. : When washing soda or soda ash is added to hard water, the corresponding
insoluble carbonates settle down and can be removed by filtration.
boil

Ca(HCO 3 ) + Na2 CO 3 −−→ CaCO 3 ↓ +2NaHCO3

2
boil

Mg(HCO 3 ) + Na2 CO 3 −−→ MgCO ↓ +2NaHCO3

2 3

* Answer The Following Questions In Detail. [16]

90. What would you observe when crystals of copper (II) sulphate and iron (II) sulphate are
separately heated in two test tubes?

Ans. : Action of heat on copper (II) sulphate crystals

When copper (II) sulphate crystals are heated in a hard glass test tube, the
following observations are observed:

[13]
 The crystals are converted to a powdery substance.The crystals lose their blue
coloration on further heating.
Steaming vapours are produced inside the tube which condense near the mouth of
the tube to form a colourless liquid.
On further heating, steam escapes from the mouth of the tube and water gets
collected in a beaker placed under the mouth of the tube.
On further heating, the residue changes to a white powder and steam stops
coming out.
Δ

CuSO 4 ⋅ 5H2 O −
→ CuSO 4 + 5H2 O

Action of heat on iron (II) sulphateWhen iron (II) sulphate is heated in a test tube,
the following is observed:
The crystals crumble to a white powder and a large amount of steam and gas are
given out.
On strong heating, a brown residue of ferric oxide (Fe2 O3 ) is produced and a
mixture of SO2 and SO3 is given off.
Heat

FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2 O −−−→ FeSO4 + 7H2 O

Ferric oxide

2FeSO4 −−−−−−−→ Fe2 O3 + SO2 + SO3

91. Complete the following table:

Acid, Efflorescent,
Common Name Chemical Name Formula base or hygroscopic or
salt deliquescent substance
Solid caustic
potash
Quick lime
Oil of vitriol
Washing soda
Solid caustic
soda

[14]
 Blue vitriol

Ans. :
Efflorescent,
Common Acid, base hygroscopic or
Chemical Name Formula
Name or salt deliquescent
substance
Solid caustic Potassium Deliquescent
KOH Base
potash hydroxide substance
Hygroscopic
Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO Base
substance
Hygroscopic
Oil of vitriol Sulphuric acid H2SO 4 Acid
substance
Hydrated
Na2CO 3.10H2 Efflorescent
Washing soda sodium Salt
O substance
carbonate
Solid caustic Sodium Deliquescent
NaOH Base
soda hydroxide substance
Copper Efflorescent
Blue vitriol CuSO 4 Salt
sulphate substance

92. What are stalgmites and stalactites? How are they formed?

Ans. : In some limestone caves, conical pillar-like objects hang from the roof and
some rise from the floor. These are formed by water containing dissolved calcium
hydrogen carbonate continuously dropping from the cracks in the rocks. Release
of pressure results in the conversion of some hydrogen carbonate to calcium
carbonate.
Ca(HCO 3)2 → CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H2O
This calcium carbonate little by little and slowly deposit on both roof and floor of
the cave.
The conical pillar which grows downwards from the roof is called stalactite and the
one which grows upward from the floor of the cave is called stalagmite.
These meet after a time. In a year, some grow less than even a centimetre, but
some may be as tall as 100 cm.
CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H2O → Ca(HCO 3)2
MgCO 3 + CO 2 + H2O → Mg(HCO 3)2
 If the water flows over beds of gypsum (CaSO 4.2H2O), a little bit of gypsum gets
dissolved in water and makes it hard.
93. Explain the permutit method for softening hard water.

Ans. : Permutit is an artificial zeolite. Chemically, it is hydrated

sodium aluminium orthosilicate with the formula Na2Al2Si2O 8.XH2O. For the sake of
convenience, let us give it the formula Na2P.

A tall cylinder is loosely filled with lumps of permutit. When hard water containing
calcium and magnesium ions percolates through these lumps, ions exchange.
Sodium permutit is slowly changed into calcium and magnesium permutit, and the
water becomes soft with the removal of calcium and magnesium ions.
When no longer active, permutit is regenerated by running a concentrated solution
of brine over it and removing calcium chloride formed by repeated washing.
CaP + 2NaCl → Na2P + CaI2
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