Electric Machines and Drives

ELCT403

Lecture 4
Single Phase Power Transformer

Course Instructor:
Dr. Eng. Noha Shouman
[email protected]

1
Lecture Objectives
Last lecture

➢ Got introduced to power transformers

➢ Analyze both ideal and practical equivalent circuit of the transformer

➢ Evaluate the transformer performance

Today’s lecture

➢ Draw transformer phasor diagram.

➢ Analyze

➢ Short circuit test

➢ Open circuit test

➢ Understand per unit system

2
Transformer Phasor Diagram
Approximate circuit referred to 𝐼𝑠′
the primary

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠′ + 𝐼𝑠′ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝑠′ 𝑎2 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

➢ If the transformer operates at lagging power factor, the 𝐼𝑠′ will lag 𝑉𝑠′ .

𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑠′ 𝑗𝐼𝑠′ 𝑋𝑒𝑞

𝜃
𝐼𝑠′ 𝐼𝑠′ 𝑅𝑒𝑞

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Transformer Phasor Diagram
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠′ + 𝐼𝑠′ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑞

➢ If the transformer operates at leading power factor, the 𝐼𝑠′ will lead 𝑉𝑠′ .

𝑉𝑝 j𝐼𝑠′ 𝑋𝑒𝑞

𝐼𝑠′
𝜃 𝑉𝑠′ 𝐼𝑠′ 𝑅𝑒𝑞

➢ If the transformer operates at unity power factor, the 𝐼𝑠′ will be in phase
with 𝑉𝑠′ .

𝑉𝑝
j𝐼𝑠′ 𝑋𝑒𝑞

𝐼𝑠′ 𝑉𝑠′ 𝐼𝑠′ 𝑅𝑒𝑞

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Open Circuit & Short Circuit Tests
➢ The values of inductances and resistances of transformers can be
determined experimentally by two tests.
➢ Open circuit test
➢ Short circuit test

𝑎2 𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

➢ The open circuit test is used to find 𝑅𝐶 and 𝑋𝑀

➢ The short circuit test is used to find 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑝 and 𝑋𝑒𝑞𝑝

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Open Circuit Test
➢ The secondary winding of the transformer is open circuit while the primary is
connected to its rated voltage.
➢ The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are connected to the primary winding
in order to measure the input voltage, current and power
➢ The power measured in this test is the core losses or the no load losses
➢ The reading of the voltage is the rated value at the tested side
➢ For safety reasons the applied voltage and the meters should be connected
to the Low voltage side. However, they may be connected to the HV side.

6
Open Circuit Test
➢ The no load current 𝐼𝑂 is the only current that passes through the circuit and
has a small value
𝑃𝑂𝐶
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐼𝑂𝐶
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶

2
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑅𝐶 = = =
𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑃𝑂𝐶 𝑉𝑂𝐶

𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑋𝑀 = =
𝐼𝑀 𝐼𝑂𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐼𝐶
2
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝜃
= 𝐼𝑀
2 2 𝐼𝑂𝐶
𝑆𝑂𝐶 − 𝑃𝑂𝐶

2
𝑉𝑂𝐶
=
2 2
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶 − 𝑃𝑂𝐶
7
Short Circuit Test
➢ The secondary winding of the transformer is short circuit while the primary
winding is connected to a low voltage source.
➢ The input voltage is increased gradually till the rated current passes through
the circuit
➢ The low input voltage leads the excitation current to be negligible
➢ For safety reasons the applied voltage and the meters should be connected
to the High voltage side. However, they may be connected to the LV side.

8
Short Circuit Test
➢ The secondary winding of the transformer is short circuit while the primary
winding is connected to a low voltage source.
➢ The input voltage is increased gradually till the rated current passes through
the circuit

𝑃𝑆𝐶
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑉𝑆𝐶 𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝑃𝑆𝐶
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2
𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝑉𝑆𝐶
𝑍𝑒𝑞 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 2 − 𝑅𝑒𝑞

2

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S.C & O.C Tests
Problem
Determine the equivalent circuit impedances referred to the primary of a 20-
kVA, 8000/240-V, 60-Hz transformer. The following data is taken from the S.C
and O.C tests that were performed on the primary side. Draw the equivalent
circuit referred to the supply side. Find the impedances of the approximate
equivalent circuit.

Open circuit test Short circuit test

𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 8000 𝑉 𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 489 𝑉
𝐼𝑂𝐶 = 0.214 𝐴 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 2.5 𝐴
𝑃𝑂𝐶 = 400 𝑊 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 240 𝑊

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S.C & O.C Tests
Answer
2
𝑉𝑂𝐶 80002 Open circuit test Short circuit test
𝑅𝐶 = = = 160 kΩ
𝑃𝑂𝐶 400 𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 8000 𝑉 𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 489 𝑉
𝐼𝑂𝐶 = 0.214 𝐴 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 2.5 𝐴
𝑃𝑂𝐶
𝑃𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑃𝑂𝐶 = 400 𝑊 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 240 𝑊
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶

400
𝑃𝐹 = = 0.234
8000 × 0.214

𝜃 = cos−1 0.234 = 76.47°

𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑋𝑀 =
𝐼𝑂𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

8000
𝑋𝑀 = 0.214𝑠𝑖𝑛76.47 = 38450 Ω

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S.C & O.C Tests
Answer
𝑃𝑆𝐶 240 Open circuit test Short circuit test
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 = 2 = 38.4 Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶 2.5 𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 8000 𝑉 𝑉𝑆𝐶 = 489 𝑉
𝐼𝑂𝐶 = 0.214 𝐴 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 2.5 𝐴
𝑉𝑆𝐶 489
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = = 195.6 Ω 𝑃𝑂𝐶 = 400 𝑊 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 240 𝑊
𝐼𝑆𝐶 2.5

𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 2 − 𝑅𝑒𝑞

2

𝐼𝐶
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 195.62 − 38.42

160 kΩ
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = 191.79 Ω

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Per Unit System
➢ It is difficult to analyze power systems consisting of large number of
transformers. This is due the complexity of referring the impedances to the
different sides of the transformers.
➢ This problem is avoided by normalizing all variables to a certain base. This
normalization is known as per unit system
➢ The voltages, currents, power impedances and any other quantities are not
measured in their usual SI units.
➢ The electrical quantities are measured as a decimal fraction of some base
level.
➢ Any quantity can be expressed on a per-unit basis by the following equation

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
Actual value can be V, I, Z, etc.
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Per Unit Conversion Procedure
1) Select a single-phase VA base for the entire system, 𝑆𝑏
2) Select the voltage base, 𝑉𝑏

𝑉𝑏 2
3) Calculate the impedance base, 𝑍𝑏 =
𝑆𝑏

𝑉𝑏
4) Calculate the current base, 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑍𝑏

5) Convert all actual values to per unit

Important remarks:
➢ The per unit conversions affects magnitudes only not the angles.
➢ A transformer has no effect on the base apparent power of the system (It is
kept constant for the whole system).
➢ 𝑉𝑏 changes at every transformer of the system according to its turns ratio.

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Per Unit System
Problem
The base values for the system shown in the figure are chosen to be 480 V and
10 kVA at the generator side. Find:
a) Find the base V, I, Z and S at every point in the power system.
b) Convert the whole system to pu equivalent circuit.
c) Find the power supplied to the load.

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Per Unit System
Answer (a)
In the generator side:
𝑉𝑏1 = 480 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑏 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑆𝑏 10000
𝐼𝑏1 = = = 20.83 𝐴
𝑉𝑏1 480

𝑉𝑏1 480
𝑍𝑏1 = = = 23.04 Ω
𝐼𝑏1 20.83
In the transmission side:
𝑉𝑏1 1
=
𝑉𝑏2 10
480
𝑉𝑏2 = = 4800 𝑉
0.1

𝑆𝑏 10000 𝑉𝑏2 4800

𝐼𝑏2 = = = 2.083 𝐴 , 𝑍𝑏2 = = = 2304 Ω
𝑉𝑏2 4800 𝐼𝑏2 2.083
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Per Unit System
Answer (a)
Find the base V, I, Z and S at every point in the power system

In the load side:

𝑉𝑏2 20
=
𝑉𝑏3 10

480 × 10
𝑉𝑏3 = = 240 𝑉
20

𝑆𝑏 10000
𝐼𝑏3 = = = 41.67 𝐴
𝑉𝑏3 240

𝑉𝑏3 240
𝑍𝑏3 = = = 5.76 Ω
𝐼𝑏3 41.67

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Per Unit System
Answer (b)
Convert the whole system to pu equivalent circuit.
480
𝑉𝑠,𝑝𝑢 = = 1 pu
480

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 20 + 𝑗60
𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑝𝑢 = =
𝑍𝑏2 2304

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑝𝑢 = 0.0087 + 𝑗0.026 pu

𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 10∠30°
𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 = =
𝑍𝑏3 5.76

𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑝𝑢 = 1.736∠30° = 1.503 + 𝑗0.868 pu

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Per Unit System
Answer (c)
Find the power supplied to the load.
𝑉𝑠,𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑝𝑢 =
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑝𝑢

𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑝𝑢 = 0.0087 + 𝑗0.026 + 1.503 + 𝑗0.868 = 1.512 + 𝑗0.894 pu

𝑉𝑠,𝑝𝑢 1∠0
𝐼𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.569∠ − 30.6° pu
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑝𝑢 1.512 + 𝑗0.894

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼𝑝𝑢 2 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 = 0.5692 × 1.503 = 0.487 pu

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 =
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

∴ 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑝𝑢 × 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 0.487 × 10000 = 4870 𝑊

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Learning Outcomes
➢ Today’s lecture
➢ Power transformer
➢ Phasor diagram
➢ Open circuit test
➢ Short circuit test

➢ Next lecture
➢ Three phase transformers

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Good Luck