NC - 2027

PHYSICS
STUDY MATERIAL
Class (XI)
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 N T E N T S
CO
Mathematical Tools------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 05

01. Units and Measurements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

02. Motion in a Straight Line--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47

03. Motion in a Plane---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

04. Laws of Motion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61

05. Work Energy Power------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68

06. System of Particles and Rigid Body Rotation------------------------------------------------------- 76

07. Gravitation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86

08. Mechanical Properties of Solids and Liquids------------------------------------------------------- 94

09. Thermal Properties of Matter, Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory------------------103

10. Oscillation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115

11. Waves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122
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 Chapter

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. Natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ...............}

2. Whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...............}

3. Integers Z = {0, ± 1 , ±2 , ............}

p
4. Rational numbers Q = {x/x = , p, q ∈ Z, q ≠ 0 }
q
5. Q′
Irrational numbers= {x / x ∉ Q}
6. Real numbers R = R= Q ∪ Q′

Note:

Irrational numbers are classified into two. (a) Algebraic irrationals and (b) Transcendental irrational.
1
2, 3, 3 5 are algebraic irrational but π , e, tan −1 , tan −1 2 , etc are transcendental irrationals.
3
 p1 p 2 p3  LCM {p1p 2 p3 ....}
LCM of  , , ....... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  HCF {q1q 2 q 3 .....}

 p1 p 2 p3  HCF {p1p 2 p3 .....}

HCF of  , , ...... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  LCM {q1q 2 q 3 ......}

7. Companendo-dividendo rule:

p r p+q r +s p−q r −s p+q r+s

= ⇒ = , = and =
q s q s q s p−q r −s
p1 p 2 p3 xp1 + yp 2 + zp3 + ....
= = .....
=
q1 q 2 q 3 xq1 + yq 2 + zq 3 + ....

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. Rules of proportionality
If p = kq where k > 0 then p is directly proportional to q and denoted p ∝ q .
1
If pq = k when k > 0, then p is inversely proportional to q; p ∝
q

9. Rules of indices

1 12−1 1
a
For a > 0; a = 1;= 0=;a ;a − n
a=
a an

am
a m .a n a=
= m+n
n
a m−n
a

( a m ) a=
n
mn n m
= a a m/n a   

  
n
a an
(ab) = a b ;     = n
n n n

b b

A function f(x) = ax is defined only if a > 0

Rules of inequalities
p < q and q < r ⇒ p < r

m < p < n ⇒ p ∈ ( m, n )
p−q > 0⇒ p > q
p−q < 0⇒ p < q
p > q and m > 0 ⇒ pm > qm
q−p
p+ ∈ ( p, q ) ∀m ∈ N
m

1 1 1 1
p > 0, q > 0 and ; p < q ⇒ > ;p > q ⇒ <
p q p q

1 1
p < 0, q < 0 and p < q ⇒ >
p q

1 1
p < 0, q > 0 and p < q ⇒ <
p q

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

If a > 0 and x ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ x ≤ a

If a > 0 and x ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ −a, x ≥ a

If k > 0 and x − a < k ⇒ a − k < x < a + k

x 2 = x ∀x ∈ R

100 ≠ ±10 but 100 = 10

x2 =100 ⇒ x =± 100 =±10

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) ; a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

a4 – b4 = (a – b) (a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) or (a – b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)

Progression

a, a + d, a + 2d ...................... are in arithmetic progression

a, ar, ar2    .................... are in geometric progression, a ≠ 0

n
In an A.P, nth term tn = a + (n – 1)d and sum to n terms s=
n ( 2a + (n − 1) d
2

a ( r n − 1)
G.P tn = ar n–1 sn =
r −1

a
S∞ = a + ar + ar 2 + .....∞ = , r <1
1− r

1
1 + x + x2 + x3 + .................. = = (1 – x)–1
1− x

n
n ( n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + n = ∑r =
1 2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

n
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + n2 = ∑r
1
2
=
6

2
 n ( n + 1) 
n
1 + 2 + ................... + n = ∑ r = 
3 3 3 3

1  2 
Binomial expansion

For small values of x, (1 + x ) is approximated to 1 + nx

n

(1 + x )  1 + nx and (1 − x )
n n −n
ie, ≈ 1 + nx

(1 − x )  1 − nx and (1 + x )
n −n
≈ 1 − nx
QUADRATIC EQUATION

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are certain numbers, and a ≠ 0 is called

a quadratic equation.
Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation
The number b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and is denoted
by D. i.e, D = b2 – 4ac
Nature of Roots of the Quadratic Equation
The value of x which satisfy the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are called roots of the equation. The
roots α and β of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by,

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b − D − b + b 2 − 4ac −b + D
=α = = ,β =
2a 2a 2a 2a

Now there are three possibilities:

Case I

When D < 0, i.e. b2 – 4ac < 0. In this case D will be imaginary, hence α and β will be both

imaginary.
Case II

−b −b
When D = 0 i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0. In this case D = 0, , from the above equation,=
α ,β
= .
2a 2a
Hence both roots α and β will be real and equal.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Case III

When D > 0, i.e., b2 – 4ac > 0. Then the roots α and β will be real and different (distinct).

Relation between roots and coefficients

2
Let α, β be roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c= 0, a ≠ 0 then

−b c
sum of roots, α + β = , Product of roots, αβ =
a a
TRIGONOMETRY

ANGLE

It is the measure of amount of rotation from one side of the angle to other. If OA and OB are
initial and final positions of the revolving ray then angle formed will be ∠AOB .

Angles formed by anticlockwise rotation are taken as positive whereas those formed by clockwise
rotation are taken as negative.

      

In one complete revolution, the total angle formed is 3600. Generally we come across angles
from 00 to 3600. But there may be problems in which rotation involves more than one revolution.
For example, the rotation of wheel.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

If the revolving line start from some initial position and makes n complete revolutions and also a
θ ( 360°× n ) + α
further angle of in the same direction, then the total angle described, is given by=

  Measurement of Angles
Angles are measured in degrees. A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called Degrees. Each
degree is then divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into
60 equal parts called seconds.
But this system is not very convenient and therefore angles are preferred to be measured in
Radians.

The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of circle whose length is equal to the radius of the
circle is called a Radian.

If arc length AB = r = radius of the circle, then by definition ∠AOB =

1rad .
1 Arclength
The angle subtended at the centre by arc length AB will be θ= =
r Radius

The conversion formula from Degree to Radians is, 180° = π radians

Trigonometric Functions
The ratio of different pairs of sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric functions.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

sine : Ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse, i.e. sin θ =p / h

cosine : Ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse, i.e. cos θ =b / h

tangent : Ratio of opposite side to adjacent side, i.e. tan θ =p / b

contangent : Ratio of adjacent side to opposite side, i.e. cot θ =b / p

secant : Ratio of hypotenuse to adjacent side, i.e. sec θ =h / b

coseccant : Ratio of hypotenuse to opposite side, i.e. cos ecθ =h / p

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
(i) sin θ + cos θ =1

1
(ii) tan θ=
.cot θ 1 or,=
cot θ
tan θ

sin θ
(iii) tan θ =
cos θ

cos θ
(iv) cot θ =
sin θ

1
(v) sin θ=
.cos ecθ 1 or,=
cos ecθ
sin θ

1
(vi) cos θ=
.sec θ 1 or=
,sec θ
cos θ

2
(vii) 1 + tan = θ sec 2 θ
2
(viii) 1 + cot
= θ cos ec 2 θ
Quadrants

Let X0X’ and YOY’ be two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane. The whole plane is divided
into four different regions called quadrants and are respectively 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants.

The angle is said to be in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant according as the terminal side lies in 1st,
2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants. If the terminal side coincides with one of the axis, then angle is called
quadrant angle.

The value of trigonometrical ratios of angles i.e.; (900 – θ ), (900 + θ ), (1800 – θ ), (1800 + θ ),

(3600 – θ ), (3600 + θ ) can be obtained by using following procedure.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

A) When any trigonometric ratio (sin, cos, tan etc.) is operated on angle of the form (180° ± θ ) or,

( 360° ± θ ) . Then,
(i) Trigonometric function remains unchanged i.e.;

(ii) Sign is affixed according to the quadrant in which the angle lies.

B) When trigonometric function is operated on an angle of the form ( 90° ± q ) or, ( 270° ± q ) then,
(i) sin cos; tan cot i.e.; sin changes into cos and vice versa etc.

(ii) Sign is always considered on the basis of the operating function.

Students are already quite familiar with values of sin, cos, tan of angles 00, 300, 450, 600, 900, which
have been given in the following table.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1
1/ 2 3/2
cos 1 1/2 0
3/2 1/ 2
tan 0 1 undefined
1/ 3 3

The value of trigonometric functions of angles 1200, 1350, 1500...... etc. can be found, as discussed
below:

IInd quadrant (900 + θ )

sin ( 90° + θ=
) cos θ

cos ( 90° + θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 90° + θ=
) cot θ

IInd quadrant (1800 – θ )

sin (180° − θ=
) sin θ

cos (180° − θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° − θ ) = − tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (1800 + θ )

sin (180° + θ ) = − sin θ

cos (180° + θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° + θ=
) tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (2700 – θ )

sin ( 270° − θ ) = − cos θ

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

cos ( 270° − θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 270° − θ=
) cot θ

IVth quadrant (2700 + θ )

sin ( 270° + θ ) = − cos θ

cos ( 270° + θ=
) sin θ

tan ( 270° + θ ) = − cot θ

IVth quadrant (3600 – θ )

sin ( 360° − θ ) = − sin θ

cos ( 360° − θ=
) cos θ

tan ( 360° − θ ) = − tan θ

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE OF COMPOUND ANGLES

The Addition Formula

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A . cos B + cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A . cos B – sin A . sin B

tan A + tan B
(iii) tan ( A + B ) =
1 − tan A.tan B
Subtraction Formula

(i) sin (A – B) = sin A . cos B – cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A – B) = cos A . cos B + sin A . sin B

tan A − tan B
(iii) tan ( A − B ) =
1 + tan A.tan B

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Product Formula

(i) 2 sin A . cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(ii) 2 cos A . sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

(iii) 2 cos A . cos B = cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)

(iv) 2 sin A . sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

C+D C−D
(v) sin C + sin D =
2sin .cos
2 2

C+D C−D
(vi) sin C − sin D =
2 cos .sin
2 2

C+D C−D
(vii) cos C − cos D =
2 cos .cos
2 2

C+D D−C
(viii) cos C − cos D =
2sin .cos
2 2

TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE OF MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

Multiple Angles

1) sin 2A = 2 sin A. cos A 2) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A

3) cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1 4) 1 + cos 2A = 2cos2 A

5) cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2A 6) 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2A

2 tan A
7) tan 2A = 8) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
1 − tan 2 A

9) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
10) tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Submultiple Angles

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A . cos A, putting in place of A

A A
sin A = 2sin cos
2 2

A
   (ii) cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1, putting in place of A
2

A A
= 2 cos 2
cos A = 2 cos 2
− 1or,1 + cos A
2 2

A
(iii) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2A; putting in place of A
2

A A
1 − 2sin 2
cos A = 2sin 2
or,1 − cos A =
2 2
Some Important Deductions

1 − cos 2A
1. cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2 A. ∴ sin 2 A =
2

1 + cos 2A
2. cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1 ∴ cos 2 A =
2

3sin A − sin 3A
3. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4

3sin A − sin 3A
4. cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4
1. Find the values of

(1) sin 150o (2) cos 120o

(3) tan 135o (4) cos 780o

(5) sec 210o (6) cot 330o

(7) sin 15°

(8) tan 75°

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

LOGARITHM

If N = an then ‘n’ is the logarithm of N with respect to ‘a’, and ‘a’ is called base of the logarithm

When a = 10, logarithm is known as common logarithm usually denoted log N, and it is used for
calculations.

For theoretical functions a = e, where ‘e’ is exponential constant and the logarithm is known as
natural logarithm and denoted by ‘ln’. Inx = logex

Rules of logarithms

1. logaN is defined only for N > 0, a > 0,

2. logaa = 1

3. loga1 = 0

4. logaMN = logaM + logaN

M
5. log
= a log a M − log a N
N

6. log a M n − n log a M
log a M
7. log N M =
log a N

1
8. log N M =
log M N

1
9. log a n M = log a M
n

10. N log a M = M log a N

11. a loga N = N

12. log a M > log a N ⇒ M > N if a > 1

13. log a M > log a N ⇒ M < N if 0<a<1

Common Logarithms and Use of Log Tables

Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms. The logarithm of a number consists
of two parts :

(i) Characteristic : [The integral part of the logarithm]

(ii) Mantissa : [The fractional or decimal part of the logarithm]

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

For Example : In log 273 = 2.4362, the integral part is 2 and the decimal part is 0.4362; therefore the
characteristic = 2 and mantissa = 0.4362.

To find Characteristic

(i) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is non-negative and is numer-
ically one less than the number of digits before the decimal point.

For Example : In number 475.8; the number of digits before the decimal point is three,

Characteristic of log 475.8 = 2      [3 – 1 = 2]

similarly,

Characteristic of log 4758 = 3      [4 – 1 = 3]

Characteristic of log 47.58 = 1      [2 – 1 = 1]

Characteristic of log 4.758 = 0      [1 – 1 = 0]

(ii) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than one is negative and numerically one
more than the number of zeros immediately after decimal point.

For Example : The number 0.004758 is less than one and the number of zeros immediately after dec-
imal point in it is two.

Characteristic of log 0.004758 = –(2+1) = –3 which is also written as 3 .

Similarly, Characteristic of log 0.4352 = –1 =

[Since the number of zeros after decimal point = 3 and 3 + 1 = 4]

To Find Mantissa

The mantissa of the logarithm of a number can be obtained from the logarithmic table.

A logarithmic table consists of three parts:

(i) A column at the extreme left contains two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99

(ii) Ten columns headed by digits 0, 1, 2, .......9.

(iii) Nine more columns headed by digits 1, 2, ......9.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

1. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of one digit number : Let the number be 3.

 Mantissa of log 3 = value of the number 30 under zero = 0.4771

2. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of two digit number : Let the number be 32.

 Mantissa of log 32 = value of 32 under zero = 0.5051

3. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of three digit number : Let the number be 325.

 Mantissa of log 325 = value of 32 under 5 = 0.5119

4. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a four digit number : Let the number be 3257.

 Mantissa of log 3257 = value of 32 under 5 plus the difference under 7 = 0.5128 [5119 + 9 =
5128]

Antilogarithms

If log 5274 = 3.7221, then 5274 is called antilogarithm of 3.7221 and we write : antilog 3.7221 =
5274.

We find an antilogarithm from antilogarithm tables. The antilogarithm tables are used in the same
way as the logarithm tables. The only difference between the two tables is that column at the extreme
left of the log table contains all two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99; whereas an antilog table
contains numbers from 0.00 to 0.99 (i.e. all fractional numbers with only two digits after decimal)
in the extreme left column of it.

Note

(i) Antilog tables are used only to find the antilogarithm of decimal part.

(ii) To find the antilog of 2.368 means to find the number whose log is 2.368

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QUESTIONS

1. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771 find the value of

64 256
(1) log 8 (2) log 36 (3) log 324 (4) log (5) log
81 243

2. Solve for x:

(a) log (x2 – 69) = 2   (b) log (x – 3) + log (x + 2) = log 6

1 1 1
3. Prove that (i) + + 1
=
log a abc log b abc log c abc

      (ii) log b a.log c b.log d .c.log a d = 1

FUNCTION

Function is a rule of relationship between two variables in which one is assumed to be dependent
and the other independent variable, for example:

e.g. The temperatures at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). Here elevation above sea level is the independent & temperature is
the dependent variable

e.g. The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of time the investment is held.
Here time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.

In each of the above example, value of one variable quantity (dependent variable), which we might
call y, depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable), which we might
call x. Since the value of y is completely determined by the value of x, we say that y is a function
of x and represent it mathematically as y = f(x).

Here f represents the function, x the independent variable & y is the dependent variable.

All possible values of independent variables (x) are called domain of function.

All possible values of dependent variable (y) are called range of function.

Think of a function fas a kind of machine that produces an output value f(x) in its range whenever
we feed it an input value x from its domain (figure)

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

When we study circles, we usually call the area A and the radius r.
Since area depends on radius, we say that A is a function of r, A = f (r).The
equation A = πr 2 is rule that tells how to calculate a unique (single) output value
of A for each possible input value of the radius r.A = f ( r ) = πr 2 (Here the rule of
relationship which describes the function may be described as square & multiply by π
If r =1, A = π;if r = 2, A = 4π;if r = 3, A = 9π
The set of all possible input values for the radius is called the domain of the function.
The set of all output values of the area is the range of the function
We usually denote functions in one of the two ways

1. By giving a formula such as y = x2 that uses a dependent variable to denote the value of the
function.

2. By giving a formula such as f(x) = x2 that defines a function symbol f to name the function.

Strictly speaking, we should call the function f and not f(x), y = sin x. Here the function is sine, x
is the independent variable.

DIFFERENTIATION

Concept of Limit

Why do we need limit of a function?

x2 − 4
Consider the function y = .
x−2

(=
1) − 4
2

=
It is desired to evaluate the function at x = 1. We put x = 1 then, y 3 (Real value)
1− 2
4−4 0
=
Now we put x = 2, we have y = ; which is meaningless or an indeterminate form. Thus
2−2 0
the value of y cannot be obtained directly by substituting x = 2. There are several other forms which
0 ∞
are also meaningless or indeterminate. These forms are , , 0 × ∞,1∞ , ∞ − ∞, 00 , ∞ 0 .
0 ∞
A function may appear in one of indeterminate forms at a point, therefore, we have to look for an
alternative method, i.e., determining the limits of function. But the question arises what exactly we
do in finding the limit of a function. With reference to the above example we have learnt that the
x2 − 4
function is not defined at x = 2.
x−2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

But still, we want to know the value of the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2. If
we could define the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2, then we say that the
limit of function exists as x approaches 2. In mathematics it is represented by the symbol lim .
x →2

x2 − 4
Now we determine the limit of function y = at x = 2
x−2

x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
We know that = , (when x ≠ 2 )
x−2 ( x − 2)
We can cancel out x – 2, then we get y = x + 2 (when ).

Now if x is slightly greater than 2, then the value of y will be greater than 4 and x gets closer to 2,
y comes closer to 4.

Alternatively, as x is slightly lesser than 2, then the value of y will be smaller than 4 and as x gets
closer to 2, y comes closer to 4. Numerically, it can be explained as:

For x>2 For x<2

x y x y
2.1 4.1 1.9 3.9
2.01 4.01 1.99 3.99
2.001 4.001 1.999 3.999
2.0001 4.0001 1.9999 3.9999

Hence, as x approaches 2, y approaches 4, then the limit of y is 4 as x tends to 2.

x2 − 4
The mathematical operation of determining limits is expressed as: lim =4
x →2 x − 2

Infinitely small and Infinitely larger quantities

A variable whose limit is zero is termed as infinitely small quantity (infinitesimal). Mathematically,
it may be written as, x → 0 .

A variable that constantly increases in absolute magnitude is termed as infinitely large quantity.
Although infinitely large quantities do not have any limits but it is conventional to say that an in-
x
finitely large quantity “ends to an infinite limit”; and we may write lim = ∞
x →2 x − 2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

DIFFERENTIATION

Let y = f(x) ........... (i), where x is an independent variable and y is a dependent variable.

Let ∆x be a small increment in the value of x, then is the corresponding change in the value

of y, such that y + ∆
=y f ( x + ∆x )    (ii)

Subtracting eq (i) from (ii), we get, ∆

=y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )

∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Now; =
∆x ∆x

If the limit of this ratio exists as ∆x → 0 , then it is defined as the derivative of y with respect to x

dy dy
and denoted by or f ′ ( x ) . In other words, is also known as differential co-efficient of y w.r.
dx dx
to x.

Derivatives of some important functions

d n
1.
dx
( x ) = nx n −1
d
2. (x) =1
dx

d
3.
dx
( x ) = 2 1 x
d 1 1
4.  = − 2
dx  x  x

d  1  −n
5. =  ;x ≠ 0
dx  x n  x n +1

d
6. ( sin x ) = cos x
dx

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

d
7. ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
8. ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
9. ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x
dx
d
10. ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x
dx
d
11. ( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx.cot x
dx
d x
12.
dx
( e ) = ex

d 1
13. ( log e x ) =
dx x
d
14. (C) = 0
dx
Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation

The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in the analysis of graphs in physics.
To understand the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and
tangent to a curve

Secant and tangent to a curve

Secant : A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any two points.

Tangent : A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular point. Tangent is a
limiting case of secant which intersects the curve at two overlapping points.
In the figure shown, if value of ∆x is gradually reduced then the point Q will move nearer to the

point P. If the process is continuously repeated value of will be infinitely small and secant PQ
to the given curve will become a tangent at point P.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

 ∆y  dy
Therefore ∆x → 0  =  = tan θ
 ∆x  dx

 dy 
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e.,   is equal to slope of the tangent at
 dx 
dy
point P (x, y) or tan θ =
dx

(From first figure the average rate of change of y from x to x + ∆x is identical with the slope of
secant PQ)
DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE
dy
is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’:
dx
For examples :
dx
(i) v = this means velocity ‘v’ is rate of change of displacement ‘x’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dv
(ii) a = this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of change of velocity ‘v’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dp
(iii) F = this means force ‘F’ is rate of change of momentum ‘p’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dL
(iv) τ = this means torque ‘ ’ is rate of change of angular momentum ‘L’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

dW
(v) Power = this means power ‘P’ is rate of change of work ‘W’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dq
(vi) I = this means current ‘I’ is rate of flow of charge ‘q’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt
INTEGRATION
Definition

dy
Let y = f(x) and = f ′(x) , or, dy = f ′ ( x ) dx
dx

Differentiation means to divide the function into infinite number of small elements. Now we want
to sum up all small elements. We can not add like in algebra, as it involves infinite terms. Further
each term is infinitely small.
Integration is the method of summation of an infinite series in which each term tends to zero. Later
on it was found that it is just an inverse process of differentiation.

∫ f ′ ( x ) dx
∴ ∫ dy =

∴y =f (x)
Antiderivatives or Indefinite Integrals
Definitions : A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain
of f. The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by

The symbol ∫ is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable

of integration.
Definite integration or Integration with limits

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

b
b
∫ f ( x=
a
) dx g ( x=
)  a g ( b ) − g ( a )

where g(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) i.e. g′ ( x ) = f ( x )

Table of standard elementary integrals

d  x n +1  x n +1
(i) 
n
 = x ∴ ∫ x n dx = ; n ≠ 1
dx  n + 1  n +1

d
(ii) ( x ) = 1 ∴ ∫ dx =
x
dx
d 1 1
(iii) ( log x ) = ∴ ∫ .dx =
log x
dx x x
d
(iv) ( sin x ) = cos x ∴ ∫ cos xdx =
sin x
dx
d
(v) ( cos x ) = − sin x ∴ ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x
dx
d
(vi) ( tan x ) = sec2 x ∴ ∫ sec 2 xdx =
tan x
dx
d
(vii) ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x ∴ ∫ cos ec 2 xdx =
− cot x
dx
d
(viii) ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x  ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x
dx
d
(ix) ( cosec x ) = − cos ecx.cot x ∴ ∫ cosec x.cot x dx =
− cos ec x
dx
d x
(x)
dx
( e ) = e x ∴ ∫ e x dx =
e x

Applications of Integration
The integration technique finds numerous applications in the study of physics.
Average of a varying quantity

In study of physics, many times we come across a situation where we need to calculate the aver-
age of a varying physical quantity. For example,

(i) Average speed and acceleration of a particle

(ii) Average force acting on a particle

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

(iii) Calculation of average power

(iv) Average life of a radioactive element

(v) Average kinetic and potential energies of an oscillating particle

Definition

Suppose a quantity y is varying with respect to x according to the function y = f(x). Then, the av-
erage value of y in the range x = x1 to x = x2 is defined as:
x2

∫
x
ydx
y= 1
x 2 − x1

(a) A varying quantity (b) Average of varying quantity

The average value of a quantity is denoted by y or < y >.

x2

Geometrically, the integral ∫ ydx

x1
represents the area under the curve between the limits x = x1

and . The average of a varying quantity is so obtained that a constant value of the quentity
encloses the same area between the limits x = x1 and x = x2 as shown.

1. Differentiate the following.

(1) x3 – 5x2 + 8x + 9 (2) ex + log x – sin x

(3) x + tan x (4) sec x + cosec x + cot x

(5) xex (6) x2 sin x

ex
(7) (1 + x2) tan x (8)
1+ x
2. Displacement of a particle ‘S’ is given by S = t3 – 3t2 + 8t + 1, where ‘t’ denotes time. Find velocity
and acceleration of the particle after 3 sec.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

3. Integrate the following.

2
 1
(1) x + 5x + 8x – 1
3 2
(2)  x + 
 x

(3) x − cos x + e x 2
(4) sec x + sec x tan x
4. Evaluate
3 π

∫(x − 5x + 7 )dx ∫ sin x dx

2
(1) (2)
1 0

5. Find the area bounded by y = x2 + 2, co-ordinate axis in I quadrant and x = 1.

6. Find the area bounded by y = sin x, x-axis for x ∈ [ 0, 2π]

Determinants
a b  a b 
A real number corresponds to a matrix   of order 2 × 2 is called a determinant of  
c d  c d 

a b  a b 
and denoted by   , where a, b, c, d are any numbers. Its value is defined as  = ad − bc
c d  c d 

a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
For 3 × 3 determinants, a2 b2 c 2 = a1 2 − b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3

2 3 −1
7 1
1. Evaluate (1)   (2) 4 0 1
4 3
1 2 5

Co-ordinate Geometry
1. Distance formulae

( x1 − x 2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
AB=

2. Section formulae, A divide PQ in the ratio m : n then

mP + nQ mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
=A =⇒x = ,y
m+n m+n m+n

y 2 − y1
3. m
Slope of PQ, = = tan θ
x 2 − x1

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

GRAPHS
STANDARD GEOMETRICAL CURVES
1. Straight line

−c
ax + by + c = 0 represents general equation of straight line. We know, y = ; when x = 0 and
b

c
x= − ; when y = 0. Joining above points we get required st. line.
a

If c = 0; then ax + by = 0 represents the straight line passing through the origin.

2. Circle
(i) x2 + y2 = a2 represents the standard equation of a circle whose centre is at (0, 0) and radius a.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

(ii) ( x − α ) + ( y − β ) = a ; is the equation of the circle with centre ( α, β ) and radius

2 2 2

(iii) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is the general equation of the circle with centre (–g, –f) and radius
g2 + f 2 − c

3. Parabola

A. Standard equation of a parabola is y2 = kx or x2 = ky where k ≠ 0 .

(i) y2 = 4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

(ii) y2 = –4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (–a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

(iii) x2 = 4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

(iv) y2 = –4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, –a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

4. Graph of an Ellipse

x 2 y2
1 . Centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). It cuts x-axis at (a, 0)
A. Standard equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 =
a b
and (–a, 0) and y axis at (0, b) and (0, –b).

5. Graph of Hyperbola

x 2 y2 −x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of hyperbola is 2 − 1
= or; 2 + 2 =1
a b2 a b
x 2 y2
(i) When the equation is − 1 . Centre of hyperbola is (0, 0) and the vertices of the hyper-
=
a 2 b2
bola are (a, 0) and (–a, 0). Graph of the hyperbola will be as shown in the following figures.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

−x 2 y2
(ii) When the equation of hyperbola is 1 . Centre is at origin (0, 0) and their vertices are
+ 2 =
a2 b
at (0, b) and (0, –b).

6. Rectangular Hyperbola

x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of a hyperbola is − 1
=
a 2 b2
put b = a; then x2 – y2 = a2

As asymptotes are perpendicular, therefore it is called rectangular hyperbola. For a certain rotation
of axes the above equation can also be put into the form, (xy = C).

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Here x and y axes are asymptotes. This is the standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola.

B. General equation of rectangular hyperbola is ( x − α )( y − β ) = C . Its asymptotes are x = α

and y = β and centre is ( α, β ) . Its graph will be as shown in figure.

GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

1. Exponential Function

A function f(x) = ax; a > 0 is called exponential function.

Case (i) : a > 1. Here, y = ax increase with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is increasing function on R.

38
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Case (ii) : 0 < a < 1. Here f(x) = ax decrease with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is decreasing function on
R.

2. Logarithmic Function
The function f(x) = logax (x, a > 0) and a ≠ 1 is a logarithmic function. We have seen that y = ax is

strictly increasing when a > 1 and strictly decreasing when 0 < a < 1. The inverse of this function
is denoted by logax.
y = a x ⇒ x = log a y
Writing y = logax in place of x = logay, we have the graph of y = logax. Thus, logarithmic function is
also known as inverse of exponential function.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

3. Graph of Trigonometric Functions

(i) y = sin x
It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 i.e; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(ii) y = cos x

It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 i.e.; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(iii) y = tan x

y = tan x is defined for all values of x, except x = nπ + π / 2 and −∞ < tan x < ∞ and periodic with

period π .

40
Chapter

01 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

TEACHING POINTS

► Physical quantity

♦ Fundamental Quantities

♦ Derived quantities

► Units

♦ Fundamental units

♦ Derived units

► Systems of units

♦ FPS

♦ CGS

♦ MKS

► SI system

♦ Fundamental quantities

♦ Supplementary quantities

► Prefixes for SI system

♦ Multiples

♦ Submultiples

► Dimensions

♦ Dimensions of a physical quantity

♦ Dimensional formula

♦ Dimensional equation

♦ Principle of homogeneity

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

► Applications of dimensional analysis

♦ To check the correctness of an equation

♦ Deduce relation among the physical quantities

► Significant figures

♦ Rules to count significant figures

♦ Rounding off

♦ Rules for arithmetic operations

♦ Order of magnitude

► Measurement

♦ Measurement of a physical quantity

♦ Error in a measurement

♦ Accuracy & Precision

♦ True value of a measurement

► Types of error

♦ Systematic error

♦ Random error

► Absolute error, mean absolute error, relative or percentage error.

► Combination of errors

♦ Addition and subtraction

♦ Multiplication and division

♦ Quantity raised to power

► Vernier caliper

► Screw gauge

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. The work done by a body W, varies with

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I
displacement s as W= as +
b
, then the
(c − s)
2

1. If u1 and u2 are the units selected in two

systems of measurement and n1 and n2 their dimensional formula for b is [a, b, c are
numerical values, then constants]

1) n1u1= n2u2 1) M
2) n1u1+ n2u2= 0
2) L
3) n1n2= n1u2

4) (n1+ u1)= (n2+ u2) 3) ML4T-2

2. Select the correct pair.
4) MLT-2
Physical Quantity SI units
6. With usual notation, the following equation,
1) Force - kg m2s–2 said to give the distance covered in the nth
second.
2) Momentum - kg m–1 s–2
a
ie., Sn =
u+ ( 2n − 1) is :
3) Work - kg m–1 s–1 2

1) numerically correct only

4) Power - kg m2 s–3

2) dimensionally correct only

3. Which one of the following is not the unit of
time ?
3) both dimensionally and numerically correct
1) Leap year

2) Shake 4) neither numerically nor dimensionally

correct
3) Parallactic second

4) Lunar month 7. Which one of the following is a set of

dimensionless physical quantities ?
4. Velocity of a body v can be expressed as
v = pt3 + qt3, where t represents the time.
Then the SI unit of p is 1) strain, specific gravity, angle

1) ms-2
2) strain, work, Torque
2) ms-3
3) work, angle, specific gravity
3) ms-4

4) ms-5 4) work, energy, frequency

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. If unit of length and force are increased 13. A physical quantity A is dependent on other
4 times. The unit of energy : four physical quantities p, q, r and s given by
pq
1) is increased by 4 times A= . The percentage error of
2 3
rs
2) is increased by 16 times measurement in p, q, r and s are 1%, 3%,
0.5% and 0.33% respectively, then the
3) is increased by 8 times maximum percentage error in A is :
4) remain unchanged 1) 2% 2) 0%
9. A physical quantity x depends on quantities y
3) 4% 4) 3%
and z as follows : X=Ay + B tan Cz where A,
B and C are constants. Which of the following
14. A screw gauge gives the following reading
do not have the same dimensions :
when used to measure the diameter of a
1) x and B 2) C and z-1 wire. Main scale reading : 0mm, Circular
scale reading : 52 divisions. Given that 1 mm
3) y and B/A 4) x and A on main scale corresponds to 100 divisions
of the circular scale. The diameter of wire
10. The number of significant figures in 0.06900 m from the above data is :
is

1) 5 2) 4 1) 0.052 cm 2) 0.026 cm

3) 2 4) 3 3) 0.005 cm 4) 0.52 cm

11. From the point of view of significant figures, 15. One centimeter on the main scale of a vernier
which of the following statements are correct. callipers is divided into 10 equal parts. If 10
divisions of vernier coincide with 8 small
i) 10.2 cm + 8 cm = 18.2 cm
divisions of the main scale, the least count
ii) 2.53 m - 1.2 m = 1.33 m of callipers is :

iii) 4.2 m × 1.4 m = 5.88 m2 1) 0.01 cm 2) 0.02 cm

iv) 3. 6 m ÷ 1.75 s = 2.1 ms–1
3) 0.05 cm 4) 0.005 cm
1) (i) and (iv) only

2) (ii) and (iii) only QUESTIONS LEVEL - II

3) (i) only 1. If h, C and G are fundamental quantities

in a system of units. Then dimensional
4) (iv) only formula for mass in that system is
[h →plank’s constant, C→ speed of light,
12. In simple pendulum experiment percentage
G → Gravitational constant]
error in length and time period are 2% and
1% respectively. The percentage error in the
1)  h 2 C
−3
G 2 2)  h 2 C
−5
G 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
calculation of g is
   
1) 1% 2) 2%
3)  h 2 C 2 G
1 1 −1
2  4)  h 2 C
1 −1
2
G 2
1
3) 3% 4) 4%    

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

2. In a system of units, unit of mass is α kg, 7. Tw o r e s i s t o r s R 1 = ( 4 ± 0 . 8 ) Ω a n d

the unit of length is βm and unit of time is R2=(4 ± 0.4)Ω are connected in series.
γ second. Then 1 N in new system is The equivalent resistance of their series
combination will be
1) [α–1β–1γ2] 2) [α–1β–2γ2]
1) (4 ± 0.4)Ω
3) [α1β1γ2] 4) [α–1β γ–2]
3. The equation of state of some gases can be 2) (2 ± 0.4)Ω
 a 
expressed as  P +  (V − b) =
RT . Here 3) (8 ± 0.4)Ω
 V2 
P is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the 4) (8 ± 1.2)Ω
absolute temperature and a, b, R are
8. A student measures the time period of 100
constants. The dimensions of a are :
oscillations of a simple pendulum four times.
1) ML5T-2 2) ML-1T2 The data set is 90s, 91s, 95s and 92s. If the
minimum division in the measuring clock is 1s,
3) M0L3T0 4) M0L6T-2 then the reported mean time should be
4. The position of a particle at time t is given by 1) 92 ± 3 s
v 
x ( t )  0  (1 − e −αt ) , where v0
the relation=
α 2) 92 ± 2 s

3) 92 ± 5.0 s
is a constant and α > 0. The dimensions of
v0 and α respectively 4) 92 ± 1.8 s
1) M L T and T
0 1 –1 -1
2) M L T and T
0 1 0 -1
9. Length L and width B of a rectangular field
3) M L T and LT
0 1 –1 -2
4) M L T and T
0 1 –1 are (200 ± 5)m and (50 ± 2)m respectively.
Calculate the percentage error in area :
5. The length, breadth and thickness of a
block are given by l =12 cm, b = 6 cm 1) 4.5 % 2) 6.5 %
and t = 2.45 cm. The volume of the block
according to the idea of significant figures 3) 7.5 % 4) 8.5 %
should be :
10. A student measured the length of a rod and
1) 1 × 102 cm3 2) 2 × 102 cm3 write it as 3.50 cm. Which instrument did he
use to measure it ?
3) 1.76×102 cm3 4) 1.764×102 cm3
1) Meter scale
6. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
L 2) A vernier caliper where the 10 divisions
is T = 2π . Measured value of L is
g in the vernier scale match with 9 divisions in
the main scale and the main scale has 10
20.0 cm known to 1 mm accuracy and time
divisions in 1 cm.
for 100 oscillations of the pendulum is found
to be 90 s using wrist watch of 1 s resolution. 3) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the
The accuracy in the determination of g is : circular scale and pitch as 1 mm
1) 2.7 % 2) 1%
4) A screw gauge having 50 divisions in the
3) 5% 4) 2% circular scale and pitch as 1mm

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

11. In the diagram shown in figure, find the Statement Type Question
magnitude and nature of zero error.
1) Statement I is true, statement II is true;
Statement II is correct explanation for
statement I.

2) Statement I is true, statement II is true;

MSD = 1 mm Statement II is not correct explanation for
10 VSD = 9 MSD statement I.

1) -0.05 cm 2) +0.05 cm 3) Statement I is true, statement II is false.

3) -0.05 mm 4) +0.05 mm 4) Statement I is false, statement II is true.
12. A student measured the diameter of a small
steel ball using a screw gauge of least count 14. Statement I : Length of a wire is 6.00 m
0.001 cm. The main scale reading is 5 mm in S.I system. It’s significant
and circular scale coincides with 25 division figure is 3.
on the reference level. If screw gauge has a
zero error of -0.004 cm, the correct diameter Statement II : Number of significant figures
of the ball is : in a measurement depends
on system of units.
1) 0.521 cm 2) 0.525 cm

3) 0.053 cm 4) 0.529 cm Assertion - Reason Type Question

13. Match the columns. 1) If both assertion and reason are true
and reason is the correct explanation of the
Column I Column II Column III assertion.
a) Pressure i) Nm2Kg-2 1) [ML2T-1]
2) If both assertion and reason are true and
Angular reason is not the correct explanation of the
b) ii) Radian 2) [ML–1T-2]
momentum assertion.
Universal
c) gravitational iii) JS 3) [M-1L3T-2] 3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
constant
d) Angle iv) Nm–2 4) [M0L0T0] 4) If assertion is false, but reason is true.

1) a - iv - 2; b - iii - 1; c - i - 4; d - ii - 3 15. Assertion : More precise measurement

need not be more accurate.
2) a - iii - 1; b - i - 4; c - iv - 2; d - ii - 3
Reason : The accuracy in a
3) a - ii - 3; b - iv - 2; c - iii - 1; d - i - 4
measurement depends on
4) a - iv - 2; b - iii - 1; c - i - 3; d - ii - 4 several factors including
precision.

46
Chapter

02 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

TEACHING POINTS

► Rest & Motion

► Point Mass

► Physical qnatities of 1 dimensional motion

♦ Distance travelled

♦ Displacement

♦ Average speed

♦ Instantaneous speed OR speed

♦ Average velocity

♦ Instantaneous velocity or velocity

♦ Average acceleration

♦ Instantaneous acceleration OR accelaration

► Uniform motion & Non-uniform motion

► Uniform acceleration & Non-uniform acceleration

► Different graphs in 1 dimensional motion

► Kinematic equations

► Motion under gravity

► Relative motion in 1 dimensional motion

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. Speed of two identical cars are u and 4u at

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I a specific instant. The ratio of the respective
distance in which the two cars are stopped
1. An athelete completes one round of a circular from that instant, when stopping forces are
track of radius R in 40 sec. What will be his same
displacement at the end of 2 min 20 sec
1) zero 2) 2R 1) 1:1

3) 2πR 4) 7 πR 2) 1:4
2. Statement I: The average speed of a
body over a given interval of 3) 1:8
time is equal to the average
velocity of the body in the 4) 1:16
same interval of time. If a
body moves in a straight line
in one direction 6. A man walks on a straight road from his
home to a market 2.5 km away with speed
Statement II: Distance travelled by a body of 5 km/h. Finding the market closed, he
is equal to the displacement, instantly turns and walks back home with a
when it is moving in a straight speed of 7.5 km/h. The average speed of the
line and same direction man over the interval of time 0 to 40 min is
equal to
1) Both statements I and II are true
2) Both statements I and II are false 1) 5 km/h
3) Statement I is true but II is false
25
4) Statement I is false but II is true 2) km / h
4
3. The average velocity of a body moving with
uniform acceleration travelling a distance of 30
3) km / h
3.06m is 0.34ms–1. If the change in velocity 4
of the body is 0.18 ms–1 during this time, its
uniform acceleration is 45
4) km / h
1) 0.03 ms–2
8

2) 0.02 ms-2 7. A body starting from rest, accelerates at

a constant rate a ms–2 for some time after
3) 2ms–2 which it decelerates at a constant rate b ms–2
to come to rest finally. If the total time elapsed
4) 1 ms–2
is t sec., the maximum velocity attained by
4. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the body is given by
the distance with speed of 3 m/s. The other
half of the distance is covered in two equal ab ab
time intervals with speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 1) t m/s 2) t m/s
a+b a−b
m/s respectively. The average speed of the
particle during this motion is
1) 4.0 m/s 2) 5.0 m/s 2ab 2ab
3) t m/s 4) t m/s
a+b a−b
3) 5.5 m/s 4) 4.8 m/s

48
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. A bus begins to move with an acceleration 12. A 210m long train is moving due north at a
of 1 ms–2 . A man who is 48m behind the bus speed of 25 m/s. A small bird is flying due
starts running at 10 ms–1 to catch the bus. south a little above the train with speed 5
The man will be able to catch the bus after m/s. The time taken by the bird to cross the
train is
1) 6s
1) 6s 2) 7s
2) 5s
3) 9s 4) 10s
3) 3s
13. Which of the following graphs can not
4) 8s represent one dimensional motion of a
particle
9. Two bodies of different masses ma and mb
are dropped from two different heights a and

Total Distance
Total Distance
b. The ratio of the time taken by the two to

covered
covered
cover these distances are

1) a:b Time
Time
2) b:a I II
Velocity
Speed
3) a: b

4) a2 : b2 Time
Time
10. Two balls A and B of same masses are thrown
from the top of the building. A thrown up ward III IV
with velocity v and B thrown down-ward with
velocity v then [neglect air resistance] 1) I and II 2) II and III

1) velocity of A is more than ‘B’ at the ground 3) II and IV 4) I, II, III and IV

2) velocity of B is more than ‘A’ at the ground 14. Among the four position-time graph shown in
the figure there is only one graph for which
3) Both ‘A’ & ‘B’ strike the ground with same average velocity over the time interval (0, T)
velocity can vanish for a suitably chosen T. Which
one is it
4) None of these x x

11. A ball dropped from the top of tower falls first

1) t 2)
half height of tower in 10 s. The total time
spend by ball in air is (g=10 m/s2)
t
1) 14.14 s
x x
2) 15.25 s

3) 12.36 s 3) 4)

4) 17.36 s t t

49
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

16. The graph shows the variation of velocity of

15. The acceleration versus time graph of a a rocket with time. Then the maximum height
particle is shown in figure. The respective attained by the rocket is
v − t graph of the particle is

1)
1) 1.1 km

2) 5 km

3) 55 km

4) 76 km
2)

17. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration

(a) versus time (t) is as shown in the figure.
The maximum speed of the particle will be

10 m/s2
3)

t(s)
11

1) 110 m/s

4)
2) 55 m/s

3) 550 m/s

4) 660 m/s

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

18. The displacement (X) of a particle depends

2
on time (t) as X = αt − β t
3
QUESTIONS LEVEL - II

Column I Column II 1. A particle starts with initial speed V and

The particle will be retardation a come to rest in time T. the time
i) at its starting point p) 2α taken to cover first half of the total travelled
after time 3β is
The particle will be α T  1 
ii) q)
at rest at time β 1) 2) T 1 − 
2  2
The average velocity
of particle from t =
0 to t = t is equal
T 3T
iii) r) α 3) 4)
to instantaneous 2 4
velocity at t = t0 3β
value of t0 = ___ 2. Two boys are standing at the ends A and B
of a ground where AB = a. The boy at B starts
No net force will act α running in a direction perpendicular to AB
iv) on the particle at s)
time t is equal to
2β with velocity ν1 . The boy at A starts running

simutaneously with velocity ν along a

i ii iii iv
1) q s r p straight line and catches the other boy in a
2) q p s r time t, where t is
3) s r p q
a a2
4) r q s p 1) 2)
ν 2 + ν12 ( ν 2 − ν12 )
19. The position x of a particle with respect to
time t along x-axis is given by =x 9t 2 − t 3
a a
3) 4)
where x is in meters and t in seconds. What
will be the position of this particle when it
( ν − ν1 ) ( ν − ν12 )
2

achieves maximum speed along the +x

3. Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are
direction ?
moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform
1) 32 m 2) 54 m speed of 72 km h–1 in the same direction,
with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides
3) 81 m 4) 24 m
to overtake A and accelerates by 1 m/s2. If
20. Statement I: A negative acceleration of after 50 s, the guard of B just brushes past
body can be associated with the driver of A, what was the original distance
speeding up of the body between them ?
Statement II: Negative acceleration means
retardation. 1) 2250 m

1) Both statements I and II are correct 2) 1250 m

2) Both statements I and II are incorrect
3) 1000 m
3) Statement I is correct, II is incorrect
4) Statement II is incorrect, I is correct 4) 2000 m

51
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. A body is projected vertically upwards. If t1 8. A ball is dropped from the top of a 100 m
and t2 be the times at which it is at a height h high tower on a planet. In the last ½s before
above the point of projection while ascending
hitting ground it covers distance of 19 m.
and descending respectively then
Acceleration due to gravity on that planet
1) h = gt1t 2 2) h = 2gt1t 2 (in m/s2)
1) 6 2) 5

1 1 3) 8 4) 10
3) h = gt1t 2 4) h = gt1t 2
2 4 9. A ball is dropped from the top of a building.
The ball takes 0.5 s to pass the 3 m length
5. A particle is thrown vertically upwards such of a window some distance from the top of
that it appears at height ‘h’ after time t1 & t2 the building. If the velocities of the ball at the
such that t1 / t 2 = 1 4 . If maximum height top and at the bottom of the window are ν T

attained by particle is H, then h/H is (h<H) and ν B respectively, then

5 4 1) ν T + ν B =12 ms
−1
1) 2)
4 1 −1
2) ν T − ν B = 4.9 ms
−1
3) ν B ν T =1ms
16 5
3) 4) νB
25 2 4) = 1ms −1
νT
6. An elevator, in which a man is standing, is
moving upward with a constant acceleration 10. A stone is thrown vertically upward. On its
of 2 m/s2. At an instant when speed of ele- way up it passes point A with speed of ν ,
vator is 10 m/s, the man drops a coin from and point B, 3 m higher than A, with speed
a height of 1.5 m. Find the time taken by the ν / 2 . The maximum height reached by stone
coin to reach the floor.
above point B is
1
1) s 2) ½ s 1) 1 m 2) 2 m
3
3) 3 m 4) 5 m

1 11. A boat takes two hours to travel 8 km and

3) 4) 1 s back in still water. If the velocity of water is
2 4 km/h, the time taken for going upstream 8
km and coming back is
7. The water droplet fall at regular interval from
tap 5 m above the ground the third drop is 1) 2h
leaving the tap at the instant when the first
drop touches ground. How far above the 2) 2 h 40 min
ground is the second drop at that instant.
3) 1 h 20 min
1) 1.25 m 2) 2.5 m
4) Cannot be estimated with the information
3) 3.75 m 4) 4.00 m given

52
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

12. A theif is running away on a straight road in 15. In each of the situations assume that particle
jeep moving with a speed of 9 ms-1. A police was initially at rest at origin and there after
mas chases him on a motor cycle moving it moved rectilinerarly. Some of the graph in
at a speed of 10 ms-1. If the instantaneous left column represent the same motion as
separation of the jeep from the motorcycle represented by graphs in right column match
is 100 m, how long will it take for the police these graphs.
to catch the thief
1) 1 s 2) 19 s Column I Column II
3) 90 s 4) 100 s
13. On a two lane road, car A is travelling with
A) p)
a speed of 36 Kmh-1. Two cars B and C
approach car A in opposite directions with a
speed of 54 Kmh-1 each. At a certain instant,
when the distance AB is equal to AC, both
being 1km, B decides to cross A before C
does. The minimum acceleration of car B to
B) q)
avoid an accident is
1) 0.5 ms-2 2) 1 ms-2
3) 2 ms-2 4) 2.5 ms-2
14. A ball is dropped vertically from a height d
above the ground. It hits the ground and
C) r)
bounces up vertically to a height d/2.
Neglecting subsequent motion and air
resistance, its velocity ν varies with the
height h above the ground as

1) 2) D) s)

1) A→ r, B→q, C→s, D→p

3) 4) 2) A→ p, B→q, C→s, D→r

3) A→ s, B→p, C→s, D→q

4) A→ p, B→s, C→q, D→p

53
Chapter

03 MOTION IN A PLANE

TEACHING POINTS

► Scalar and vector quantities

► Different types of vectors

► Addition of vectors [ tringular law, parallelogram law and polygon law]

► Subtraction of vectors

► Resolution of vectors [ 2D and 3D]

► Product of two vectors [ dot product and cross product]

► Relative motion in 2D

► Projectile motion

♦ Oblique projection from ground

♦ Horizontal projectile from a height

♦ Oblique projection from a height

► Circular motion [uniform and non-uniform]

54
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. A particle is simultaneously acted by two

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I forces equal to 4 N and 3 N. The net force
on the particle can be :
1. A physical quantity which has a direction : 1) Only 7 N
1) must be a vector 2) Only 5 N
2) may be a vector 3) Only 1 N
3) may be both scalar & vector 4) Between 1 N and 7 N

4) none of the above 6. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,
then magnitude of difference is
2. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 N,
are acting as shown in the figure. Then the 1) 2 2) 3
resultant is: 1
3) 4) 5
2
10N 7. One of the rectangular components of a
velocity of 60 kmh–1 is 30 kmh–1. The other
60o rectangular component is
−1
10N 1) 30 kmh–1 2) 30 3kmh

1) 25N −1
3) 30 2 kmh 4) Zero
2) 5N
8. If the vector 4iˆ + 4ˆj + 6kˆ is perpendicular to
3)
the vector 4iˆ + xjˆ − 4kˆ , the value of x is
4) 10N
3. Which of the following is a null vector? 1) 2 2) 4
3) -2 4) -1
1) Position vector of a particle at origin
   
2) Acceleration of a body moving with 9. What is angle between P × Q and P + Q
constant velocity
1) 0 2) π 2
3) Velocity of a stationary particle
4) All of these 3) π 4) 3π 2

4. For the resultant of the two vectors to be

maximum, what must be the angle between 10. Which of the following statements is false.
them 1) Mass, speed and energy are scalars
1) 0o 2) Momentum, force and torque are vectors

2) 60o 3) Distance is a scalar while displacement is

a vector
3) 90o
4) A vector has only magnitude whereas as
4) 180 o
a scalar has both magnitude and direction

55
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

 
11. Given two vectors A= 3iˆ + 4ˆj and B = ˆi − 2ˆj . 14. A stunt man plans to jump horizontally
between two roof tops. The second roof is
Then match the following columns. 4.9 m below the first one and 6.2 m away
from it. What should be his minimum speed
so that he can make the jump successfully
Column I Column II (in m/s)
Magnitude of
A)  1) 5 1) 3.1 2) 4
vector A
 3) 4.9 4) 6.2
B) Unit vector of A 2) ( )
0.6iˆ + 0.8jˆ 15. The horizontal range and the maximum
The magnitude height of a projectile are equal. Then the
C)  
of A + B
3) ( 2iˆ + 6ˆj) angle of projection of projectile is
The difference 1
D)   4) 20
−1
1) θ = tan  
of vector, A − B 4

1) A - 4; B - 1; C - 2; D - 3 2) θ = tan
−1
( 4)
2) A - 1; B - 2; C - 4; D - 3
3) θ = tan
−1
( 2)
3) A - 3; B - 2; C - 4; D - 1
4) θ= 45°
4) A - 2; B - 4; C - 1; D - 3
16. The speed of a projectile at its maximum
height is half of its initial speed. The angle
12. At the top of the trajectory of a projectile, the
of projection is
directions of its velocity and acceleration are
1) 60o 2) 15o
1) Perpendicular to each other 3) 30o 4) 45o
17. A particle of mass m is projected with
2) Parallel to each other
velocity v making an angle 45o with the
horizontal. When the particle lands on the
3) Inlcined to each other at an angle of 45o
level ground, the magnitude of the change
in its momentum will be
4) Antiparallel to each other
1) mv 2 2) 0
13. Two bullets are fired simultaneously,
horizontally and with different speeds from
the same place. Which bullet will hit the mv
3) 2mv 4)
ground first? 2
18. If K is the kinetic energy of a projectile fired at
1) the faster bullet
an angle 30o, then what is its kinetic energy
at the highest position?
2) the slower bullet
K 3K
1) 2)
3) both will hit simultaneously 4 4

4) depends on masses 3) K 4) 2K

56
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

19. The range of projectile fired at angle of 15o 23. A stone is moved round a horizontal circle
is 50 metre. If it is fired with the same speed with a 20cm long string tied to it. If centripetal
at an angle 45o its range will be acceleration is 9.8 m/s2, then its angular
velocity will be
1) 25 m 2) 50 m
1) 7 rad/s 2) 22/7 rad/s
3) 100 m 4) 77.6 m
3) 49 rad/s 4) 14 rad/s
20. Two stones A and B projected with speed u
24. The angular speed of seconds needle in a
and 2u attain the same maximum heights.
mechanical watch is
If stone A is thrown at an angle 60o with
horizontal, then the approximate angle of π
1) rad / s 2) 2π rad / s
projection of stone B with the horizontal is 30
1) 27o 2) 37o
60
3) π rad / s 4) rad / s
3) 17 o
4) 47 o
π
21. From the top of a tower 19.6 m high a ball 25. A particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal
is thrown horizontally. If the line joining the circle of radius R with uniform speed v. When
point of projection to the point where it hits it moves from one point to a diametrically
the ground makes an angle of 45o with the opposite point, its
horizontal, then the initial velocity of the ball
is 1) momentum does not change

1) 9.8 m/s 2) 4.9 m/s 2) momentum changes by 2 mv

1
3) 14.7 m/s 4) 2.8 m/s 3) kinetic energy changes by mv 2
2
Assertion - Reason Type Question 4) kinetic energy changes by mv2
1) If both assertion and reason are true
and reason is the correct explanation of the QUESTIONS LEVEL - II
assertion.
1. The resultant of two forces has a magnitude
2) If both assertion and reason are true and of 20N. One of them has a magnitude 20 3
reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion. N. It makes an angle 300 with the resultant.
Then the other force must be of magnitude.
3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
1) 20N 2) 20 3N
4) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
22. Assertion : In uniform circular motion 3) zero 4) 10 3N
although the speed of particle
remains constant yet the 2. Two buses starts from a bus stand with 10
particle is accelerated due km/h and 30 km/h along two tracks inclined
to the change in direction of at 60o, what is the distance between them
motion. after twelve minutes
Reason : The force acting on the body 1) 2 7km 2) 7 2km
in uniform circular motion is
only radial. 3) 7 km 4) 5 km

57
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

3. Following sets of three forces act on a body. 8. A body is projected with velocity u1 from point
Whose resultant can not be zero? A as shown in figure. At the same time
another body is projected vertically upwards
1) 10, 10, 20 2) 10, 10, 10
with the velocity u2 from the point B. What
3) 10, 20, 23 4)10, 20, 40 u1
should be the value of for both the bodies
4. A particle moves eastwards with a velocity
u2
to collide.
of 5 m/s. After 10 s, its direction changes
towards north with the speed remaining
unchanged. The average acceleration of the
particle is

1) Zero 2) 1 m/s2 N-W

2

3) 1 m/s2 N-E 4) 1 m/s2 S-W 2 1

2 2 1) 2)
3 3
5. Two seconds after projection, a projectile 3) 3 4) 2
is travelling in a direction inclined at 30o to
the horizontal. After one more second it is 9. A ball is projected from the ground at a speed
travelling horizontally. Then of 10 ms–1 making an angle of 300 with the
horizontal. Another ball is simultaneously
1) velocity of projection is 20 m/s released from a point on the vertical line
along the maximum height of the projectile.
2) velocity of projection is 20 3 m/s Both the balls collide at the maximum height
of the projectile. The initial height of the
3) angle of projection is 60 o with the second ball is (g=10ms–2)
vertical
1) 6.25 m
4) angle of projection is 45o with the horizontal
2) 2.5 m
6. The ceiling of a long hall is 60m high. What is
the maximum horizontal distance that a ball 3) 3.75 m
throw with a speed of 40m/s can go without
hitting the ceiling of the hall (g = 10 m/s2) 4) 5 m

1) 80m 2) 80 2 m 10. An object is projected so that it just

clears two walls of height 7.5m and with
separation 50m from each other. If the
3) 80 3 m 4) 160m
time of passing between the walls is
7. A small ball rolls of the top of a stairway 2.5 s. The range of the projectile will be
horizontally with a velocity of 4.5 ms–1. Each ( g = 10 m/s2)
step is 0.2 m high and 0.3 m wide. If g is 10
ms–2, then the ball will strike the nth step 1) 75m
where n is equal to (assume ball strike at
the edge of the step). 2) 70 m

1) 9 2) 10 3) 140 m
3) 11 4) 12 4) 57.5 m

58
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

11. A body is projected up a smooth inclined 14. A bird is flying towards east with velocity
plane with velocity v from the point A as 50 km/h and a train is moving with a velocity
shown in the figure. The angle of inclination 50 km/h towards south. What is the velocity
is 450 and the top is connected to well of of the bird with respect an observer in train
diameter 40 m. If the body just manages to
cross the well, what is the value of v ? Length 1) 50 20 km/h north-east
of inclined plane is 20 2m . 2) 50 20 km/h south east

3) 50 2 km/h south-west

4) 50 2 km/h north-east

15. A person standing on a road has to hold his

umbrella at 60° with the vertical to keep the
rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts
running at 20 ms–1. He finds that rain drops
-1 are hitting his head vertically. Find the speed
1) 40 ms-1 2) 40 2ms
of the rain drops with respect to

3) 20 ms-1 4) 20 2ms
-1 a) the road

12. A stone projected at an angle of 60o from the b) the moving person
ground level strikes at an angle of 30o on the
roof of a building of height h. Then the speed 40 20
1) m/s, m/s
of projection of the stone is 3 3

2) 20 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s

20 40
3) m/s, m/s
3 3

4) 10 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s
1) 2gh 2) 6gh
16. A man swims from point A on one bank
3) 3gh 4) gh of a river of width 100 m. When he swims
perpendicular to the river current, he reaches
13. A particle is projected with a velocity ν so the other bank 50 m downstream. The angle
to the bank at which he should swim, to reach
that its range on a horizontal plane is twice directly opposite point B on the other bank
the greatest height attained. If g is acceler- is:
ation due to gravity, then its range is
1) 10o upstream
4ν 2 4g
1) 2)
5g 5ν 2 2) 20o upstream

3) 30o upstream
4ν 2 4ν
3) 2 4) 2 4) 60o upstream
5g 5g

59
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

17. A particle is projected from the ground with an 19. The speed of a particle moving in a circle
initial speed of v at an angle θ with horizontal. of radius r = 2m varies with time t as v = t2
The average velocity of the particle between where t is in second, and v in m/s. Then net
its point of projection and highest point of acceleration at t = 2 s will be.
trajectory is
1) 40 m/s 2
ν
1) 1 + 2 cos 2 θ 2) 60 m/s
2
2
2
3) 80 m/s
ν
2) 1 + 2 cos 2 θ 4) 10m/s2
2
20. A cyclist is riding with a speed of 45 km/h. As
he approaches a circular turn of radius 80m,
ν
3) 1 + 3cos 2 θ he applies brakes and reduces his speed at
2 a constant rate of (5/4) m/s per second. The
4) ν cos θ acceleration of the cyclist when his speed
reduces to 36 km/h is,
18. A particle is moving in a circular path of
2
radius 5m and 5m/s. What is the average 1) 5 2m/s
acceleration in half revolution
2) 1.44 m/s2
1) zero 2) 10 m/s 2
3) 2.4 m/s2
2 10 4) 1.76 m/s2
3) 10π m/s 4) m / s2
π

60
Chapter

04 LAWS OF MOTION

TEACHING POINTS

► Types of forces

► Newton's Laws of Motion

♦ First law

♦ Second law

♦ Third law

► Impulse

► Frame of reference [Inertial and non-inertial]

► Conservation of linear momentum

♦ Recoil of Gun

♦ Explosion of mass

♦ Variable mass system [Rocket propulsion]

► Free Body Diagram

► Equilibrium of forces

► Motion of bodies in contact

► Motion of connected bodies

► Variation of tension and normal force in accelerating frame

► Friction [ static, limiting and kinetic]

► Examples of friction [horizontal surface, inclined surface and vertical surface]

► Examples of circular motion

♦ Motion of vehicles on curved level road

♦ Motion of vehicles on banked curved road

♦ Motion of cyclist of curved road

61
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. Three blocks A, B and C of masses 4 kg, 2kg

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I and 1kg are in contact of frictionless surface.
Find the contact force between B and C
1. A force of 5N changes the velocity of a body
from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 5 sec. How much
force is required to bring about the same
change in 2 sec ?
1) 10 N 2) 12.5 N
3) 15 N 4) 17.5 N 1) 6 N 2) 8 N
2. Match the following 3) 18 N 4) 2 N

Column I Column II 5. Find the tension in the string which connected

the blocks as shown in the following figure
Accelerated
A) 1) Newton’s 1st law
motion

B) Impulse 2) Mass

C) Law of inertia 3) Force × time

1) 4 3N 2) 4 N
Measure of Change in speed
D) 4) 3) 3 N 4) 5 N
inertia and direction
6. A light string passing over a pulley connects
1) A 4; B 1; C 2; D 3
two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (vertically).
2) A 4; B 2; C 1; D 3 g
If the acceleration of the system is , then
8
3) A 3; B 4; C 1; D 2
the ratio of masses is
4) A 4; B 3; C 1; D 2
1) 8 : 1 2) 9 : 7
3. A block is released on smooth inclined plane
3) 4 : 3 4) 5 : 3
of inclination θ. The time at which it will reach
bottom is: 7. Two blocks of masses 40 kg and 30 kg are
connected by a weightless string passing
over a frictionless pulley as shown in the
figure. The acceleration of the system would
be

1 2h 2 2h
1) 2)
sin θ g sin θ g

3 2h 4 2h 1) 0.7 m/s2 2) 0.8 m/s2

3) 4)
sin θ g sin θ g 3) 0.6 m/s2 4) 0.5 m/s2

62
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. Two blocks of mass m each are moving 10. A lift moving in upward direction. The total
vertically downward under the influence of mass of the left and the passengers is 1600
an external force F and gravity as shown in kg. The variation of the velocity of the lift is
figure as shown in the figure. The tension in the
rope at t =8th second will be

1) 11200 N
2) 16000 N
1) contact force between blocks will break 3) 4800 N
and normal reaction between the blocks will
be zero 4) 12000 N

11. A monkey of mass 20 kg is holding a vertical

2) both block move in combination with
rope. The rope will not break when a mass of
common acceleration a = 2g
25 kg is suspended from it but will break if the
3) contact force between blocks in mg mass exceeds 25 kg. What is the maximum
acceleration with which the monkey can
4) both 2 and 3 are correct climb up along the rope ( g=10 m/s2)

1) 10 m/s2 2) 25 m/s2
9. A ball of mass ‘m’ strikes a rigid wall with
speed u at angle 30o and get reflected with 3) 2.5 m/s2 4) 5 m/s2
the same speed, and at the same angle as
shown. If the ball is in contact with the wall 12. A stationary body of mass 3 kg explodes into
for time ‘t’, then the force acting on the wall three equal pieces. Two of the pieces fly off
is at right angles to each other, one with a
velocity 2iˆ m/s and the other with a velocity

3jˆ m/s. If the explosion takes place in 10–5 sec,

the average force acting on the third piece

in newton is

( )
1) 2iˆ + 3jˆ × 10
−5

mu sin 30 2mu sin 30

( )
2) − 2iˆ + 3jˆ × 10
−5

1)
t
2)
t ( )
3) 3jˆ − 2iˆ × 10
5

mu cos 30 2mu cos 30 4) ( 2i

ˆ 3jˆ ) ×10 −5
3) 4)
=
t t

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

13. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. 18. A block of mass 2 kg is on a table. A horizontal
The exhaust speed is 800 ms–1. To give an force of 6 N is applied on the block. In this
initial upward acceleration of 20 ms–2, the case the friction is (μs = 0.4)
amount of gas ejected per second to supply
the needed thrust will be ( g= 10 ms–2) 1) 8N

1) 127.5 kg s–1 2) 187.5 kg s­–1 2) 0 N

3) 185.5 kg s–1 4) 137.5 kg s–1 3) 6 N

4) None
14. A block of mass 4 kg is placed on a rough
horizontal plane. The time dependent force 19. A block of mass m lying on a rough horizontal
F=Kt2 acts on the block where K = 2N/s2. surface of friction coefficient μ is pulled
Co-efficient of friction μ = 0.8. Force of friction by a force F as shown, the limiting friction
between the block and the plane at t =2s is between the block and surface will be
1) 32 N 2) 4 N
3) 2 N 4) 8 N
15. Determine the maximum acceleration of the
train in which a box lying on the floor will
remain stationary. Given that the co-efficient
of static friction between the box and the
train’s floor is 0.15
 F
1) 1.5 m/s2 2) 2.5 m/s2 1) μ mg 2) µ  mg + 
 2
3) 2 m/s2 4) 1 m/s­2
16. A chain of length L remains in limiting 
 F 3F 
equilibrium with a length x hanging down 3) µ  mg −  4) µ  mg − 
from a rough horizontal table. The coefficient  2  2 
of friction between table and surface is :
20. Assertion : Force is required to move a
x L+x body uniformly along a circle.
1) 2)
L L Reason : When the motion is uniform
circular motion, acceleration
is zero
L−x x
3) 4) 1) If both assertion and reason are correct
L L−x
and reason is a correct explanation of the
17. When a body is placed on a rough plane assertion
inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal, its 2) If both assertion and reason are correct
acceleration is and reason is not the correct explanation of
1) g(sin θ – cos θ) the assertion

2) g(sin θ–μ cos θ) 3) If assertion is correct but reason is

incorrect
3) g(μ sin θ–cosθ)
4) If assertion is incorrect but reason is
4) gμ(sin θ–cos θ) correct

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

21. A car of mass 1000 kg negotiates a banked 3. Two blocks A and B of masses 2m and m
curve of radius 90 m on a frictionless road. respectively are connected by a massless
If the banking angle is 45o, then the speed and in extensible string. The whole system is
of the car is [g=10 ms–2] suspended by a massless spring as shown in
the figure. The magnitudes of accelerations
1) 20 m/s 2) 30 m/s of A and B immediately after the string is cut
are respectively
3) 5 m/s 4) 10 m/s

22. A bend in a level road has a radius of 100

m. Find the maximum speed which a car
turning this bend may have without skidding
(μs = 0.8) [g = 9.8 ms–2]

1) 15 m/s 2) 26 m/s

3) 28 m/s 4) 38 m/s

QUESTIONS LEVEL - II
g
1) g,
1. A balloon with mass m is descending down 2
with an acceleration a (where a < g). How
much mass should be removed from it so that g
2) ,g
it starts moving up with same acceleration. 2
(Volume of balloon remains constant)
3) g, g
2ma 2ma
1) 2)
g+a g−a g g
4) ,
2 2
ma ma
3) 4) 4. A body of mass 5 kg is hanging from a string
g+a g−a of negligible mass. A horizontal force F is
applied at a point of string due to which two
2. What will be the tension at a distance x from parts of string include an angle of 150o, find
right end of a uniform rope as shown. the force applied and also the tension in the
upper part of the string

1) F = 29 N, T = 50 N

2) F = 50N, T= 29 N

 x  x
1) F 1 +  2) F 1 −  3) F = 29 N, T = 58 N
 L  L

3) F+ xL 4) F –xL 4) F =58 N, T = 29 N

65
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined 9. A block A of mass m1 rests on a horizontal

surface with angle of inclination α. The incline table. A light string connected to it passes
is given an acceleration a to keep the block over a frictionless pulley at the edge of table
stationary. Then a is equal to and from its other end another block B of
mass m2 is suspended. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the
table is μk. When the block A is sliding on
the table, the tension in the string is
( m 2 − µ k m1 ) g
1)
( m1 + m 2 )

m1m 2 (1 + µ k ) g
1) g 2) g tan α 2)
3) g/tan α 4) g cos ecα
( m1 + m 2 )
6. Find the reaction between two blocks (Block
A doesn’t slide on B) m1m 2 (1 − µ k ) g
3)
( m1 + m 2 )

( m 2 + µ k m1 ) g
4)
( m1 + m 2 )
1) F 2) F 2 10. Consider the situation shown in the figure.
The minimum value of m so that block do not
move is :
3) F 4) 3F
3
7. In the figure shown all surfaces are smooth,
find the force acting between 4 kg block and
10 kg block

1) 4 kg 2) 6 kg
1) 70 N 2) 40 N 3) 8 kg 4) 10 kg
3) 30 N 4) 20 N 11. In the given system, find the minimum mass
8. A disc of mass 100 g is kept floating of block to start slipping of block 2 kg
horizontally in air by firing bullets each of
mass 5 g with same velocity at the same
rate of 10 bullets per second. If the bullets 45o
rebound with the same speed in opposite 2kg
direction, the velocity of each bullet at the
μ=0.3
time of impact is
m
1) 196 cm s–1 2) 9.8 cm s–1
1) 0.4 kg 2) 0.6 kg
3) 98 cm s–1 4) 980 cm s–1 3) 0.8 kg 4) 1 kg

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

12. A given object takes n times as much time 14. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on a truck
to slide down a 45o rough incline as it takes as shown in figure. The coefficient of kinetic
to slide down a perfectly smooth 45o incline. friction between the block and surface is 0.5.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the The truck starts from rest and moves with
object and the incline is given by acceleration 8 m/s2. After how much time the
block fall off the truck
1
1) µ k =
(1 − n 2 )
1
2) µ k = 1 −
n2

1
3) µ k = 1) 4s 2) 3s
(1 − n 2 )
3) 2s 4) 1.5s

 1  15. The coefficient of static friction between two

4) 1 − 2  surfaces μs = 0.8. The tension in string shown
 n 
in figure is
13. A system of three masses A, B and C shown
in figure is pushed by a force F. All surfaces
are smooth except between B and C. Static
frictional coefficient between B and C is μ.
Minimum value of F to prevent block B from
downward slipping is

3mg 1) 0 2) 6 N
1)
2µ 3) 4 N 4) 8 N

5mg 16. A circular race track of radius 240 m is

2) banked at an angle of 45o. If the coefficient
2µ of friction between the wheels of a race car
and the rod is 0.2 the maximum permissible
5µmg speed to avoid slipping is
3)
2
[Acceleration due to gravity g=10 ms–2]

3µmg 1) 40 ms–1 2) 60 ms–1

4)
2
3) 72 ms–1 4)50 ms–1

67
Chapter

05 WORK ENERGY POWER

TEACHING POINTS
► Work done
♦ By constant forces
♦ By variable forces
► Work done from graph
► Conservative and non-conservative forces
► Energy
♦ Kinetic energy
♦ Relation between K.E. and momentum
► Potential energy and conservative forces
♦ Gravitational P.E.
♦ Elastic P.E.
► Equilibrium of a body
♦ Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
► Work-energy theorem
► Conservation of mechanical energy
► Power
♦ Instantaneous power
♦ Average power
► Work -done by constant and variable power
► Power -time graph
► Efficiency
► Collisions
♦ Perfectly elastic collision
♦ Perfectly inelastic collision
♦ Inelastic collision
► One dimensional and two dimensional collisions
► Rebounding of ball after collision with ground [Normal collision]

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and Reason is the correct explanation of
1. A 10 kg satellite completes one revolution Assertion
around the earth at a height of 100 km in 108
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and
minutes. The work done by the gravitational
the Reason is not the correct explanation of
force of earth will be
Assertion
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
1)108 × 100 ×10J
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false
3. Assertion : Work done by a non
108 ×10 conservative force may be
2) J
100 positive or negative.
Reason : Work done by a force is the
100 ×10 dot product of the force and
3) J
108 the displacement of point of
application of force.
4) zero 4. A body is displaced from (0,0) to (1m, 1m)
( )
F x 2 ˆj + yjˆ N .
along the path x = y by a force=

2. Force and position graph of a particle is The work done by this force will be
given. Find the position at which work done
becomes zero 4 5
1) J 2) J
3 6

3 7
3) J 4) J
2 5
5. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is
lying on a smooth table and one-third of its
length is hanging vertically down over the
edge of the table. If g is acceleration due
to gravity, then work required to pull the
hanging part onto the table
1) MgL
1) 12.5m MgL
2)
3
2) 30m
MgL
3)
9
3) 15m

MgL
4) 27.5m 4)
18

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

6. A body of mass 3kg is under a force which 9. Two springs of spring constants 1500 N/m
cau s e s a d i s p l a c e m e n t i n i t , g i v e n and 3000 N/m respectively are stretched
t2 with the same force. They will have potential
S= ( in m ) . The work done by the force energy in the ratio
3
in 2 seconds 1) 4:1
1) 2J 2) 3.8J
2) 1:4
3) 5.2J 4) 2.6J
7. A toy car of mass 5kg starts from rest and 3) 2:1
moves up a ramp under the influence of force
F(F is applied in the direction of velocity) 4) 1:2
plotted against displacement x. The maximum
height(attained) is given by 10. The work required to stretch an ideal spring
by 2 cm is w. Find the extra work required
to stretch the same spring by an addition
distance of 8 cm

1) 24 w

2) 25 w

3) 50 w

4) 10 w

11. Velocity time graph for a body of mass 10kg

is shown in the figure. The work done on the
body in first 2 seconds of the motion is
1)

2)

3)

4)
8. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r
under the action of force F=αr2 which is
directed towards centre of the circle. The total
mechanical energy (KE + PE) of the particle
is (take PE = 0 for r = 0) 1) –9300J

1 3 2) 1200J
1)αr3 2) αr
2
3) –4500J
4 3 53
3) αr 4) αr 4) –12000J
3 6

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

12. The potential energy of a system is 14. A body is moved along a straight line by
represented in the first figure. The force a machine delivering constant power. The
acting on the system will be represented by distance moved by the body in time t is
proportional to:
1
1) t 2) t 2

3 2
3) t 2
4) t 3

15. A machine delivers power to a body which is

proportional to velocity of the body. If the body
1)
starts with a velocity which is almost negligible,
then the distance covered by the body is
proportional to
3
1) V 2) V 2

5
3) V 3
4) V2
2)
16. A body of mass m1 makes a perfect elastic
collision with another body of mass m2 at rest.
After collision they fly apart in opposite direction
m1
with equal speeds. The ratio m 2 is
3)
1) 1 :1 2) 1 : 2
3) 1 : 3 4) 3 : 1
17. A solid sphere makes an elastic collision with a
stationary sphere of half its radius. After collision
the first sphere comes to rest. The ratio of
densities of the materials of the spheres is
4)
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1
3) 1 : 8 4) 8 : 1
18. A sphere A of mass m moving with velocity u
collides head on with sphere B of same mass
at rest. If e is the coefficient of restitution, what

13. An engine exerts a force F= ( 20i − 3jˆ + 5kˆ ) N will be the ratio of the final velocity and initial
velocity of the ball A

(
and moves with velocity v = 6iˆ + 20ˆj − 3kˆ ) 1)
1− e
2)
1+ e
1+ e 2
m/s. The power of the engine (in watt) is:
1) 45 2) 75
1− e
3) 1 – e 4)
2
3) 20 4) 10

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

19. A ball of mass m moving with speed u undergoes

a head-on elastic collision with a ball of mass QUESTIONS LEVEL - II
nm initially at rest. The fraction of the incident
energy transferred to the second ball is 1. A block of mass m is suspended by a
n n light thread from an elevator. The elevator
1) 2) is accelerating upward with uniform
(1 + n ) (1 + n )
2
acceleration a. The work done by tension
on the block during t seconds is (u = 0)
2n 4n
3) 4)
(1 + n ) (1 + n )
2 2

20. Two identical balls A and B moving with

velocities +0.5 m/s and –0.3 m/s respectively,
collide head on elastically. The velociteis
of the balls A and B after collision, will be,
respectively
1) +0.5 m/s and +0.3 m/s
2) –0.3 m/s and +0.5 m/s m
1) ( g + a ) at 2
3) +0.3 m/s and 0.5 m/s 2
4) –0.5 m/s and +0.3 m/s m
2) ( g − a ) at 2
2
21. Two putty balls of equal mass moving with
equal velocity  45 2m/s  in mutually m 2
3) gat
perpendicular direction, stick together after 2
collision. The velocity of combined mass after 4) 0
collision is
2. A running man has half the kinetic energy
1) 22.5 2 m/s 2) 90 m/s of that of a boy of half of his mass. The man
speeds up by 1 m/s so as to have same K.E.
3) 45m/s 4) 5m/s as that of boy. The original speed of the man
22. Stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a will be
vertical circle with other end of the string of the
centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is 1) 2 m/s
at its lowest position and has a speed u. The
magnitude of its change in its velocity as it
reaches a position where string is horizontal. 2) ( )
2 − 1 m/s

1) u 2 − gL 1
3) m/s
2) 2gL
( 2 −1 )
3) u 2 − gL 1
4) m/s
2
4) 2 ( u 2 − gL )

72
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

3. Figure shows a smooth curved track terminating 6. A block of mass M slides along the sides of
in a smooth horizontal path. A spring of spring a bowl as shown in the figure. The walls of
constant 400 N/m is attached at one end to the the bowl are frictionless and the base has
wedge fixed rigidly with the horizontal part. A 40 co-efficient of friction 0.2. If the block is
g mass is released from rest at a height of 5m released from the top of the side, which is
on the curved track. The maximum compression 1.5m high, where will the block come to rest
of the spring is ? Given that the length of the base is 15m.

1) 10 cm

2) 5 cm
1) 1 m from P
3) 12 cm
2) Mid-point of PQ
4) 8 cm
3) 2 m from P
Assertion and Reason Type Questions
4) At Q
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and Reason is the correct explanation of 7. A bus of mass 104kg moves on a rough road
Assertion with a constant acceleration of 2m/s2. The
friction of the road is 9% of its weight and that
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and of air is 1% of its weight. What is the power
the Reason is not the correct explanation of
of the engine where the speed is 72 km/h
Assertion
(g = 10 m/s2)
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
1) 500 kW
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false
2) 600 kW
4. Assertion : Total energy is negative for a
bound system. 3) 450 kW

Reason : The magnitude of PE of a 4) 200 kW

bound system is greater than
that of KE and PE is negative 8. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg
for a bound system. 3 2
varies with time as P = t watt (t is in
2
5. A block of mass 3 kg start from rest and slides seconds). If the velocity of the particle at t = 0
down a curved path in the shape of a quarter is zero, the velocity of the particle at t = 2
circle of radius 2 m and reaches the bottom of second will be
path with a 4 m/s apeed. If g is 10 ms–2­, the
amount of work done against friction is 1) 1 m/s 2) 2 m/s
1) 60 J 2) 36 J 3
3) 3 m/s 4) m/s
3) 24 J 4) 12 J
2

73
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

9. A block of mass 1 Kg is released from rest 13. A particle of mass m moving in the X direction
at t = 0 to fall freely under gravity. Power of with speed 2V is hit by another particle of
gravitational force acting on it at t = 2s is mass 2m moving in the Y direction with speed
(g = 10 m/s2) V. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the
percentage loss in the energy during collision
1) 200 watts 2) 10 watts is close to

3) 100 watts 4) zero 1) 50% 2) 56%

10. From a waterfall, water is falling at the rate of 3) 62% 4) 44%
100 kg/s on the blades of turbine. If the height
of the fall is 100 m then the power delivered 14. A body of mass 2 kg is placed on a horizontal
to the turbine is approximately equal to frictionless surface. It is connected to one
end of a spring whose force constant is 250
1) 100 kW N/m. The other end of the spring is joined with
the wall. A particle of mass 0.15 kg moving
2) 10 kW
horizontally with speed v sticks to the body
3) 1 kW after collision. If it compresses the spring by
10cm. the velocity of the particle is
4) 1000 kW

11. A body of mass m moving horizontally with a

velocity v0 strikes a pendulum of equal mass
m. The two bodies stick together after collision.
Then the height up to which the pendulum rises
is
1) 3 m/s 2) 5 m/s
v v2
1) 0 2) 0
8g 4g 3) 10 m/s 4) 15 m/s

15. As per given figure to complete the circular

v2 v2
3) 0 4) 0 loop what should be the radius if initial height
8g 2g is 5 m
12. A ball is let fall from a height h0. There are
n collisions with the earth. If the velocity of
rebound after n collisions is vn and the ball rises
to a height hn, then coefficient of restitution e is
given by

n h0 n h0
1) e = 2) e =
h0 hn
1) 4m

2) 3 m

hn hn 4) 2.5 m
3) ne = 4) ne =
h0 h0 4) 2 m

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

16. The mass of the bob of a simple pendulum 18. A girl in swing is 2.5 m above ground at
of length L is m. If the bob is left from its the maximum height and at 1.5 m above
horizontal position then the speed of the bob the ground at lowest point. Her maximum
and the tension in the thread in the lowest velocity in swing is [ g=10 ms–2]
position of the bob will be respectively

−1
1) 5 2ms

−1
2) 2 5 ms

−1
3) 2 3 ms

−1
4) 3 2 ms
1) 2gL and 3mg 2) 3mg and 2gL

3) 2mg and 2g 4) 2 g  and 3mg 19. Potential energy as a function of r is given
A B
17. A particle suspended from a string of length U
by = − , where r is interatomic
r10 r 5
 s given a horizontal speed u = 3 g at the
distance, A and B are positive constants. The
bottom. Then for the particle match the
equilibrium distance between the two atoms
following column
will be

1
 A 5
1)  
B

Column I Column II 1

A) Speed at B P) 7 mg  B 5
2)  
B) Speed at C Q) A
5g
C) Tension in string B R) 7g 1
 2A  5
D) Tension in string C S) 4 mg 3)  
 B 
1) A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
2) A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S
1
3) A-P, B-Q, C-S, D-R  B 5
4)  
4) A-Q, B-P, C-S, D-R  2A 

75
Chapter
SYSTEM PARTICLES AND RIGID
06 BODY ROTATION

TEACHING POINTS

► Centre of Mass

♦ Two particle system

♦ Multi particle system

♦ Uniform rigid body

♦ Residual bodies

♦ Motion of centre of mass

♦ Centre of gravity

► Moment of Inertia (MI)

♦ MI of discrete particle system

♦ MI of uniform rigid symmetric bodies

♦ Parallel and perpendicular axes theorem and their application

♦ Radius of gyration

► Basic concept of rotational motion

♦ Relation between V and ω

♦ Relation between a and α

♦ Kinematic equations

► Torque

♦ Mathematical and physical explanation of torque

♦ Couple of forces

♦ Rotational equilibrium - Principal of moments

76
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

► Angular momentum

♦ Geometrical meaning of angular momentum

♦ Relation between torque and angular momentum

♦ Conservation of angular momentum and its applications

● Rotational KE

● Work energy theorem in rotational motion

● Rotational power

● Angular impulse

● Combined translational and Rotational motion

● Pure rolling

● Rolling motion on an inclined plane

77
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

3. Two masses m 1 = nm and m 2 = m are

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I connected by a light inextensible string and
suspended by means of a weightless pulley
as shown in the figure. Assuming that both
1. Two balls each of mass m are placed on the masses start from rest the distance
the vertices A and B of an equilateral ΔABC travelled by centre of mass in t seconds [n > 1]
of side 1m. A ball of mass 2m is placed at
vertex C. The centre of mass of this system
from vertex A (located at origin) is

1
1) ( n − 1) gt ×
2 2

1 1 2
1) m, m  n +1  2 1
2 2 2)   gt ×
 n −1  2
1 
2)  m, 3m 
2  2
 n −1  2 1
3)   gt ×
1  n +1  2
3 
3)  m, m
2 4 
 n +1  2 1
4)   gt ×
 n −1  2
 3 3 
4)  m, m
 4 4  4. A projectile launched upwards for maximum
range R from point O on level ground,
2. Three bodies having mass 5 kg, 4 kg and explodes into two fragments of equal masses
2kg is moving at the speed of 5 m/s, 4 m/s when it was at maximum height. One of the
and 2 m/s, respectively along X-axis. The fragments reaches back to point of projection
magnitude of velocity of centre of mass is O. The point where the other one reaches
ground will be at a distance (Take point of
1) 1.0 m/s projection as origin)

1) R from O
2) 4 m/s
2) 2R from O

3) 0.9 m/s 3) 4R from O

R
4) 1.3 m/s 4) from O
2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. Two identical rods of mass M and length l 8. Consider a uniform square plate of side a and
are lying in a horizontal plane at an angle α. mass m. The moment of inertia of this plate
The moment of inertia of the system of two about an axis perpendicular to its plane and
rods about an axis passing through O and passing through one of its corner is
perpendicular to the plane of the rod is
5 2 1
1) ma 2) ma 2
α 6 12
7 2 2
3) ma 2 4) ma
12 3
O
9. A wheel of radius 20 cm has forces applied
to it as shown in figure. The net torque on
the wheel about its axis is

1) Ml2/3
2) Ml2/12
3) Ml2/4
4) Ml2/6
6. Find ratio of radius of gyration of a disc and
ring of same radii at their trangential axis is
plane.
1) 5.4 Nm anticlockwise
5 5
1) 2) 2) 1.8 Nm clockwise
6 3
3) 2 Nm clockwise
2 4) 3.4 Nm anticlockwise
3) 1 4)
3 10. Two men are carrying a uniform bar of length
L on their head, the bar is held horizontally
7. A light rod of length l has two masses m1 such that the younger mas gets (1/4)th load.
and m2 are attached to its two ends. The Suppose the younger man is at the end of
moment of inertia of the system about an the bar, what is the distance of other man
axis perpendicular to the rod and passing from that end ?
through the centre of mass is
L
1)
1) m1m 2 l 2 3

L
m1m 2 2)
2) l2 2
( m1 + m 2 )
2L
m1m 2 3)
3) l2 3
( m1 − m 2 )
3L
4) ( m1 + m 2 ) l 4)
2
2

79
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

11. A mass m is supported by a massless string 14. A particle of mass 1 kg is moving along the
wound round a uniform cylinder of mass m line y = x +2 (x and y in m) with speed 2m/s.
and radius R. On releasing the mass from The magnitude of angular momentum of the
rest, it will fall with an acceleration particle about the origin is

1) 4 kg m2s–1

2 −1
2) 2 2kg m s

2 −1
3) 4 2 kg m s

4) 2 kg m2s–1
1) g 2) g/2
2g 3g 15. A wheel of radius R = 0.1 m is rolling without
3) 4) slipping on a horizontal surface as shown
3 4
in figure. Centre of the wheel moves with a
−1
12. A flywheel of moment of inertia 0.4 kg-m2 and constant speed 3 m s . The speed of the
radius 0.2 m is free to rotate about a central point P, with respect to ground is
axis. If a string is wrapped around it and it is
pulled with a force of 10 N, then its angular
velocity after 4 s will be 60° P

1) 10 rads–1
O
2) 5 rads-1
3) 20 rads-1
4) None of these
13. A rod of weight w is suppported by two 1) 2 3 ms
−1

parallel knife edges A and B; and is in

equilibrium in a horizontal position. The
2) zero
knives are at a distance d from each other.
The centre of mass of the rod is at distance
x from A. The normal reaction on A is 3) 3 ms–1

wx
1) 4) 3 m s −1
d
16. When a body rolls without sliding up an
wd inclined plane, the frictional force is
2)
x
1) directed up the plane
w (d − x )
3) 2) directed down the plane
x
3) zero
w (d − x )
4)
d 4) dependent on its velocity

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. Density of material of solid sphere is twelve

QUESTIONS LEVEL - II times that of solid circular cone

1. The centre of mass of three particles of

masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3kg is at (3, 3, 3)
with reference to a fixed coordinate system.
Where should a fourth particle of mass 4 a
kg be placed, so that the centre of mass of
the system of all particles shifts to a point
(1,1,1)?
1) (–1, –1, –1) 2) (–2, –2, –2) 4a
3) (2, 2, 2) 4) (1, 1,1)
2. Three identical spheres of mass M each
are placed at the corners of an equilateral 2a
triangle of side 2 m. Taking one of the corner x
as the origin, the position vector of the centre (0,0)
of mass is
Distance of centre of mass from the origin is
î
1) ( )
3 ˆi − ˆj 2)
3
+ ĵ 1) 2a 2) 3a
3) 4a 4) 1.5a
5. Two masses, 10 kg and 30 kg are kept on
ˆi + ˆj ĵ a vertical line. The 10 kg mass is raised by
3) 4) î +
3 3 7cm. What is the distance to be moved by the
30kg mass to get the centre of mass raised
3. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped by 1cm
lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as
shown in the figure alongside. The mass of 1) 1 cm downwards 2) 1 cm upwards
the lamina is 3 kg.
3) 3 cm downwards 4) 7 cm upwards

6. Two particles of equal masses have velocities

v1 = 4iˆ ms −1 and v 2 = 4ˆjms −1 . First particle

a1
has an acceleration = ( 2iˆ + 2ˆj) ms −2
, while

the acceleration of the other particle is zero.

The centre of mass of the two particles
moves in path of

1) straight line
1) (5/6)m, (5/6)m
2) parabola
2) (3/4)m, (3/4)m
2) (5/8)m, (5/8)m 3) circle

4) (3/5)m, (3/5)m 4) ellipse

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a 11. From a uniform circular disc of radius R and
trolley weighing 320 kg. The trolley is R
resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If the mass 9 M, a small disc of radius is
3
man starts walking on the trolley along the
rails at a speed of 1 m/s. Then after 4s his removed as shown in the figure. The moment
displacement relative to ground will be : of inertia of the remaining disc about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of the disc and
1) 5 m 2) 4.8 m passing through centre of disc is
3) 3.2 m 4) 4 m
8. A uniform square plate and a disc having
same mass per unit area are kept in contact
as shown. The side of square and diameter
of disc are both equal to L. The position of
COM of system w.r.t the centre of square

40
πL πL 1) 4 MR2 2) MR 2
1) 2) 9
π+2 π+4
37
πL 2πL 3) 10 MR2 4) MR 2
3) 4) 9
π +1 π+2
12. A cord of negligible mass is wound round
9. A thin wire of mass M and length L is bent
the rim of a flywheel (disc) of mass 20 kg
to form circular ring. The moment of inertia
and radius 20 cm. A steady pull of 25 N is
of this ring about its axis is
applied on the cord as shown in figure. The
1 1 flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle with
1) ML2 2) ML2
4π 2
12 frictionless bearings.

1 1
3) ML2 4) ML2
3π2 π2
R
10. Two solid spheres A and B are made of
metals of different densities ρ A and ρ B,
respectively. If their masses are equal, then M=20 kg
the ratio of their moments of inertia (IB/IA) R=20 cm
about their respective diameters is
2/3 2/3
F=25 N
ρ  ρ 
1)  B  2)  A 
 ρA   ρB  Compute the angular acceleration of the
flywheel.
ρA ρB 1) 12.50 s–2 2) 6 s–2
3) 4)
ρB ρA 3) 10 s–2 4) 8 s–2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

13. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular 17. A thin uniform rod of mass m and length l
speed of 100 rads–1, an engine needs to has a particle of mass m fixed at one end
transmit torque of 100 N-m. The power of as shown.
the engine is
1) 10 kW 2) 100 kW
3) 10 kW 4) 100 MW
14. A rod PQ of mass M and length L is hinged
at end P. The rod is kept horizontal by a
massless string tied to point Q as shown in C is the midpoint of AB and D is the
figure. When string is cut, the initial angular midpoint of AC. Its moment of inertia about
acceleration of the rod is an axis passing through the point D and
perpendicular to the length is

2 2
1) ml
3

ml2
2)
54
2g 2g
1) 2) 3) ml2
L 3L

3g g 17 2
3) 4) 4) ml
2L L 24

15. A solid sphere of mass m and radius R is 18. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating
rotating about its diameter. A solid cylinder about their regular axis passing through
of the same mass and same radius is also centre and perpendicular to the plane of disc
rotating about its geometrical axis with an with angular velocities ω1 and ω2. They are
angular speed twice that of the sphere. The brought into contact face to face coinciding
ratio of their kinetic energies of rotation the axis of rotation. The expression for loss
(KEsphere/KEcylinder) will be of energy during this process is

1) 3: 1 2) 2 : 3
1
I ( ω1 + ω2 )
2
3) 1: 5 4) 1 : 4 1)
2
16. A meter stick is held vertically with one end
of it on the floor and is then allowed to fall.
1
I ( ω1 − ω2 )
2
Find the speed if other end which it hits the 2)
floor (assuming that the end of stick does not 4
slip)
3) I ( ω1 − ω2 )
2
1) 3.2 m/s
2) 5.4 m/s
3) 7.5 m/s I
( ω1 − ω2 )
2
4)
4) 9.2 m/s 8

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

19. A non uniform bar AB of length 2m and 22. A circular disc of mass M and radius R can
weight W is suspended at rest by two strings rotate freely about an axis passing through
of negligible weight as shown in figure. The its centre and perpendicular to its plane. A
distance d of centre of gravity from end A. bullet of mass m travelling with speed v hits
the disc as shown and gets stuck to it. The
angular velocity of the system if the disc was
initially at rest. (M = 2m)

1) 1.2 m 2) 0.6 m

3) 0.72 m 4) 0.5 m

20. For the equilibrium of the system shown, the

value of mass m will be V
1)
4R

V
2)
6R

V
3)
R
1) 9 kg 2) 12 kg
3V
3) 21 kg 4) 4.5 kg 4)
2R
21. A man stands on a platform rotating with 23. A thin horizontal circular disc is rotating about
an angular speed of 30 rpm with his arms a vertical axis passing through its centre. An
stretched horizontally holding 5 kg in each insect is at rest at a point near the rim of disc.
hand. The man then brings his arms close The insect now moves along a diameter of
to his body with the distance of each weight
the disc to reach its other end. During the
from axis changing from 90 cm to 20 cm.
journey of the insect, the angular speed of
Assuming that the turn table rotates without
the disc
friction and the moment of inertia of the man
together with platform remains constant
equal to 7.6 kg m2. His new angular speed 1) continuously decreases

1) 80 rpm
2) continuously increases
2) 67 rpm
3) first increases and then decreases
3) 59 rpm

4) 40 rpm 4) remains unchanged

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

24. A small object of uniform density rolls up a 25. Different bodies are rolling without slipping
rough curved surface with an initial velocity V.
3v 2 Translational KE
It reaches upto a maximum height of , Body
4g Total KE
with respect to its initial position. The object 5
is A) Ring P) 7

3v 2 B) Disc Q) 2
ω h= 3
4g
V C) Solid sphere R) 1
2
D) Hollow sphere S) 3
5
1) ring
1) A→R, B→Q, C→P, D→S
2) solid sphere
2) A→R, B→Q, C→S, D→P
3) hollow sphere
3) A→S, B→P, C→R, D→Q
4) disc
4) A→R, B→Q, C→S, D→P

85
Chapter

07 GRAVITATION

TEACHING POINTS

► Universal law of gravitation

♦ Characteristics of gravitational force

♦ Vector form of Newton's law of gravitation

♦ Principle of superposition

► Acceleration due to gravity (g)

♦ Mass and density of earth

♦ Relation between acceleration due to gravity and density of earth

♦ Variation of acceleration due to gravity with altitude and depth

► Gravitational field

♦ Gravitational field intensity

♦ Field due to print mass

♦ Field due to spherical shell

♦ Field due to solid sphere

♦ Null point

♦ Principle of super position of gravitational field

► Gravitational potential

♦ Potential due to point mass

♦ Potential due to spherical shell

♦ Potential due to solid sphere

♦ Relation between field and potential

♦ Principle of super position

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

► Gravitational potential Energy

♦ PE due to two particle system

♦ PE due to many particle system

♦ Work done to raise a particle to a height

♦ Work done for changing configuration

► Escape velocity

► Satellites

♦ Types of satellites (Geostationary and polar)

♦ Orbital velocity

♦ Time period

♦ KE, PE and total energy

♦ Weightlessness

► Kepler's Law

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. The height at which the acceleration due to

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I
gravity becomes
1
times the value at the
n
1. Four point masses each of mass m are
placed on the corner of a square of side 'a'. surface of the earth (of radius R), is:
Calculate the magnitude of gravitational force
experienced on each particle :
1) R n
m m

( n − 1)
a 2) R
n

m m ( n − 1)
3) R
2n
Gm 2 Gm 2 1 
1) (
2 2 +1 ) 2)

1 + 2 
2a 2 2a 2   4) ( n −1 R )
Gm 2 GM 2
3) 4
a2
4) 2
a2
(1+ 2 2 ) 5. If value of acceleration due to gravity at the
surface of a sphere is am, then its value is
am
at a distance _____ from the centre :
2. Two particles of mass m1 and m2, approach 3
each other due to their mutual gravitational
attraction only. Then r
1)
1) acceleration of both the particles are equal 3

2) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is r

2)
proportional to m1 2
3) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is r
proportional to m2 3)
2
4) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is
inversely proportional to m1 r
4)
3
3. The diameter of two planets are in the ratio
4:1 and their mean densities are in the ratio 6. A body weighs W newton on the surface
1:2. The acceleration due to gravity on the of the earth. It's weight at a height equal to
planets will be in ratio one-third the radius of the earth is :
1) 1:2
8 9
2) 2:3 1) W 2) W
27 16
3) 2:1
2 W
3) W 4)
4) 4:1 3 2

88
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. There are two bodies of masses 100 kg and 10. The escape velocity from the earth is Ve. The
10000 kg separated by a distance 1m. At what escape velocity from planet whose radius is
distance from the smaller body, the intensity of four times and density is 9 times that of the
gravitational field will be zero? earth is

1 1) 36 Ve 2) 12 Ve
1) m
9 3) 6 Ve 4) 20 Ve
1 11. Two satellites A and B go round a planet
2) m
10 P in circular orbits having radii 4R and R
respectively. If the speed of the satellite A is
1 3V, the speed of satellite B is
3) m
11
1) 12V
10
4) m 2) 6V
11
4
8. Infinite number of bodies, each of 2 kg, are 3) V
3
situated on x-axis at distance 1m, 2m, 4m,
8m, ..... respectively, from the origin. The
resulting gravitational potential due to this 3
system at the origin will be 4) V
2
1) -G 12. Statement I: The total energy of a satellite
is negative
−8
2) G Statement II: Gravitational potential energy
3 for a bound system is negative
−4 1) Both statement I and II are true
3) G
3
2) Both statement I and II are false
4) -4 G
3) Statement I is true but statement II is false
9. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the 4) Statement I is false but statement II is true
earth’s surface, the gain in potential energy
of the body at a height equal to two times the 13. If T0 time period of the surface satellite of
radius R of the earth will be earth, height of parking orbit above the
surface of earth is about 6 times radius of
the earth, the time period of parking satellite
1) mg2R
in terms of T0 is

2) mg3R 1) 7T0
2) 7T0
1
3) mgR 3) 7 7T0
3
T0
2 4)
4) mgR 7
3

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

14. For a stellite moving in an orbit around the 17. Match list I and List II
earth, the ratio of kinetic energy to potential
energy is : List I List II
1
1) 2 2) Gravitational
2 A)
constant (G)
i)  L2 T −2 

1 Gravitational
B) ii)  M −1L3T −2 
3) 4) 2 potential energy
2
Gravitational
15. If the angular momentum of a planet of mass C) iii)  LT −2 
potential  
m, moving around the sun in a circular orbit
is L, about the centre of the sun, its areal Gravitational
D) iv)  ML2 T −2 
velocity is : Intensity  

L Choose the correct answer from the options

1)
m given below
1) (A) – (ii), (B) – (i), (C) –(iv), (D) –(iii)
4L 2) (A) – (ii), (B) – (iv), (C) –(i), (D) –(iii)
2)
m
3) (A) – (ii), (B) – (iv), (C) –(iii), (D) –(i)
4) (A) – (iv), (B) – (ii), (C) –(i), (D) –(iii)
L
3)
2m
QUESTIONS LEVEL - II

2L 1. Two particles of equal mass ‘m’ go around

4) a circle of radius R under the action of their
m
mutual gravitational attraction. The speed of
each particle with respect to their centre of
16. A planet moving around sun sweeps area
mass is
A1 in 2 days, A2 in 3 days and A3 in 6 days.
Then the relation between A1, A2 and A3 is: Gm
1)
R

Gm
2)
4R

GM
1) 3A1 = 2A2 = A3 3)
3R
2) 2A1 = 3A2 = 6A3
3) 3A1 = 2A2 = 6A3 GM
4)
4) 6A1 = 3A2 = 2A3 2R

90
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

2. Three particles P, Q and R are placed as per 4. The gravitational field at a distance R/2 from
the given figure. Masses of P, Q and R are the centre of the earth is E1. The gravitational
3m, 3m a n d m r e s p e c t i v e l y. T h e field at a height R/2 from the surface of earth
is E2. Then E1/E2 is
gravitational force on a fourth particle ‘S’ of
mass ‘m’ is equal to 1) 3:2 2) 2:3
3) 9:8 4) 8:9
5. A uniform solid sphere of mass ‘m’ and radius
‘r’ is surrounded symmetrically by a uniform
thin spherical shell of radius ‘2r’ and mass
‘m’
1) The gravitational field at a distance of 1.5r
2 Gm
from the centre is
9 r2
2) The gravitational field at a distance of 2.5r
8 Gm
from the centre is
25 r 2
3Gm 2
1) in ST direction only
2d 2 3) The gravitational field at a distance of 1.5r
from the centre is zero
4) The gravitational field between the sphere
3Gm 2 3Gm 2
2) in SQ direction and in and the shell is uniform
2d 2 2d 2
6. A particle of mass M is situated at the centre
SU direction of spherical shell of mass M and radius ‘a’.
3Gm 2 The magnitude of the gravitational potential
3) is SQ direction only a
2d 2 at a point situated at distance from the
2
centre will be
3Gm 2 3Gm 2
4) in SQ direction and in 2GM 3GM
2d 2 2d 2 1) 2)
a a
ST direction

Assertion and Reason

4GM GM
3) 4)
a a
3. Statement I : Acceleration due to gravity
(g) at the centre of earth is 7. The gravitational field intensity and the
zero gravitational potential at the centre of a
Statement II: Inside the earth g varies regular hexagon of side  , the corners of
inversely with distance from which have identical masses of mass m each
the centre of earth. are:

1) Both statements I and II are true −6 Gm −6 Gm

1) 0, 2) 0,
 
2) Both statements I and II are false 2
3) Statement I is true but statement II is false
−6 Gm
4) Statement I is false but statement II is true 3) 0, 4) 0,0
2

91
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are placed 10. A uniform solid sphere of mass M and radius
at a distance r apart. The potential at the R and a hollow sphere of mass M and radius
position where the gravitational field due to R are placed in contact. The work done in
them is zero is moving a mass m from the center of the
hollow sphere to the center of the solid
−G 
1) m1 + m 2 + 2 m1m 2  sphere is
r 
GMm GMm
1) 2)
−G  2R R
2) m1 + m 2 + 3 m1m 2 
r 
3GMm GMm
3) 4) −
−G  2R 2R
3) m1 + m 2 − 2 m1m 2 
r 
11. The escape speed of a projectile on the
−G  earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. A body is
4) m1 − m 2 + 3 m1m 2  projected out with thrice this speed. What
r 
is the speed of the body far away from the
9. P(r) is the magnitude of a physical quantity earth ? Ignore the presence of the sun and
as a function of r (distance from centre of other planets
a spherical distribution of radius R). Match
1) 22.4 km/s
the following columns and select the correct
options from the codes given below 2) 31.7 km/s

3) 11.2 km/s
Column I Column II
P(r) P(r) is variation 4) 2.4 km/s
of gravitational 12. Escape velocity from the surface of the earth
i) p) potential for a is V. An object is dropped from infinity to
uniform solid earth, which passes through a smooth tunnel
O r =R r sphere from the surface of the earth to the centre.
P(r) P(r) is variation Velocity when it reaches the centre is:
of gravitational
ii) q) potential for a 3 4
1) V 2) V
uniform spherical 2 3
O r=R r shell
P(r) P(r) is variation 3) 3V 4) 2V
of gravitational
13. A light planet goes around a massive star in
iii) r) field intensity for
a circular orbit of radius r. If the gravitational
a uniform solid
pull of the star on the planet is proportional
O r=R r sphere −5
P(r) P(r) is variation to r 2
the orbital speed of the planet is
of gravitational
iv) s) field intensity for a proportional to
uniform spherical −7 −3
O r=R r shell 1) r 2
2) r 2

1) i-s; ii-r; iii-q; iv-p 2) i-q; ii-s; iii-r; iv-p

−3 7
3) i-r; ii-q; iii-s; iv-p 4) i-q; ii-r, iii-s; iv-p 3) r 4
4) r 4

92
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

14. Two satellites of earth, S1 and S2 are moving 16. What is the minimum energy required to
in the same orbit. The mass of S1 is four launch a satellite of mass m from the surface
times the mass of S 2 which one of the of a planet of mass M and radius R in a
following statements is true ? circular orbit at an altitude 2 R ?
5GMm
1) Time period of S1 is four times that of S2 1)
6R
2) The potential energies of earth and
satellite in the two cases are equal 2GMm
2)
3) S1 and S2 are moving with same speed 3R

4) The kinetic energies of the two satellites GMm

are equal 3)
2R
15. A satellite is orbiting Earth at a distance
r. Variations of its kinetic energy, potential GMm
4)
energy and total energy is shown in the 3R
figure. Of the three curves shown in figure,
identify the type of mechanical energy they 17. A planet of mass m moves along an elliptical
represent: orbit around the sun of mass Ms, so that
its maximum and minimum distances from
sun are r1 and r2 respectively. The angular
momentum ‘L’ of this planet relative to the
centre of sun is

2GM s r1r2
1) m
r1 − r2

2GM s r1r2
2) m
r1 + r2

1) 1– Potential, 2 – Kinetic, 3 – Total

4GM s r1r2
3) m
2) 1 – Total, 2 – Kinetic 3 – Potential r1 − r2

3) 1– Kinetic, 2 – Total, 3 – Potential 4GM s r1r2

4) m
4) 1– Potential, 2 – Total, 3 – Kinetic r1 + r2

93
 Chapter

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
08 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

TEACHING POINTS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

♦ Elasticity

♦ Deforming force and restoring force

♦ Stress

● Type of stress

♦ Strain

● Types of strain

► Hooke's law

♦ Modulii of elasticity

● Young's modulus

● Shear modulus

● Bulk modulus

♦ Stress - strain curve

♦ Elongation due to self weight

► Analogy of an elastic rod to a spring

► Elastic potential energy

► Energy density

► Breaking stress and breaking force

► Poisson's ratio

► Applications of elasticity

94
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

► Density, relative density
► Average density of a mixture
► Pressure of a fluid
► Variation of pressure with depth in a non-accelerating liquid
► Variation of pressure in an accelerating liquid
► Free surface of a rotating liquid
► Mercury barometer
► U-tube manometer
► Comparison of liquid surfaces in a U-tube
► Pascal's law and hydraulic devices
► Archimedes principle and its applications
HYDRODYNAMICS
► Streamline flow and turbulent flow
► Flow rate
► Equation of continuity
► Bernoulli's principle and its applications
► Torricelli's equation of velocity of efflux
► Venturi-meter
VISCOSITY
► Newton's law of viscosity
► Stoke's law
► Terminal velocity
SURFACE TENSION
► Surface tension and surface force
► Surface energy
► Excess pressure
► Angle of contact
► Capillarity

95
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. The poissons’ ratio of a material is 0.4. If

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I a force is applied to a wire of this material,
there is a decrease of cross-sectional area
1. Two wire of same material and length are by 2%. The percentage increase in its length
stretched by the same force. Their masses is
are in the ratio 3:2. Their elongations are in 1) 1%
the ratio,
2) 0.5%
1) 3:2 3) 2.5%
4) 3.2%
2) 9:4
5. A solid sphere of radius r made of a soft
material of bulk modulus K is surrounded by
3) 2:3
a liquid in a cylindrical container. A massless
piston of area a floats on the surface of the
4) 4:9 liquid, covering entire cross section of
cylindrical container. When a mass m is
2.
9 −2
Bulk modulus of water is 2 × 10 Nm . The placed on the surface of the piston to
compress the liquid, the fractional decrement
change in pressure required to increase the  dr 
in the radius of the sphere,   is
density of water by 0.1% is:  r 

9 −2
1) 2 × 10 Nm mg
1)
Ka
8 −2
2) 2 × 10 Nm
Ka
6 −2 2)
3) 2 × 10 Nm mg

4 −2
4) 2 × 10 Nm Ka
3)
3mg
3. If the work done is stretching a wire by 1
mm is 2 J, the work necessary for stretching
another wire of same material but with mg
4)
double the radius and half the length by 1 3Ka
mm is
6. Breaking stress for steel is 8 ×105 N/m2.
Density of steel is 8 ×10 3 kg m –3. The
1
1) J maximum length of a steel rod that can be
4 suspended without breaking ?
2) 4 J 1) 1000 cm
2) 500 cm
3) 8 J
3) 50 cm
4) 16 J 4) 20

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. Assertion and Reason Type Questions 10. A solid sphere of volume V and density
ρ floats at the interface of two immiscible
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true liquids of densities ρ1 and ρ2 respectively. If
and Reason is the correct explanation of ρ1<ρ<ρ2, then the ratio of the volume of the
Assertion parts of the sphere in the upper and lower
liquid is
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true ρ − ρ1 ρ + ρ1
but Reason is not the correct explanation of 1) 2)
Assertion
ρ2 − ρ1 ρ + ρ2

3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false

ρ2 − ρ ρ + ρ2
3) 4)
ρ − ρ1 ρ + ρ1
4) Both Assertion and Reason are false
11. A piece of solid weighs 120 gwt in air, 80 gwt
Assertion: The maximum height of a in water and 60 gwt in a liquid. The relative
mountain on earth can be density of the solid and that of the liquid are
respectively
estimated from the elastic
behaviour of rocks at the 3
bottom of the mountain 1) 3, 2 2) 2,
4
Reason : At the base of mountain, 3 3
the stress must be less 3) ,2 4) 3,
2 2
than elastic limit of earth’s
supporting material 12. In a capillary tube experiment, a vertical
50cm long capillary tube is dipped in water.
8. The base of a rubber cube of side 3.0cm The water rises upto a height of 20cm due
is fixed at the bottom. A horizontal force of to capillary action. It this experiment is
2.7N is applied on the top face. Calculate conducted in a freely falling elevator, the
the horizontal displacement of the top face length of the water column becomes:
of the cube in the direction of force is :
[G = 1.5 ×105 N/m2]. 1) 50 cm 2) 20 cm

1) 0.2 mm 2) 0.4 mm 3) 30 cm 4) zero

13. The ratio of diameters of an air bubble at the
3) 0.6 mm 4) 0.8 mm bottom and at the surface of a lake is 1 : 2.
What is the depth of the lake? (1 atmospheric
9. In a hydraulic lift, the radius of the large and pressure = 10 m depth of water)
small pistons are in the ratio 20 : 1. What
weight placed on the small piston will be 1) 70 m 2) 60 m
sufficient to lift a car of mass 1500 kg.
3) 80 m 4) 35 m
1) 3.75 kg 14. A hollow ball made of a material of density
4800 kgm–3 just floats in a liquid of density
2) 37.5 kg 1200 kgm–3. The ratio of external volume of
the ball to the volume of the cavity is
3) 7/5 kg
1) 4 : 1 2) 4 : 3
4) 75 kg 3) 2 : 1 4) 6 : 5

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

15. A square plate of 1 m side moves parallel 20. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold of
to a second plate with velocity 4m/s. A thin kg m
layer of water exists between the plates. If density 19.5 3 is
0.2 in a viscous liquid
m s
the viscous force is 2N and the coefficient of
viscosity is 0.01 poise, then find the distance
kg
of density 1.5 3 , find the terminal speed of
between the plates in mm. m
kg
1) 2 mm 2) 4 mm a sphere of silver of density 10.5 3 of the
m
3) 6 mm 4) 8 mm same size in the same liquid.

16. An iceberg is floating in sea water. The m m

1) 0.1 2) 0.2
density of ice is 0.92 g/cc and that of sea s s
water is 1.03g/cc. The percentage of the
iceberg which will be below the surface of m m
water is 3) 1.33 4) 0.4
s s
1) 3% 2) 11%
21. Two stones of same material with radii in the
3) 89% 4) 92% ratio 1 : 2 falls from great height through the
17. Energy needed in breaking drop of radius R atmosphere. The ratio of their momenta after
into n drops of radii r each is given by attaining terminal velocity is:

4 1) 1 : 1 2) 1 : 4
(
1) 4πT nr − R
2 2
) 2) π ( r n − R )
3
3 2
3) 1 : 16 4) 1 : 32
22. Two spherical soap bubbles of diameter
2
(
3) 4πT R − nr
2
) (
2
4) 4πT nr + R
2
) 10cm and 6cm are formed, one at each end
of a narrow horizontal tube. If the surface
18. A capillary tube of radius r is erected vertically tension of the soap solution is 0.03 N/m, then
in water and water rises in it to a height h. the pressure difference in pascal between
The mass of the water in the capillary is 5 g. the two ends of the tube is
Another capillary tube of radius 2 r is erected
in water. The mass of water that will rise in 1) 16 2) 1.6
this tube is: 3) 0.016 4) 0.08
1) 10.0 g 23. Two soap bubbles have their inside pressure
1.01 and 1.02 atmosphere respectively.
2) 20.0 g What is the ratio of their volume.
3) 2.5 g 1) 102 : 101 2) 8 : 1

4) 5.0 g 3) 7 : 8 4) 1 : 2
24. A ball rises to the surface of a liquid with
19. The viscous force acting on a raindrop of
constant velocity. The density of the liquid is
radius 0.35mm falling through air with a
four times the density of the material of the
m
is ( η = 2 × 10 pa − S) ball. The frictional force of the liquid on the
−4
velocity of 1
s rising ball is greater than the weight of the
ball by a factor of
1) 6.6×10-6 N 2) 6.6×10-5 N
1) 9 2) 6
3) 13.2×10-7 N 4) 1.32×10-7 N 3) 3 4) 4

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

25. A horizontal pipe line carries water in a 29. Given below are two statements
stream line flow. At a point along the pipe
where the cross-sectional area is 10cm2, the In the light of the statements, choose the
m most appropriate answer from the options
water velocity is 1 and the pressure is given below
s
2000Pa. What is the pressure of water at
1) Both statement I and statement II are
another point where the cross-sectional area
is 5cm2? correct

1) 200Pa 2) 500Pa 2) Both statement I and statement II are

3) 1350Pa 4) 2700Pa incorrect
26. A water barrel stands on a table of height 3) Statement I is correct but statement II is
h. If a small hole is punched in the side of
incorrect
the barrel at its base, it is found that the
resultant stream of water strikes the ground 4) Statement I is incorrect but statement I is
at a horizontal distance R from the table. correct
What is the depth of water in the barrel?
R2 R2 Statement I : The shape of a small liquid
1) 2) drop is spherical
h 2h
R2 4R 2 Statement II : Water descends while
3) 4) mercury ascends in a
4h h
capillary tube
27. Tanks A and B open at the top contains two
different liquids upto a certain height in them. QUESTIONS LEVEL - II
A hole is made on the wall of each tank at a
depth h from the surface of the liquid. The 1. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L, cross
area of hole in A is twice that in B. If the sectional area A and Young’s modulus Y is
liquid mass flux through each hole is equal acted upon by the forces shown in the figure.
then the ratio of the densities of the liquids The elongation of the rod is
respectively is:
2 3
1) 2)
1 2

2 1 3FL
3) 4) 1)
3 2 5AY

28. Lower end of a glass capillary tube is dipped

in water. Water rises to a height of 8 cm. The
2FL
2)
tube is then broken at a height of 6 cm. The 5AY
height of water column and angle of contact
will be :
3FL
1) 6 cm,sin
−1
( 4)
3 2) 6 cm, cos
−1
( 4)
3 3)
8AY

1 1 8FL

−1
3) 4 cm,sin  
−1
4) 4 cm, cos   4)
2 2 3AY

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

2. Two blocks of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are 5. A load of 1 kg weight is attached to one end
connected to a metal wire passing over a of a steel wire of cross sectional area 3 mm2
smooth pulley as shown in figure. The and Young’s modulus 1011 N/m2. The other
breaking stress of the material of the wire is end is suspended vertically from a hook on
40 a wall, then the load is pulled horizontally
×106 N/m 2 what should be the minimum and released. When the load passes through
3π
its lowest position the fractional change in
radius of the wire. length is ( g = 10 m/s2)
1) 10–4 2) 10–3
3) 103 4) 104
6. A 2 m long light metal rod AB is suspended
from the ceiling horizontally by means of
two vertical wires of equal length tied to its
ends. One wire is of brass and has cross
sectional area of 0.2 ×10–4 m2 and the other
is of steel with 0.1 ×10–4 m2 cross sectional
area in order to have equal stress in the two
wires, a weight w is hang from the rod. The
1) 1 mm 2) 0.5 mm position of the weight along the rod from end
A should be
3) 1.5 mm 4) 2 mm

3. A copper rod of length L and cross sectional

radius r is suspended from the ceiling by
one of its ends. Density of copper is ρ and
Young’s modulus of copper is Y. The PE
stored in the rod due to its own weight is:

ρ2 g 2 L3 πr 2 ρ2 g 2 L3 πr 2
1) 2)
2Y 6Y
1) 66.6 cm 2) 133 cm
3) 44.4 cm 4) 155.6 cm
ρ2 g 2 L2 πr 2 2ρ2 g 2 L2
3) 4) 7. A lift of mass ‘m’ is connected to a rope which
3Y 3Y is moving upward with maximum acceleration
4. The length of a metal wire is 1 when the ‘a’. For maximum safe stress, the elastic limit
of the rope is ‘T’. The minimum diameter of
the rope is (g = gravitational acceleration).
tension in it is T1 and  2 when the tension is
1 1
T2. The original length of the wire is:  2m ( g + a )  2  4m ( g + a )  2
1)   2)  
 πT   πT 
1T2 −  2 T1 1T2 +  2 T1
1) 2)
T2 − T1 T1 + T2
1 1
 m (g + a )  2  m (g + a )  2
1 +  2 3)   4)  
3) 4) 1 2 T1T2  πT   2πT 
2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. A small but heavy block of mass 10 kg is 11. A vertical U tube of uniform inner cross-
attached to a wire 0.3 m long. Its breaking section contains mercury in both sides of
stress is 4.8 ×107 N/m2. The area of cross- its arms. A glycerin (density = 1.3 g cm–3)
section of the wire is 10-6 m2. The maximum column of length 10 cm is introduced into
angular velocity with which the block can be one of its arms. Oil of density 0.8 g/cm3 is
rotated in the horizontal circle is poured into the other arm until the upper
surfaces of the oil and glycerin are in the
1) 4 rad/s 2) 8 rad/s
same horizontal level. Find the length of the
3) 10 rad/s 4) 32 rad/s oil column, density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm3.
9. If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Youngs 1) 10.4 cm 2) 8.2 cm
moduli of steel and copper wires shown in
3) 7.2 cm 4) 9.6 cm
the figure are p, q and s respectively, then
the corresponding ratio of increase in their 12. Two non-mixing liquids of densities ρ and
lengths would be nρ (n > 1) are put in a container. The height
of each liquid is h. A solid cylinder of length
L and density d is put in this container. The
cylinder floats with its axis vertical and length
PL(P<1) in the denser liquid. The density d
is equal to

{ }
1) 1 + ( n + 1) p ρ

{ }
2) 2 + ( n + 1) p ρ

{ }
3) 2 + ( n − 1) p ρ

7q { }
4) 1 + ( n − 1) p ρ
1)
5p 2s 13. A metallic sphere weighing 3 kg in air is held
by a string so as to be completely immersed
5q in a liquid of relative density 0.8. The relative
2) density of metallic sphere is 10. The tension
7sp 2
in the string is :

7sp 2 1) 18.7 N 2) 42.5 N

3)
5q
3) 32.7 N 4) 27.6 N

2q 14. A soap bubble having radius of 1 mm is blown

4)
5sp from a detergent solution having a surface
tension of 2.5 ×10–2 N/m. The pressure inside
10. A soap bubble in vacuum has a radius of 12 the bubble equals at a point Z0 below the free
cm and another soap bubble in vacuum has surface of water in a container. Taking g=10
a radius of 5 cm. If the two bubbles coalesce m/s2 density of water = 103 kg/m3, the value
under isothermal condition, then the radius of Z0 is :
of the new bubble is :
1) 100 cm 2) 10 cm
1) 23 cm 2) 45 cm
3) 13 cm 4) 17 cm 3) 1 cm 4) 0.5 cm

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

15. A streamlined body falls through air from 18. A bent tube is lowered into water stream
a height h on the surface of a liquid. If d as shown in the figure. The velocity of the
and D(D>d) represents the densities of the stream relative to the tube is equal to v=2.5
material of the body and liquid respectively, m/s. The closed upper end of the tube
then the time after which the body will be located at a height of 12 cm has a small
instantaneously at rest, is orifice. To what height h will the water jet
spurt ?
2h 2h D
1) 2) .
g g d

2h d 2h  d 
3) . 4)  
g D g  D−d 

16. A plane is in level flight at constant speed

and each of the two wings has an area of
m
25m2. If the speed of the air is 50 over the
s
1) 20 cm
m
lower wing surface and 65 over the upper 2) 40 cm
s
wing surface, determine the planes mass in 3) zero
kg (Take air density to be 1kgm–3)
4) 50 cm
1) 8000 kg 2) 6400 kg 19. The fresh water behind a reservoir dam
is 15m deep. A horizontal pipe 4 cm in
3) 4400 kg 4) 3150 kg diameter passes through the dam 6m below
the surface. A plug secures the pipe closed.
17. A small hole of area of cross-section 2 mm2 is When the plug is removed, approximately
present near the bottom of a fully filled open what volume of water flows out of the pipe
tank of height 2 m. Taking g = 10 ms–2, the in 3 hours ?
rate of flow of water through the open hole
1) 1200 m2
would be nearly
2) 150 m2
1) 6.4 × 10–6 m3 s–1 2) 12.6 × 10–6 m3 s–1
3) 2460 m3
3) 8.9 × 10–6 m3 s–1 4) 2.23 × 10–6 m3s–1 4) 1600 m3

102
 Chapter
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER,
09 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETIC THEORY

TEACHING POINTS
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
► Heat and temperature
► Thermometry
♦ Thermometers
♦ Different temperature scales and relation between them
► Thermal expansion
♦ Linear expansion
♦ Area expansion
♦ Volume expansion
♦ Expansion of liquids (real and apparent)
♦ Anomalous expansion of water
♦ Variation of time period of pendulum, with temperature
♦ Bimetallic strip
♦ Variation of density with temperature
♦ Variation of reading of measuring scale
► Calorimetry
♦ Principle of calorimetry
♦ Specific heat capacity
♦ Molar heat capacity
♦ Heat capcity
♦ Water equivalent
♦ Law of mixtures
♦ Phase change and phase diagram
♦ Triple point
♦ Latent heat of fusion

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

♦ Latent heat of vaporisation

♦ Heating curve
HEAT TRANSFER
► Conduction
♦ Steady state, heat current
♦ Thermal conductivity
♦ Thermal resistance
♦ Different form for equation of heat current
♦ Combination of thermal conductors
♦ Growth of ice on a lake
► Convection
♦ Natural and forced convection with example
► Radiation
♦ Prevosts theory of exchange
♦ Blackbody and blackbody radiation
♦ Absorptive power, transmitive power, reflective power
♦ Emissive power
♦ Spectral emissive power
♦ Emissivity
♦ Kirchoff's Law
♦ Stefan - Boltzmann law
♦ Wien's displacement law
♦ Newton's law of colling
KINETIC THEORY

► Basic assumptions in kinetic theory

► Boyle's law

► Charle's law

► Gay-Lussac's law

► Ideal gas equation

► Daltorts law of partial pressure

► Pressure of an ideal gas

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

► Translational kinetic energy of gas molecules and kinetic interpretation of temperature

► Runs speed, average speed and most probable speed

► Degrees of freedom and equipartition of energy

► Molar heat capacity of gases and solids

► Mean free path

► Cp, C v and γ of mixture of gases

THERMODYNAMICS
► System and surroundings
► State and equation of state
► Thermodynamics equilibrium
► Indicator diagram
► Zeroth law of thermodynamics
► Work done by a gas
► Internal energy
► Heat transferred
► Ist law of thermodynamics

► Quasi-static process

► Isothermal process

► Isochoric process

► Isobaric process

► Adiabatic process

► Polytropic process

► Free expansion

► Cyclic process

► Heat engines and refrigerator

► Second law of thermodynamics

► Reversible process

► Carnot engine and carnot's theorem

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. A truck driver takes 10000 litres of petrol

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I in a tanker in full from a place where
temperature is 5oC. It is taken to a place
1. If a thermometer reads freezing point of where temperature is 45oC. The amount of
water as 20oC and boiling point as 150oC, petrol overflown if tanker is not thermally
how much, thermometer read when the insulated is
actual temperature is 60oC [ γ of petrol 1.8×10–5/oC and γ of tanker
=1.1×10–5/oC]
1) 98 Co
1) 1.2 L
2) 1.5L
2) 32oC
3) 2.1 L

3) 1400C 4) 2.8 L
5. The apparent coefficient of expansion of a
4) 60oC liquid when heated in a copper vessel is C
and when heated in a silver vessel is S. If A is
the linear coefficient of expansion of copper,
2. A pendulum clock is 5sec fast each day at then the linear coefficient of expansion of
temperature of 15oC and 10 sec slow at a silver is:
temperature of 30oC. The temperature at
which it is designed to give correct time is: C + S − 3A
1)
3
1) 18oC

2) 20oC C + 3A − S
2)
3
3) 24oC
S + 3A − C
3)
4) 25 Co 3

3. If two rods of layer L and 2L having co-

efficients of linear expansion α and 2α C + S + 3A
4)
respectively are connected so that total 3
length is 3L. The average co-efficient of
linear expansion of composite rod will be ? 6. The temperature of equal masses of three
different liquids A, B and C are 12oC, 19oC
and 28oC respectively. The temperature
1) 3α when A and B are mixed is 16oC and when
B and C are mixed is 23oC. The temperature
3 when A and C are mixed is:
2) α
2 1) 18.2oC
5 2) 22oC
3) α
3 3) 20.2oC
4) α 4) 24.2oC

106
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. 100 g of ice at 0oC is added to 100 g of 9. Three rods AB, BC and BD of same length l
water at 30oC. When the system reaches and cross-section A are arranged as shown.
equilibrium, what is the final temperature of The end D is immersed in ice whose mass is
the system and mass of ice remaining? 440 g and is at 0oC. The end C is maintained
at 100oC. Heat is supplied at a constant rate
of 200 cal/sec at A time after which whole ice
1) 30oC, 37.5 gm
will melt is (k = 100 cal/msoC, A=10 cm2, l
= 1 m)
2) 0oC, 37.5 gm

3) 30oC, 62.5 gm

4) 0oC, 62.5 gm

8. Three rods of identical cross section and

made from the same metal form the sides of
an isosceles triangle ABC, right angled at B. 1) 400 sec 2) 600 sec
The points A and B are maintained at 3) 700 sec 4) 800 sec
temperature T and 2T respectively in 10. Ice starts freezing in a lake with water at 0oC,
steady state. Considering only thermal when atmospheric temperature is –10oC. If
conduction the temperature of the point C the time taken for 1cm of ice to be formed is
will be 12 min., the time taken for the thickness of
ice to change from 1cm to 2cm will be
A 1) 24 min 2) 36 min
3) 48 min 4) 18 min
11. The spectrum of black body at two
temperatures 27oC and 327oC is shown. If
A1 and A2 are the areas under the two curves
B C
respectively and λ1 and λ 2 are wavelengths

3T corresponding to maximum emission then

1)
2 +1
T
2)
2 +1

T
3)
3 ( 2 −1) A λ A λ
1) =2
4,=2
4 2)=2
16,
= 2
2
A1 λ1 A1 λ1
T
4) A λ 1 A λ 1
2 −1 3) =2
2,=2
=
4) 2
16,
= 2

A1 λ1 2 A1 λ1 2

107
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

12. The emissive power of a black body at 17. Consider the lung capacity to be 500 cm3 and
T = 300K is 100 W/m2. Consider a body B the pressure therein to be equivalent of 761
of area A = 10m2, co-efficient of reflectivity mmHg. The number of molecules per breath
r = 0.3 and co-efficient of transmission will be [Normal body temperature is 98.6oF]
t = 0.5. Its temperature is 300K. Then which 18 22
of the following is incorrect 1) 2.19 × 10 2) 1.19 × 10

1) the emissive power of B is 20 W/m2 18 19

3) 3 × 10 4) 3.2 × 10
2) the emissive power of B is 200 W/m 2

18. The number of correct statements among

3) the power emitted by B is 200 W below given is:
4) the emissivity of B is 0.2 i) The slope of a isochoric curve is zero on
13. A liquid cools from 50 C to 45 C in 5 min.
o o
a P-V diagram.
and from 45oC to 41.5oC in the next 5 min. ii) Slope of adiabatic curve is more in
The temperature of the surrounding is magnitude in comparison to slope of
1) 27oC 2) 40.3oC isothermal curve.
3) 23.3oC 4) 33.3oC iii) Internal energy is constant for an
14. The mean free path and collision frequency isothermal process.
of nitrogen molecule in a cylinder containing iv) Temperature decreases in adiabatic
nitrogen at 2 atmosphere and temperature expansion and temperature increases in
17oC. Take radius of nitrogen molecule to be adiabatic compression.
1Ao
v) A gas can have infinite number of specific
1) 1.14 × 10–6, 5 × 108 s–1 heats.
2) 2.28 × 10–6 m, 1010 s–1 1) 5 2) 4
3) 1.14 × 10 m, 5 × 10 s
–7 9 –1
3) 3 4) 2
4) 2.28 × 10 m, 5 × 10 s
–7 10 –1
19. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at
15. A vessel contains 28 gm of N2 and 32 gm of 127oC occupies a volume V. If the gas is
O2 at temperature T = 1800 K and pressure expanded adiabatically to the volume 8V.
2 atm. Find the pressure if N2 dissociates Then the work done by the gas will be
30% and O2 dissociates 50% if temperature  25 
remains constant  R = J / mol k 
 3 
1) 2 atm 2) 1 atm
1) 7500 J 2) 6000 J
3) 2.8 atm 4) 1.4 atm
3) 4500 J 4) 3000 J
16. The average energy of a molecule in a
diatomic gas is 0.1eV. Take the gas as ideal 20. An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes
and vibrational excitations are absent, the a process in which the gas
average translational energy and rotational volume relates to temperature as
energy per molecule are VT = a constant. Then molar specific heat
of gas in this process is
1) 0.08 ev and 0.02eV
R
2) 0.09 ev and 0.01 eV 1) 2) R
2
3) 0.06 ev and 0.04 eV
3R
4) 0.07 ev and 0.03 eV 3) 4) None of these
2

108
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

21. The p-v diagram, shown here represents the 23. Pressure versus temperature graph of an
thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating ideal gas is shown. Density of gas at point
with an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount A is ρ0. Find the density of gas at B
of heat, extracted from the source in a single
cycle is

3
1) 3ρ0 2) ρ0
13 2
1) p0v0 2) p0 v0
2 3) 2ρ0 4) ρ0
24. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated under
11 constant pressure the fraction of heat energy
3) p0 v0 4) 4p0v0
2 supplied which increases the internal energy
and workdone are respectively:
22. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas is
2 3
taken through a cycle ABCA as shown. During 1) ,
process AB, pressure and temperature of the 5 5
gas vary such that PT = a constant.
3 2
2) ,
5 5

3 4
3) ,
7 7

5 2
4) ,
7 7
25. During an adiabastic process, the pressure
(i) Work done during process AB is –4RT1 of gas is proportional to 4th power of absolute
Cp
(ii) Heat energy released/absorbed in temperature. Then for the gas is,
process AB is 7RT1 Cv

1) only (i) is correct 6 5

1) 2)
2) only (ii) is correct 5 3
3) both are correct
7 4
3) 4)
4) both are incorrect 5 3

109
CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

26. Match the column : 28. An engine draws heat Q from the source
at temperature 600K and release Q' at the
Column I Column II sink if ideal. But in practice if also loses an
Degree of hotness amount Q" = 0.2Q' for other imperfections.
A) Heat P) of coolness of a If the sink temperature is 300K efficiency of
substance the engine
Amount of heat 1) 50%
required to rise
Internal 2) 45%
B) Q) the temperature
energy
of unit mass of a 3) 40%
substance by 1oC
4) 60%
C) Temperature R) Energy in transit
The sum of energy 29. A carnot engine, having an efficiency of
due to attractive 1
D) Specific heat S) force between η= as heat engine, is used as refrigerator.
10
molecules and due If the workdone on the system 10 J, the
to random motion amount of heat rejected to the surrounding
1) A R, B S, C P, D Q is
1) 99 J
2) A R, B P, C S, D Q
2) 90 J
3) A R, B Q, C P, D S
3) 1 J
4) A R, B S, C Q, D P
4) 100 J
27. Given below are two statements:
30. Given below are two statements : one is
In the light of the statements, choose the labelled as Assertion and the other is labelled
most appropriate answer from the options as Reason .
given below: In the light of the statements, choose the
1) Both statement I and statement II are most appropriate answer from the options
incorrect given below:
1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
2) Both statement I and statement II are and Reason is the correct explanation of
correct Assertion
3) Statement I is correct but statement II is 2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
incorrect but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is
correct 3) Assertion is correct but Reason is not the
correct explanation of A
Statement I : The pressure exerted by an
enclosed ideal gas does not 4) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct
depend on the shape of the Assertion : In kinetic theory of gases the
container. collision between molecules
are inelastic
Statement II: The pressure of an ideal
gas depends on the number Reason : Kinetic theory of gases the
of moles, temperature and molecules do not undergo
volume of the enclosure any collisions at all.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. Steam at 100oC is passed into 20g of water

QUESTIONS LEVEL - II at 10oC. When water acquires a temperature
of 80o the mass of water present will be
1. A rod of length 20 cm made of metal A 1) 42.5 g 2) 22.5 g
expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature 3) 24 g 4) 31.5 g
is raised from 0oC to 100oC. An another rod
of a different metal B having the same length 5. In a container of negligible mass, ‘m’ grams of
expands by 0.045 cm for the same change in steam at 100°C is added to 100g of water that
temperature. A third rod of the same length is has temperature 20°C. If no heat is lost to the
composed of two parts, one of metal A and surroundings at equilibrium, match the items
metal B. This rod expands by 0.065 cm for given in Column I with that in Column II.
the same change in temperature. The portion
made of metal ‘A’ has length Column I Column II
i. Mass of steam in a. 114.8
1) 10 cm 2) 13.3 cm the mixture, if m
=20g (in g)
3) 15 cm 4) 6.7 cm ii. Mass of water in the b. 76. 4
mixture, if m = 20 g
2. When an iron block floats in mercury at 0oC (in g)
the fraction of its volume submerged is k1. iii. If m = 20g, final c. 5.2
When the experiment is repeated at 50oC temperature of the
the fraction submerged becomes k2. If γ Hg mixture (in oC)
and α Fe are the coefficients of expansion of iv. If m =10g, final d. 100
temperature of the
Hg (volume) and Fe (linear) respectively then
mixture (in 0C)
k1
is
k2 1) i – c; ii – a; iii – d; iv – b
2) i – a; ii – b; iii – c; iv – d

1 + 50α Fe 1 − 50α Fe 3) i – b; ii – d; iii – a; iv – c

1) 2)
1 + 50 γ Hg 1 + 50 γ Hg 4) i – c; ii – a; iii – b; iv – d

1 + 100α Fe 1 + 150α Fe 6. Two identical conducting rods AB and CD

3) 4) are connected to a circular conducting ring
1 + 100 γ Hg 1 + 50 γ Hg at two diametrically opposite points. The
radius of the ring is equal to length of the
3. A glass-tube of length 133 cm and of uniform rods. The area of cross-section and thermal
cross-section must be filled with mercury so conductivity of the rod and ring are equal.
that the volume of the tube unoccupied by The two free-ends of the rod are maintained
mercury remains same at all temperatures. If at 100oC and 0oC. The temperature of point
the cubical coefficients for glass and mercury C will be
are respectively 0.000026/oC and 0.000182/o
C, the length of mercury column is A B C D
(100oC) (0oC)
1) 19 cm 2) 133 cm
1) 62o C 2) 37o C
3) 7 cm 4) 144 cm
3) 28o C 4) 45o C

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. A sphere and a cube of same material 10. The rms speed of the molecules of a gas in
and same volume are heated upto same a vessel is 400 m/s. If half of the gas leaks
temperature and allowed to cool in the out at constant temperature, the rms speed
same surroundings. The ratio of amounts of of remaining molecules will be
radiations emitted will be
1) 400 m/s
1) 1:1
2) 200 m/s
4π
2) :1
3
3) 400 2 m / s
1
π 3
3)   :1 400
6 4) m/s
2 2
1  4π  3
4)   :1 11. The density of upper atmosphere is very low
2 3 
of the order of 1014m–3. Assuming the average
8. When the temperature of a blackbody 35 o
increases, it is observed that the wavelength diameter of air molecule as A , the
π
corresponding to maximum energy changes
from 0.26 μm to 0.13 μm. The ratio of approximate mean free path of air molecules
emissive powers of the body at the respective is;
temperatures is,
1) 20 km
1) 16
2) 25 km
2) 4
3) 35 km
3) 1 4
4) 40 km
1
4)
16 12. An air bubble of volume 1 cm3 rises from the
9. A wall has two layers A and B, each made bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature
of different material. Both layers have same of 12 oC. To what volume does it grow,
thickness. The thermal conductivity of the when it reaches the surface, which is at a
material of A is twice that of B. Under thermal temperature of 35oC ?
equilibrium, the temperature difference
across the wall is 36oC. The temperature 1) 4.5 ×10–5 m 3
difference across the layer A is
1) 6o C 2) 5.25 ×10–6 m 3
2) 12o C
3) 6.25 ×10–6 m 3
3) 18 C o

4) 24o C 4) 6.25 ×10–5 m 3

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

13. A certain amount of air at 300K is trapped 15. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas
in a glass tube between its closed end and undergoes the process A B in the given
a 15cm long mercury column as shown PV diagram. The specific heat for this
in figure. The tube is inverted. To what process is
temperature should the air column be
heated so that it regains its origin volume.
Atmospheric pressure is 75cm of Hg

3R
1)
2
13R
2)
1) 350 K 6
5R
3)
2) 400 K 2
4) 2R
3) 450 K
16. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle
as shown. If the temperature are TA = 600K,
4) 500 K TB = 800K, TC = 2200K and TD = 1200K, the
work done per cycle is

14. A diatomic ideal gas is heated at constant

volume until pressure is doubled and again
heated at constant pressure until the volume
is doubled. The average molar heat capacity
for the whole process is

13R
1)
6

19R
2) 1) 20 KJ
6
2) 30 KJ
23R
3)
6
3) 40 KJ
17R
4) 4) 60 KJ
6

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

17. The work done by the gas in the process 19. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is
ABC taken round the cyclic process ABCA as
shown, calculate the net heat absorbed by
the gas in path BC

3 5
1) P0 V0 2) P0 V0
2 2
5P0 V0
1) P0V0 2)
7 2
3) P0 V0 4) 4 P0V0
2 P0 V0
3) 3 P0V0
18. 5.6 litre of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
4)
2
compressed to 0.7 litre. Taking the initial
20. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen
temperature to be T1, the workdone in the
and 4 moles of Argon at temperature T K.
process is,
Neglecting vibrational modes total energy
9 3 of the mixture
1) RT1 2) RT1
8 2
1) 4 RT 2) 9 RT
15 9
3) RT1 4) RT1 3) 11 RT 4) 13 RT
8 2

114
Chapter

10 OSCILLATION

TEACHING POINTS
► Periodic Motion OR Harmonic Motion
► Oscillatory motion
► Displacement in oscillatory motion
► Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M)
► Displacement in S.H.M
► Velocity in S.H.M
► Acceleration in S.H.M
► Force in S.H.M
► Energy in S.H.M
► Graph relating different quantities
► Relation between uniform circular motion and S.H.M
► Super position of two simple harmonic motions
► Example of S.H.M
(i) Spring block system
♦ Series and parallel combination
(ii) Simple pendulum
► Simple pendulum in accelrating frames
► Simple pendulum in Non viscous liquid
► Different graphs in simple pendulum
► Torsional pendulum
► U-tube oscillator
► Oscillation of a floating body

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. A body of mass 36 gram makes SHM with a

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I time period 12 second and amplitude 13cm.
At t=0, displacement is 13cm. Force acting
1. A particle is moving in a circle with uniform on the body at t=2 s is  π =
2
10 
speed. Its motion is
1) 36 dyne
1) Periodic and simple harmonic
2) 54 dyne
2) Periodic but not simple harmonic
3) 18 dyne
3) Simple harmonic but not periodic
4) 65 dyne
4) None of the above
6. At a displacement 5cm acceleration of a body
2. Motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth in SHM is half of maximum acceleration.
curved bowl, when released from a point Distance between extreme position is
slightly above the lowest point, is
1) 5 cm
1) simple harmonic motion (SHM)
2) 20 cm
2) non-periodic motion
3) 10 cm
3) parabolic
4) 28 cm
4) periodic but not SHM
7. A body makes 5 SHM in 31.4 seconds. At y
3. Identify the periodic function from the
displacement, ratio between velocity and
following
2
acceleration is . The displacement y is
1) log ( ωt ) 3
[A = amplitude)
2) sin ωt + cos ωt
2
−ωt 1) A
3) e 3

) x ( t ) = 1 + ωt + ω t
2 2

3
4. Which of the following equations does not 2) A
5
represent a simple harmonic motion

1)=y a sin ωt 3
3) A
5
=
2) y a cos ωt

y a sin ωt + b cos ωt
3) =
2
4) A
=
4) y a tan ωt 5

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

8. The figure shows the variation of force 10. What is the effect on the time period of a
acting on a particle of mass 400g executing simple pendulum, if the mass of the bob is
simple harmonic motion. The frequency of doubled?
oscillation of the particle is 1) halved
2) doubled
3) become eight times
4) no effect
11. A block of mass 2 kg hangs from a spring
of spring constant k = 200N/m. The block
is pulled down through 15cm below and
released. What is its kinetic energy when
the block is 10cm above the equilibrium
position?
1) 5 J 2) 1.25 J
3) 2.5 J 4) 4 J
12. A pendulum of length '  ' is suspended from

the roof of a lift. When the lift is stationary, T

is the time period. When the lift moves with
2) ( 5 / 2π ) s
−1
1) 4 s-1 an acceleration ‘a’ time period becomes
 4T 
3) (1/ 8π ) s
−1
4) (1/ 2π ) s
−1   . What will be the value of ‘a’?
 5 

9. A simple pendulum is made of a body which 9g 9g

is a hollow sphere containing mercury 1) upwards 2) downwards
16 16
suspended by means of a wire. If a little
mercury is drained off, the period of pendulum
3g 3g
will 3) upwards 4) downwards
5 5
13. A particle executing SHM of amplitude 4cm
and T = 4 s. The time taken by it to move
from positive extreme position to half the
amplitude is
1) 1 s 2) 1/3 s
3) 2/3 s 4) 3 / 2 s

14. A vertical spring carries a 5 kg body and

is hanging in equilibrium, an additional
1) Remains unchanged force is applied so that the spring is further
stretched. When released from the position,
2) Increase it performs 50 complete oscillations in 25s,
with an amplitude of 5 cm. The additional
force applied is
3) Decrease
1) 80 N 2) 80π2 N
4) Become erratic 3) 4π2 N 4) 4 N

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

15. The oscillation of a body on a smooth 16. Two springs are connected to a block of
horizontal surface is represented by the mass M placed on a frictionless surface
equation, as shown below. If both the springs have a
spring constant k, the frequency of oscillation
=X A cos ( ωt ) of block is

where X = displacement at time t

ω = frequency of oscillation

Which one of the following graphs shows

correctly the variation of a with t? [a→
1 k 1 k
acceleration] 1) 2)
2π 2M 2π M
1)
a 1 2k 1 M
3) 4)
T
2π M 2π k
0 t
17. Two pendulums of length 121 cm and 100 cm
starts oscillations from their mean positions
simultaneously with the same phase. The
minimum number of vibrations of the longer
pendulum after which they two are again in
phase at the mean position is
2)
a 1) 11 2) 9

T 3) 10 4) 8
0 t 18. Choose the correct statement
1) Time period of a simple pendulum
depends on it amplitude
2) Time period of a spring watch varies with
acceleration due to gravity g
3) a 3) In a simple pendulum, time period varies
linearly with the length of the pendulum
T 4) The graph between length of the pendulum
0 t
and time period is a parabola
19. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform
which undergoes vertical SHM of angular
frequency ω. The amplitude of oscillation
is gradually increased. The coin will leave
4) a contact with the platform for the first time

T 1) for an amplitude of g/ω2

0 t 2) for an amplitude of ω2/g
3) for an amplitude of ω2/g2
4) At the mean position of the platform

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

Assertion and Reason 2. A particle performs SHM on the x-axis with

amplitude A and time period T. The time taken
by the particle to travel a distance A/5 starting
Directions: Choose the correct option
from rest is

1) If both Assertion and Reason are true T T 4

and the Reason is correct explanation of the 1) 2) cos −1  
20 2π 5
Assertion
T 1 T 1
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true 3) cos −1   4) sin −1  
but Reason is not the correct explanation of
2π 5 2π 5
Assertion
3. The displacement-time graph of a particle
executing SHM is shown in figure. Which of
3) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false
the following statements is/are true?

4) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true

y
20. Assertion : In x = A cos ωt, the dot
product of acceleration and
T/4
velocity is positive for time
π 0
interval 0 < t < . T/2 3T/4 T
2ω t

Reason : Angle between them is 0o in

the time interval.
1) The velocity is maximum at t = T/2

QUESTIONS LEVEL - II 2) The magnitude of acceleration is maximum

at t=T

1. A particle is vibrating in SHM. If its velocities 3) The force is zero at t = T/2

are v1 and v2 when the displacements from
the mean position are y1 and y2, respectively, 4) The kinetic energy equals the total
then its time period is oscillation energy at t = T/2

4. Two particles are executing SHM of same

2
y −y 2 amplitude and frequency along the parallel
1) T = 2π 2
2 1
2 straight line paths. They pass each other
v −v
1 2 when going in opposite directions, each time
1
2 2 their displacement is times of their
v −v 2
2) T = 2π 1
2
2
2
y −y
2 1 amplitude. What is the phase difference
between them ?
y12 + y 22
3) T = 2π π 2π
v12 − v 22 1) 2)
2 3
y12 + y 22
4) T = 2π 2 π π
v1 + v 22 3) 4)
3 4

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

5. Three masses 700g, 500g and 400g are 8. A block of mass m compresses a spring of
suspended at the end of a spring as shown stiffness k through a distance 1/2 as shown
and are in equilibrium. When the 700g mass in the figure. If the block is not fixed to the
is removed, the system oscillates with a spring, the period of motion of the block is
period of 3 seconds, when the 500gm mass
is also removed, it will oscillate with a period
of

1) 2π m + k

2) ( π + 4 ) m / k
1) 1s 2) 2s
12 3) (1 + π ) m / k
3) 3s 4) s
5
4) None of these
6. A uniform disc of radius 10 cm & mass
200g is fixed at its centre to a metal wire,
the other end of which is fixed with a clamp. 9. The bob of a simple pendulum executes
The hanging disc is rotated about the wire simple harmonic motion in water with a
through an angle and is released. If the disc period t, while the period of oscillation of the
makes torsional oscillations with time period bob is t0 in air. Neglecting frictional force of
2 second, find torsional constant of wire water and given that the density of the bob is
(4/3) × 1000 kg/m 3. Which relationship
1) 0.1 Kg m2/s2 2) 0.01 kg m2/s2
between t and t0 is true ?
3) 0.001kg m2/s2 4) 0.02 kg m2/s2
7. A pendulum has period T for small oscillations. 1) t = t0 2) t = t0/2
An obstacle is placed directly beneath the
pivot, so that only the lowest one quarter of 3) t = 2t0 4) t = 4t0
the string can follow the pendulum bob when
it swings in the left of its resting position
as shown in the figure. The pendulum is 10. A particle at the end of a spring executes
released from rest at a certain point A. The simple harmonic motion with a period t1, while
time taken by it to return to that point is the corresponding period for another spring
is t2. If the period of oscillation with the two
springs in series is T, then

1) T= t1 + t 2

2 2 2
2) T = t1 + t 2

−1 −1 −1
3) T = t1 + t 2
1) T 2) T/2
−2 −2 −2
3) 3T/4 4) T/4 4) T = t1 + t 2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

11. The speed (v) of a particle moving along a 12. In the following question two statements are
straight line, when it is at a distance (x) from given: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and
a fixed point on the line, is given by: the other is labelled as Reason (R)
v 2 144 − 9x 2
= While answering these questions you are
required to choose any one of the following
four responses:
Column I Column II 1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not
the correct explanation of (A)
Motion is simple 2π 2) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
i)
harmonic of period
p) units
3
3) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
4) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
Maximum
correct explanation of (A)
ii) displacement from the q) 12 units
fixed point is Assertion: The time period of a
pendulum, on a satellite
Maximum velocity of orbiting the earth in infinity
iii) r) 27 units
the particle Reason: Time period of a pendulum
is inversely proportional to
Magnitude of
square root of acceleration
acceleration at a
iv) s) 4 units due to gravtiy
distance 3 units from
the fixed point is 13. The motion of a particle is given by
x A sin ωt + Bcos ωt + C . The motion of
=
Now, match the given columns and select the the particle is :
correct option from the codes given below.
1) Not simple harmonic
Codes 2) Simple harmonic with amplitude
( A − B)
2
1) i-p; ii-q; iii-r; iv-s

2) i-s; ii-r; iii-q; iv-p

3) Simple harmonic with amplitude
( A + B)
2
3) i-p; ii-s; iii-q; iv-r

4) i-r; ii-p; iii-s; iv-q 4) Simple harmonic with amplitude A 2 + B2

121
Chapter

11 WAVES

TEACHING POINTS
► Introduction and classification of waves
► λ , f, T
► Equation of travelling wave
► Wave velocity, particle velocity and relation between them
► Phase, Propagation constant
► Particle acceleration
► Differential equation of wave
► Relation between phase difference and path difference
► Velocity of wave in a string
► Velocity of longitudinal waves in fluid and solids
► Speed of sound in gas
► Intensity and power of transmitted
► Reflection of a wave from rigid boundary and free boundary
► Super position of waves
♦ Interference
♦ Beats
♦ Standing waves
► Standing waves on a string fixed at both ends
► Standing waves on a pipe
♦ Open pipe
♦ Closed pipe
► Sonometer
► Resonance column

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. Speed of sound in air is 340 ms–1 and in water

QUESTIONS LEVEL - I 1480 m/s. Frequency of sound is 1000 K Hz.
Then find wave length of sound in water
1. Which one of the following statement is true?
1) 2.96 mm
1) Both light and sound waves are longitudinal
2) 1.48 mm
2) Both light and sound waves can travel in
vacuum 3) 0.74 mm

3) Both light and sound waves are transverse 4) 1 mm

5. The equation of a wave is given by Y =

4) Sound waves in air are longitudinal while
5 sin 10π(t-0.01x) along the x-axis (All
the light waves are transverse
the quantities are expressed in SI units).
The phase difference between the points
2. With the propagation of a longitudinal wave separated by a distance of 10m along x-axis
through a material medium, the quantities is:
transmitted in the propagation direction are :
1) π / 2
1) Energy
2) π
2) Energy and mass
3) 3π
3) Energy and linear momentum
4) π 4
4) Energy, linear momentum and mass
6. Two interfering waves have the same
3. The equation of transverse wave travelling wavelength, frequency and amplitude. They
in a rope is given by are travelling in the same direction but are
900 out of phase. Compared to the individual
Y = 5 sin (4t - 0.02x) where y and x are in cm waves, the resultant wave will have the same.
and time t second. Calculate the amplitude,
frequency, velocity and wavelength of the 1) amplitude and velocity but different
wave and maximum speed of particle wavelength

1) 5cm, 0.637 Hz, 200 cm/s, 314 cm, 20 cm/s 2) amplitude and wavelength but different
velocity
2) 10 cm 0.637 Hz, 100 cm/s, 314 cm, 20 cm/s
3) wavelength and velocity but different
amplitude
3) 5cm, 0.12 Hz, 200 cm/s, 314 cm, 10 cm/s

4) amplitude and frequency but different

4) 5 cm, 0.637 Hz, 300 cm/s, 314 cm, 5 cm/s velocity

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

7. Two coherent sources of different intensities 11. A standing wave is formed on a string fixed
send waves which interfere. The ratio of at both ends. The wavelength of it is λ .
maximum intensity to the minimum intensity
Statement I : The position of nodes are
is 25. The intensities of the sources are in the
ratio only at x = 0 , λ, 2λ,3λ........nλ
from one end (n = integer)
1) 25:1 2) 5:1
Statement II: The position of antinodes are
3) 9:4 4) 25:16
λ 3λ 5λ
only at x =, , , ...........
Assertion - Reason type 4 4 4
8. Assertion : Two longitudial waves gives λ
by equations (2n + 1) from one end
4
=y1 2a sin ( ωt − kx ) and ( n = integer)
=y 2 a sin ( 2ωt − 2kx ) will 1) Statement I is correct but statement II is
incorrect
have equal intensity
2) Statement II is correct but statement I is
Reason : Intensity of waves of given incorrect
frequency on same medium
is proportional to squre of 3) Both statement I and II are correct
amplitude only 4) Both statement I and II are correct
1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and 12. A string on a musical instrument is 50 cm long
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion and its fundamental frequency is 270Hz. If
2) Both Assertion and Reason are true and the desired fundamental frequency of 1000
Reason is not the correct explanation of Hz is to be produced the required length of
Assertion the string is
3) Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect 1) 13.5 cm 2) 27 cm
4) Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct 3) 6.75 cm 4) 20.25 cm
9. A transverse wave is travelling with velocity 13. A string is clamped at both the ends and is
v through a metal wire of length L and density vibrating in its 4th harmonic. The equation of
ρ . The tensile stress on wire is the stationary wave is y = 0.3 sin (0.157 x)
2
1) v ρ 2) vρ
2 cos (200 πt). The length of the string is (all
quantities are in SI Units)
v
3) vρ 4) 1) 20 m 2) 40 m
ρ
3) 60 m 4) 80m
10. If we study the vibration of air column in a
pipe open at both ends. Which of following 14. A string 2 m long and fixed at its ends is driven
is not true by a 240 Hz vibrator. The string vibrates in
its third harmonic mode. The speed of the
1) Open end will be antinode
wave and its fundamental frequency is :
2) Odd harmonics of fundamental frequency
will be generated 1) 180 ms-1 and 80 Hz
3) All harmonics of fundamental frequency 2) 320 ms-1 and 80 Hz
will be generated 3) 320 ms-1 and 120 Hz
4) Pressure change will be maximum of both
4) 180 ms-1 and 120 Hz
ends

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

15. A turning fork A produces 4 beats/sec with 20. Two tuning forks have frequencies 380 and
another fork B of frequency 256 Hz. When A 384 Hz respectively. When they are sounded
is slightly filed, the beat frequency increases. together they produce 4 beats. After hearing
Then the original frequency of A is maximum sound, how long will it take to hear
the minimum sound.
A) 258 Hz 2) 260 Hz
1) 1 2 sec. 2) 1 4
3) 252 Hz 4) 264 Hz

16. Air is blown at the mouth of an open tube of 3) 18 4) 116

length 25cm. If the velocity of sound in air is
330ms–1, then the emitted frequencies are
(in Hz) (neglect end correction) QUESTIONS LEVEL - II
1) 660, 1320, 1980 1. Speed of sound in a metallic rope of density
4 ×103 kg/m3 is 5000 m/s. Calculate the
2) 660, 1000, 3300
magnitude of linear stress required
3) 302, 664, 1320 1) 102 N/m2 2) 1011 N/m2
4) 330, 990, 1690 3) 104N/m2 4) 107 N/m2
2. Speed of sound in mercury at a certain
17. A cylindrical tube, open at both ends emits
temperature is 1450 m/s. Given the density
a fundamental frequency f in air. The tube is
of mercury is 13.6 ×103 kg/m3. The bulk
dipped vertically in water, so that half of it is
modulus for mercury is :
in water. The fundamental frequency of air
column is now 1) 2.86 ×1010N/m2
2) 3.86 ×1010N/m2
f 3f
1) 2) 3) 4.86 ×1010N/m2
2 4
3) f 4) 2f 4) 5.86×1010N/m2
3. The equation of a wave is y(x.t) = 0.05sin
18. In an experiment to measure speed of sound
π π
 2 (10x − 40t ) − 4 
by a resonating air column, a tuning fork of
frequency 500 Hz is used. The length of air
column is varied by changing the level of
water in the resonance tube. Two successive i) The wave length is 0.4m
resonance are heard at air column of length ii) The frequency is 10 Hz
50.7 cm and 83. 9 cm. Find the speed of
iii) The wave velocity is 4m/s in +ve x direction
sound in air
iv) The particle velocity and acceleration
1) 325 m/s 2) 330 m/s are 2.22 m/s and 141 m/s2 at X = 0.5m and
3) 332 m/s 4) 335 m/s t = 0.05s
v) The amplitude of the wave is 0.05m
19. Two sound waves of wave length 1m and
1.01m in a gas produce 10 beats in 3s. The 1) only (i) and (iii) are correct
velocity of sound in gas is 2) only (i) and (ii) are correct
1) 360 m/s 2) 300 m/s 3) only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
3) 337 m/s 4) 330 m/s 4) All are correct

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

4. At what temperature will the speed of sound in 8. Two waves represented as

hydrogen be the same as in oxygen at 1000C.
Molar masses of oxygen and hydrogen are = (
Y1 a sin ωt − kx + π
6 ) Y2 a cos ( ωt − kx )
and
=
in the ratio 16:1
the resultant amplitude is:
1) -219.70C 2) -249.70C 1) a 2) a 2

3) -229.70C 4) -239.70C
3) a 3 4) 2a
5. When a wave travels in a medium particle 9. A string of length  is fixed at both ends and
displacement is given by the equation y = a
sin 2π (bt-cx) where a, b and c are constants. is vibrating in second harmonic. The amplitude
The maximum particle velocity will be twice of antinode is 5mm. The amplitude of particle
the wave velocity if 
at a distance   from fixed end is
8
1
1) c = 2) c = πa
πa 1) 5 2mm

1 5
3) b = ac 4) b = 2) mm
ac 2
6. Tw o w a v e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e 3) 5mm
equations = y1 a sin ( ωt + kx + 0.57 ) m and
4) 10 2mm
y 2 a cos ( ωt + kx ) m , where x is in metre
=
10. A tube open at both ends have a length 48
and t in second. The phase difference cm and fundamental frequency 320 Hz. If
between them is velocity of sound in air is 320 ms-1. Diameter
of the tube is :
1) 1.25 rad 2) 1.57 rad 5 10
1) cm 2) cm
3) 0.57 rad 4) 1.0 rad
3 3

20 25
7. A uniform thin rope of length 12 m and mass 3) cm 4) cm
6 kg hangs vertically from a rigid support and 3 3
a block of mass 2 Kg is attached to its free
end. A transverse short wavetrain of λ =6cm 11. An open pipe A is filled with monoatomic gas
and a closed pipe B of same length is filled
is produced at the lower end of the rope. What with a diatomic gas at same temperature.
is the wavelength of the wavetrain when it Second harmonic of A is same as 3rd har-
reaches the top of the rope: monic of B. Then the ratio of molar mass of
gases in A and B
1) 12 cm
200 100
1) 2)
2) 6 cm 189 189

3) 9 cm
400 300
3) 4)
4) 3 cm 189 189

126
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2027 - PHYSICS]

12. A tube open at only one end is cut into two 14. Two strings X and Y of sitar produces a beat
tubes of unequal length. The piece open of frequency 4Hz. When the tension of Y is
at both end has of fundamental frequency slightly increased, the beat frequency is found
450 Hz and other has fundamental to be 2Hz. If the frequency of X is 300 Hz,
frequency 675 Hz. What is the Ist overtone then the original frequency of Y was
frequency of the original tube
1) 296 Hz
1) 168.75 Hz
2) 298 Hz
2) 506.25 Hz
3) 302 Hz
3) 208.25 Hz
4) 304 Hz
4) 302 Hz
15. Two identical string instruments have fre-
13. The end correction of a resonance column is quency of 100 Hz. If tension in one of them
1.0cm. If the shortest length resonating with increases by 4% and they are sounded
the tuning fork is 15.0cm, the next resonating together, then the number of beats in one
length will be second is

1) 31 cm 2) 45 cm 1) 1 2) 8

3) 46 cm 4) 47 cm 3) 4 4) 2

127