10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr.
Saba Qasim
Integration
One of the great achievements of classical geometry was to obtain formulas
for the areas and volumes of triangles, spheres, and cones. The idea behind
integration is that we can effectively compute many quantities by breaking
them into small pieces, and then summing the contributions from each small
part. There are two types of integration:
1) Indefinite Integral which is a function plus an arbitrary constant C.
2) Definite Integral which is a number.
Indefinite Integral
Ex.1 Evaluate the integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Sol.
Where
Table below shows anti-derivative formulas for a number of important
functions:
Properties of the Indefinite Integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
n
4. Let y=f(x)= x where n is not - 1 then
It’s important to note
Ex.2
Sol.
5) If u is a differentiable function of x and n is a rational number
different from -1 the Chain Rule tells us that
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
The integral is done using the Power Rule
Ex.3 Evaluate the integral:
Sol .
Let u= 1+y2 , du/dy = 2y then
Finally replace u by 1+y2
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Integration by Substitution
The method is used in above example is the "Integration by Substitution"
(also called "u-Substitution" or "The Reverse Chain Rule") is a method to
find an integral, but only when it can be set up in a special way state that
we can do this substitution:
Then we can integrate f(u), and finish by putting g(x) back as u.
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Ex. 4 Evaluate the integrals
Sol.
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Ex .5
Evaluate
Using substitution with u= √ ?
Sol.
Let u= √
3 u2du = 2z dz
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Integration of Trigonometric functions:
The integration of six trig functions are
Trigonometric integrals involve algebraic combinations of the six basic
trigonometric functions. In principle, we can always express such integrals
in terms of sines and cosines, but it is often simpler to work with other
functions, such as
Ex.6
Evaluate the integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Sol.
Ex.7
Evaluate the integral
Sol.
Ex. 8
Find the integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Sol.
Ex.9
Evaluate
Sol.
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Ex.10
Find the integral
Sol.
Products of Powers of Sines and Cosines:
The integrals of the form:
Where m and n are nonnegative integers (positive or zero).
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
1-If m is odd, write m=2k+1
Ex .11 Evaluate the integral
Sol.
2- If m is even and n is odd, write n =2k+1
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Ex.12 Find the integral
Sol.
3- If both m and n are even, substitute:
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Ex.13 Find the integral
Sol.
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Integrals of Powers of tan x and sec x:
To integrate higher powers , use the equations
Ex.14 Evaluate the integral
Sol.
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Products of Sines and Cosines
The integrals in form:
In this case, it is simpler to use the identities
Ex.15 Find the integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Sol.
Integration of transcendental functions
In this section, we will talk about the integration of functions like inverse
trigonometric functions, natural logarithm and exponential function.
1. The Integral of ∫ du
The integral formula:
Ex.16 Evaluate the integral
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Sol.
How to use ln x in finding the Integrals of tan x and cot x:
To find the integral for tan x function
For the cot x,
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
2. The integral equivalent of eu du/dx
Ex.17 Evaluate the integral
x 3 e x 4 dx
sol.
Substitution: Let u = x 4 so that du = 4 x 3 dx which leads to (1 / 4)
du = x 3 dx, so that the given integral can be written as
= (1 / 4) e u du
We now use formula for integral of exponential function to obtain
= (1 / 4) e u + c
Substitute u by u = x 4
= (1 / 4) e x 4 + c
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
3. Integrals evaluated with inverse trigonometric functions
Ex.18 Find the integral for
Sol.
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Ex.19
Evaluate the integral
Sol.
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10 th Lecture-Mathematics-I Computer Eng. Dr. Saba Qasim
Ex.20
Find the integral
Sol.
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