MATHEMATICS

Chapter 7: Triangles
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Triangles
What are congruent figures
• Two figures are said to be congruent if they are of the same shape and of the same
size.
• Two circles of the same radii are congruent.
• Two squares of the same sides are congruent.

Congruent triangles
If two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent under the correspondence A ↔ D, B ↔ E and
C ↔ F, then symbolically, it is expressed as ΔABC ≅ Δ DEF.

In congruent triangles, corresponding parts are equal. We write in short ‘CPCT’ for
corresponding parts of congruent triangles.

SAS (Side – Angle – Side) congruence rule

Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to
the two sides and the included angle of the other triangle.
Note: SAS congruence rule holds but not ASS or SSA rule.
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ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) congruence rule

Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to
two angles and the included side of other triangle.

AAS (Angle – Angle – Side) congruence rule

Two triangles are congruent if any two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides
are equal.
AAS congruency can be proved in easy steps. Suppose we have two triangles ABC and DEF,
where,
∠B = ∠E [Corresponding sides] ∠C = ∠F [Corresponding sides] And
AC = DF [Adjacent sides]
By angle sum property of triangle, we know that;
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180 ………(1)
∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180 ……….(2)
From equation 1 and 2 we can say;
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = ∠D + ∠E + ∠F
∠A + ∠E + ∠F = ∠D + ∠E + ∠F [Since, ∠B = ∠E and ∠C = ∠F] ∠A = ∠D
Hence, in triangle ABC and DEF,
∠A = ∠D
AC = DF
∠C = ∠F
Hence, by ASA congruency,
Δ ABC ≅ Δ DEF

SSS (Side – Side – Side) congruent rule

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If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

RHS (Right Angle – Hypotenuse – Side) congruence rule

If in two right triangles the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

In above figure, hypotenuse XZ = RT and side YZ=ST, hence triangle XYZ ≅ triangle RST.

Congruence of Triangles
Congruence of triangles: Two triangles are said to be congruent if all three corresponding
sides are equal and all the three corresponding angles are equal in measure. These
triangles can be slides, rotated, flipped and turned to be looked identical. If repositioned,
they coincide with each other. The symbol of congruence is’ ≅’.
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The corresponding sides and angles of congruent triangles are equal. There are basically
four congruency rules that proves if two triangles are congruent. But it is necessary to find
all six dimensions. Hence, the congruence of triangles can be evaluated by knowing only
three values out of six. The meaning of congruence in Maths is when two figures are
similar to each other based on their shape and size. Also, learn about Congruent Figures
here.
Congruence is the term used to define an object and its mirror image. Two objects or
shapes are said to be congruent if they superimpose on each other. Their shape and
dimensions are the same. In the case of geometric figures, line segments with the same
length are congruent and angles with the same measure are congruent.
CPCT is the term, we come across when we learn about the congruent triangle. Let’s see
the condition for triangles to be congruent with proof.
Congruent meaning in Maths
The meaning of congruent in Maths is addressed to those figures and shapes that can be
repositioned or flipped to coincide with the other shapes. These shapes can be reflected to
coincide with similar shapes.
Two shapes are congruent if they have the same shape and size. We can also say if two
shapes are congruent, then the mirror image of one shape is same as the other.
Congruent Triangles
A polygon made of three line segments forming three angles is known as a Triangle.
Two triangles are said to be congruent if their sides have the same length and angles have
same measure. Thus, two triangles can be superimposed side to side and angle to angle.

In the above figure, Δ ABC and Δ PQR are congruent triangles. This means,
Vertices: A and P, B and Q, and C and R are the same.
Sides: AB=PQ, QR= BC and AC=PR;
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Angles: ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, and ∠C = ∠R.

Congruent triangles are triangles having corresponding sides and angles to be equal.
Congruence is denoted by the symbol “≅”. They have the same area and the same
perimeter.

Isosceles triangle and its properties

• A triangle in which two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle.
• Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
• The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
An isosceles triangle definition states it as a polygon that consists of two equal sides, two
equal angles, three edges, three vertices and the sum of internal angles of a triangle equal
to 1800. In this section, we will discuss the properties of isosceles triangle along with its
definitions and its significance in Maths.

Apart from the isosceles triangle, there is a different classification of triangles depending
upon the sides and angles, which have their own individual properties as well. Below is the
list of types of triangles;
• Scalene Triangle
• Equilateral Triangle
• Acute angled Triangle
• Right angle Triangle
• Obtuse-angled Triangle
Isosceles triangle basically has two equal sides and angles opposite to these equal sides are
also equal. Same like the Isosceles triangle, scalene and equilateral are also classified on
the basis of their sides, whereas acute-angled, right-angled and obtuse-angled triangles are
defined on the basis of angles. So before, discussing the properties of isosceles triangles,
let us discuss first all the types of triangles.

Below are basic definitions of all types of triangles:

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Scalene Triangle: A triangle which has all the sides and angles, unequal.
Equilateral Triangle: A triangle whose all the sides are equal and all the three angles are of
600.
Acute Angled Triangle: A triangle having all its angles less than right angle or 900.
Right Angled Triangle: A triangle having one of the three angles as right angle or 900.
Obtuse Angled Triangle: A triangle having one of the three angles as more than right angle
or 900.
Isosceles Triangle Properties
An Isosceles Triangle has the following properties:
• Two sides are congruent to each other.
• The third side of an isosceles triangle which is unequal to the other two sides is
called the base of the isosceles triangle.
• The two angles opposite to the equal sides are congruent to each other. That means
it has two congruent base angles and this is called an isosceles triangle base angle
theorem.
• The angle which is not congruent to the two congruent base angles is called an apex
angle.
• The altitude from the apex of an isosceles triangle bisects the base into two equal
parts and also bisects its apex angle into two equal angles.
• The altitude from the apex of an isosceles triangle divides the triangle into two
congruent right-angled triangles.
• Area of Isosceles triangle = ½ × base × altitude
• Perimeter of Isosceles triangle = sum of all the three sides
Example: If an isosceles triangle has lengths of two equal sides as 5 cm and base as 4 cm
and an altitude are drawn from the apex to the base of the triangle. Then find its area and
perimeter.
Solution: Given the two equal sides are of 5 cm and base is 4 cm.
We know, the area of Isosceles triangle = ½ × base × altitude
Therefore, we have to first find out the value of altitude here.
The altitude from the apex divides the isosceles triangle into two equal right angles and
bisects the base into two equal parts. Thus, by Pythagoras theorem,
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2
Or Perpendicular = √𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2 − 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
∴ Altitude = √52 − 22
= √25 − 4
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= √21
So, the area of Isosceles triangle = ½ × 4 × √21 = 2√21 cm2
Perimeter of Isosceles triangle = sum of all the sides of the triangle
= 5 + 4 + 5 cm
= 14 cm

Inequalities in a triangle
• If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is
greater.
• In any triangle, the side opposite to greater (larger) angle is longer.
• The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
• The difference between any two sides of a triangle is less than the third side.
Relationship between unequal sides of the triangle and the angles opposite to it.
If 2 sides of a triangle are unequal, then the angle opposite to the longer side will be larger
than the angle opposite to the shorter side.
Triangle inequality
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side.
According to triangle inequality theorem, for any given triangle, the sum of two sides of a
triangle is always greater than the third side. A polygon bounded by three line-segments is
known as the Triangle. It is the smallest possible polygon. A triangle has three sides, three
vertices, and three interior angles. The types of triangles are based on its angle measure
and length of the sides. The inequality theorem is applicable for all types triangles such as
equilateral, isosceles and scalene. Now let us learn this theorem in details with its proof.
Triangle Inequality Theorem Proof
The triangle inequality theorem describes the relationship between the three sides of a
triangle. According to this theorem, for any triangle, the sum of lengths of two sides is
always greater than the third side. In other words, this theorem specifies that the shortest
distance between two distinct points is always a straight line.
Consider a ∆ABC as shown below, with a, b and c as the side lengths.
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The triangle inequality theorem states that:

a < b + c,
b < a + c,
c<a+b
In any triangle, the shortest distance from any vertex to the opposite side is the
Perpendicular. In figure below, XP is the shortest line segment from vertex X to side YZ.

Let us prove the theorem now for a triangle ABC.

To Prove: |BC|< |AB| + |AC|

Construction: Consider a ∆ABC. Extend the side AC to a point D such that AD = AB as shown
in the fig. below.
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Proof of triangle inequality theorem

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Important Questions

Multiple Choice Questions-

Question 1. △ABC = △PQR, then which of the following is true?
(a) CB = QP
(b) CA = RP
(c) AC = RQ
(d) AB = RP
Question 2. In △ABC and △DEF, AB = DE and ∠A = ∠D. Then two triangles will
be congruent by SA axiom if:
(a) BC = EF
(b) AC = EF
(c) AC = DE
(d) BC = DE
Question 3. In a right triangle, the longest side is:
(a) Perpendicular
(b) Hypotenuse
(c) Base
(d) None of the above
Question 4. In △ABC, if ∠A = 45° and ∠B = 70°, then the shortest and the
longest sides of the triangle are respectively,
(a) BC, AB
(a) AB, AC
(c) AB, BC
(d) BC, AC
Question 5. If the altitudes from vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides are
equal, then the triangles is
(a) Scalene
(b) Isosceles
(c) Equilateral
(d) Right-angled
Question 6. D is a Point on the Side BC of a △ABC such that AD bisects ∠BAC
then:
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(a) BD = CD
(b) CD > CA
(c) BD > BA
(d) BA > BD
Question 7. If ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR then which of the following is true:
(a) CA = RP
(b) AB = RP
(c) AC = RQ
(d) CB = QP
Question 8. If two triangles ABC and PQR are congruent under the
correspondence A ↔ P, B ↔ Q, and C ↔ R, then symbolically, it is expressed
as
(a) ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
(b) ΔABC = ΔPQR
(c) ΔABC and ΔPQR are scalene triangles
(d) ΔABC and ΔPQR are isosceles triangles
Question 9. If the bisector of the angle A of an △ABC is perpendicular to the
base BC of the triangle then the triangle ABC is:
(a) Obtuse Angled
(b) Isosceles
(c) Scalene
(d) Equilateral
Question 10.
If AB = QR, BC=RP and CA = QP, then which of the following holds?
(a) △BCA ≅ △PQR
(b) △ABC ≅ △PQR
(c) △CBA ≅ △PQR
(d) △CAB ≅ △PQR
Very Short:
1. Find the measure of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle.
2. If in ∆ABC, ∠A = ∠B + ∠C, then write the shape of the given triangle.
3. In ∆PQR, PQ = QR and ∠R = 50°, then find the measure of ∠Q.
4. If ∆SKY ≅ ∆MON by SSS congruence rule, then write three equalities of
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corresponding angles.
5. Is ∆ABC possible, if AB = 6 cm, BC = 4 cm and AC = 1.5cm?
6. In ∆MNO, if ∠N = 90°, then write the longest side.
7. In ∆ABC, if AB = AC and ∠B = 70°, find ∠A.
8. In ∆ABC, if AD is a median, then show that AB + AC > 2AD.
Short Questions:
1. In the given figure, AD = BC and BD = AC, prove that ∠DAB = ∠CBA.
2. In the given figure, ∆ABD and ABCD are isosceles triangles on the same
base BD. Prove that ∠ABC = ∠ADC.
3. In the given figure, if ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4, then prove that BC = CD.
4. In the given figure, ∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D. Show that AD < BC.

5. In the given figure, AC > AB and D is a point on AC such that AB = AD. Show
that BC > CD.
1
6. In a triangle ABC, D is the mid-point of side AC such that BD = AC Show
2
that ∠ABC is a right angle.
Long Questions:
1. In the given figure, AP and DP are bisectors of two adjacent angles A and D
of quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that 2 ∠APD = ∠B + 2C

2. In figure, ABCD is a square and EF is parallel to diagonal BD and EM = FM.

Prove that
(i) DF = BE (i) AM bisects ∠BAD.
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3. In right triangle ABC, right-angled at C, M is the mid-point of hypotenuse

AB. C is joined to M and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D
is joined to point B (see fig.). Show that : (i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD (ii) ∠DBC = 90°
1
(ii) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB (iv) CM = AB
2

4. In figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. D is a point in the

interior of ∆ABC such that ∠BCD = ∠CBD. Prove that AD bisects ∠BAC of
∆ABC.

5. Prove that two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included
side of one triangle is equal to any two angles and the included side of the
other triangle.
Assertion and Reason Questions-
1. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
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b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not
correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: If we draw two triangles with angles 30°, 70° and 80° and the length
of the sides of one triangle be different than that of the corresponding sides of
the other triangle then two triangles are not congruent.
Reason: If two triangles are constructed which have all corresponding angles
equal but have unequal corresponding sides, then two triangles cannot be
congruent to each other.
2. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base of
the triangle, then the triangle is equilateral.
Reason: If three sides of one triangle are equal to three of the other triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.
Case Study Questions-
1. Read the Source/ Text given below and answer these questions:

Hareesh and Deep were trying to prove a theorem. For this they did the
following:
i. Drew a triangle ABC.
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ii. D and E are found as the mid points of AB and AC.

iii. DE was joined and DE was extended to F so DE = EF.
iv. FC was joined.
Answer the following questions:
i. △ADE and △EFC are congruent by which criteria?
a. SSS
b. RHS
c. SAS
d. ASA
ii. ∠EFC is equal to which angle?
a. ∠DAE
b. ∠ADE
c. ∠AED
d. ∠B
iii. ∠ECF is equal to which angle?
a. ∠DAE
b. ∠ADE
c. ∠AED
d. ∠B
iv. CF is equal to which of the following?
a. BD
b. CE
c. AE
d. EF
v. CF is parallel to which of the following?
a. AE
b. CE
c. BD
d. EF
2. Read the Source/ Text given below and answer these questions:
In the middle of the city, there was a park ABCD in the form of a parallelogram
form so that AB = CD, AB || CD and AD = BC, AD || BC Municipality converted
this park into a rectangular form by adding land in the form
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of △APD and △BCQ. Both the triangular shape of land were covered by planting
flower plants.

Answer the following questions:

i. What is the value of ∠x?
a. 110°
b. 70°
c. 90°
d. 100°
ii. △APD and △BCQ are congruent by which criteria?
a. SSS
b. SAS
c. ASA
d. RHS
iii. PD is equal to which side?
a. DC
b. AB
c. BC
d. BQ
iv. △ABC and △ACD are congruent by which criteria?
a. SSS
b. SAS
c. ASA
d. RHS
v. What is the value of ∠m?
a. 110°
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b. 70°
c. 90°
d. 20°

Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (b) CA = RP
2. (c) AC = DE
3. (b) Hypotenuse
4. (d) BC,AC
5. (b) Isosceles
6. (d) BA > BD
7. (a) CA = RP
8. (a) ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
9. (b) Isosceles
10.(d) △CAB ≅ △PQR

Very Short Answer:

1. We know that each interior angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°.
∴ Each exterior angle = 180° – 60° = 120°
2. Here, ∠A = ∠B + ∠C
And in ∆ABC, by angle sum property, we have
∠A + ∠B + C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠A = 180°
⇒ 2∠A = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 90°
Hence, the given triangle is a right triangle.
3. Here, in ∆PQR, PQ = QR
⇒ ∠R = ∠P = 50° (given)
Now, ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180°
50° + ∠Q + 50° = 180°
⇒ ∠Q = 180° – 50° – 50°
= 80°
4. Since ∆SKY ≅ ∆MON by SSS congruence rule, then three equalities of
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corresponding angles
are ∠S = ∠M, ∠K = ∠O and ∠Y = ∠N.
5. Since 4 + 1.5 = 5.5 ≠ 6
Thus, triangle is not possible.
6. We know that, side opposite to the largest angle is longest.
∴ Longest side = MO.
7. Here, in ∆ABC AB = AC ∠C = ∠B [∠s opp. to equal sides of a ∆)
Now, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + 70° + 70° = 180°
[∵ ∠B = 70°]
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 70° – 70° = 40°
8.

Produce AD to E, such that AD = DE.

In ∆ADB and ∆EDC, we have
BD = CD, AD = DE and ∠1 = ∠2
∆ADB ≅ ∆EDC
AB = CE
Now, in ∆AEC, we have
AC + CE > AE
AC + AB > AD + DE
AB + AC > 2AD [∵ AD = DE]

Short Answer:

Ans: 1.
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In ∆DAB and ∆CBA, we have

AD = BC [given]
BD = AC [given]
AB = AB [common]
∴ ∆DAB ≅ ∆CBA [by SSS congruence axiom]
Thus, ∠DAB =∠CBA [c.p.c.t.]
Ans: 2.

In ∆ABD, we have
AB = AD (given)
∠ABD = ∠ADB [angles opposite to equal sides are equal] …(i)
In ∆BCD, we have
CB = CD
⇒ ∠CBD = ∠CDB [angles opposite to equal sides are equal] … (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
∠ABD + ∠CBD = ∠ADB + ∠CDB
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ADC
Ans: 3.
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In ∆ABC and ACDA, we have

∠1 = ∠2 (given)
AC = AC [common]
∠3 = ∠4 [given]
So, by using ASA congruence axiom
∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA
Since corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal
∴ BC = CD
Ans: 4. In ∆ABC and ACDA, we have
∠1 = ∠2 (given)
AC = AC [common]
∠3 = ∠4 [given]
So, by using ASA congruence axiom
∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA
Since corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal
∴ BC = CD
Ans: 5. Here, in ∆ABD, AB = AD
∠ABD = ∠ADB
[∠s opp. to equal sides of a ∆]
In ∆BAD
ext. ∠BDC = ∠BAD + ∠ABD
⇒ ∠BDC > ∠ABD …. (ii)
Also, in ∆BDC.
ext. ∠ADB > ∠CBD …(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we have
∠BDC > CD [∵ sides opp. to greater angle is larger]
Ans: 6. Here, in ∆ABC, D is the mid-point of AC.
1
⇒ AD = CD = AC ….(i)
2
1
Also, BD = AC …. (ii) [Given]
2
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
AD = BD and CD = BD
⇒ ∠2 = ∠4 and ∠1 = ∠3 …..(iii)
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In ∆ABC, we have
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠CAB = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠1 + ∠2 = 180° [using (iii)]
⇒ 2(∠1 + ∠2) = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
Hence, ∠ABC = 90°

Long Answer:
Ans: 1. Here, AP and DP are angle bisectors of ∠A and ∠D
1 1
∴ ∠DAP = ∠DAB and ∠ADP = ∠ADC ……(i)
2 2
In ∆APD, ∠APD + ∠DAP + ∠ADP = 180°
1 1
⇒ ∠APD + ∠DAB + ∠ADC = 180°
2 2
1
⇒ ∠APD = 180° - (∠DAB + ∠ADC)
2
⇒ 2∠APD = 360° – (∠DAB + ∠ADC) ……(ii)
Also, ∠A + ∠B + C + ∠D = 360°
∠B + 2C = 360° – (∠A + ∠D)
∠B + C = 360° – (∠DAB + ∠ADC) ……(iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we obtain
2∠APD = ∠B + ∠C
Ans: 2. (i) EF || BD = ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4 [corresponding ∠s]
Also, ∠2 = ∠4
⇒ ∠1 = ∠3
⇒ CE = CF (sides opp. to equals ∠s of a ∆]
∴ DF = BE
[∵ BC – CE = CD – CF)
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(ii) In ∆ADF and ∆ABE, we have

AD = AB [sides of a square]
DF = BE [proved above]
∠D = ∠B = 90°
⇒ ∆ADF ≅ ∆ABE [by SAS congruence axiom]
⇒ AF = AE and ∠5 = ∠6 … (i) [c.p.c.t.]
In ∆AMF and ∆AME
AF = AE [proved above]
AM = AM [common]
FM = EM (given)
∴ ∆AMF ≅ ∆AME [by SSS congruence axiom]
∴ ∠7 = ∠8 …(ii) [c.p.c.t.]
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
∠5 + ∠7 = ∠6 + ∠8
∠DAM = ∠BAM
∴ AM bisects ∠BAD.
Ans: 3. Given: ∆ACB in which 4C = 90° and M is the mid-point of AB.
To Prove:
(i) ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD
(ii) ∠DBC = 90°
(iii) ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB
1
(iv) CM = AB
2
Proof: Consider ∆AMC and ∆BMD,
we have AM = BM [given]
CM = DM [by construction]
∠AMC = ∠BMD [vertically opposite angles]
∴ ∆AMC ≅ ∆BMD [by SAS congruence axiom]
⇒ AC = DB …(i) [by c.p.c.t.]
and ∠1 = ∠2 [by c.p.c.t.]
But ∠1 and ∠2 are alternate angles.
⇒ BD || CA
Now, BD || CA and BC is transversal.
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∴ ∠ACB + ∠CBD = 180°

⇒ 90° + CBD = 180°
⇒ ∠CBD = 90°
In ∆DBC and ∆ACB,
we have CB = BC [common]
DB = AC [using (i)]
∠CBD = ∠BCA
∴ ∆DBC ≅ ∆ACB
⇒ DC = AB
1 1
⇒ AB = DC
2 2
1 1 1
⇒ AB = CM Or CM = AB (∵ CM = DC)
2 2 2
Ans: 4. In ∆BDC, we have ∠DBC = ∠DCB (given).
⇒ CD = BD (sides opp. to equal ∠s of ∆DBC)
Now, in ∆ABD and ∆ACD,
we have AB = AC [given]
BD = CD [proved above]
AD = AD [common]
∴ By using SSS congruence axiom, we obtain
∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD
⇒ ∠BAD = ∠CAD [c.p.ç.t.]
Hence, AD bisects ∠BAC of ∆ABC.
Ans: 5.

Given: Two As ABC and DEF in which

∠B = ∠E,
∠C = ∠F and BC = EF
To Prove: ∆ABC = ∆DEF
Proof: We have three possibilities
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

Case I. If AB = DE,
we have AB = DE,
∠B = ∠E and BC = EF.
So, by SAS congruence axiom, we have ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

Case II. If AB < ED, then take a point Mon ED

such that EM = AB.
Join MF.
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆MEF,
we have
AB = ME, ∠B = ∠E and BC = EF.
So, by SAS congruence axiom,
we have ΔΑΒC ≅ ΔΜEF
⇒ ∠ACB = ∠MFE
But ∠ACB = ∠DFE
∴ ∠MFE = ∠DFE

Which is possible only when FM coincides with B FD i.e., M coincides with D.

Thus, AB = DE
∴ In ∆ABC and ∆DEF, we have
AB = DE,
∠B = ∠E and BC = EF
So, by SAS congruence axiom, we have
MATHEMATICS TRIANGLES

∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
Case III. When AB > ED
Take a point M on ED produced
such that EM = AB.
Join MF
Proceeding as in Case II, we can prove that
∆ABC = ∆DEF
Hence, in all cases, we have
∆ABC = ∆DEF.
Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not
correct explanation for assertion.
2. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
Case Study Answers-
1.
(i) (c) SAS
(ii) (b) ∠ADE∠ADE
(iii) (a) ∠DAE∠DAE
(iv) (a) BD
(v) (c) BD
2.
(i) (b) 70°
(ii) (c) ASA
(iii) (d) BQ
(iv) (a) SSS
(v) (d) 20°