Second lab Practical DBMS
To study and implement SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data
Manipulation Language) commands on a database.
Theory
1. DDL (Data Definition Language):
Commands used to define the structure of a database (create, modify, delete
objects).
Examples:
o CREATE → create tables, views, indexes, etc.
o ALTER → modify table structure.
o DROP → delete objects.
o TRUNCATE → remove all data but keep structure.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language):
Commands used to manipulate (insert, update, delete, query) the data.
Examples:
o INSERT → add new records.
o SELECT → retrieve data.
o UPDATE → modify data.
o DELETE → remove records.
-- 1. Create table
CREATE TABLE Student (
RollNo INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Class VARCHAR(20),
Dept VARCHAR(20),
Marks INT CHECK (Marks BETWEEN 0 AND 100)
);
-- 2. Create a View
CREATE VIEW CS_Students AS
SELECT Name, Class, Marks FROM Student WHERE Dept = 'Computer';
-- 3. Create an Index
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON Student(Name);
-- 4. Create a Sequence (in MySQL we use AUTO_INCREMENT, in Oracle use
SEQUENCE)
-- Oracle Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE stu_seq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1;
-- 5. Create a Synonym (only in Oracle)
CREATE SYNONYM stu FOR Student;
-- 6. Add Constraint
ALTER TABLE Student ADD UNIQUE (Name);
SQL DML Queries
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
LastName VARCHAR(50),
DOB DATE,
Marks INT CHECK (Marks >= 0 AND Marks <= 100) );
1. Insert Data
INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, FirstName, LastName, DOB, Marks)
VALUES (1, 'Vikas', 'Shinde', '1995-04-28', 85);
INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, FirstName, LastName, DOB, Marks)
VALUES (2, 'Ashvinii', 'kadlak', '1997-08-15', 90);
2. Select Data
-- Select all columns
SELECT * FROM Students;
-- Select specific columns
SELECT FirstName, Marks FROM Students;
-- Using WHERE with operators
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Marks >= 80;
3. Update Data
UPDATE Students
SET Marks = 95
WHERE StudentID = 2;
4. Delete Data
DELETE FROM Students
WHERE StudentID = 1;
5. Aggregate Functions
-- Average Marks
SELECT AVG(Marks) AS AvgMarks FROM Students;
-- Count of students
SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalStudents FROM Students;
6. String Function
-- Concatenate FirstName and LastName
SELECT FirstName || ' ' || LastName AS FullName FROM Students;
7. Numeric Function
-- Round Marks
SELECT StudentID, ROUND(Marks/10)*10 AS RoundedMarks FROM Students;
8. Using Set Operators
-- Union example (assuming another table PassedStudents exists)
SELECT StudentID, FirstName FROM Students
UNION
SELECT StudentID, FirstName FROM PassedStudents;
9. Using LIKE and Wildcards
SELECT * FROM Students
WHERE FirstName LIKE 'A%'; -- Names starting with A
10. Using IN / BETWEEN
SELECT * FROM Students
WHERE Marks BETWEEN 80 AND 100;
SELECT * FROM Students
WHERE StudentID IN (1, 2, 3);
