ENGINEERING MECHANICS II
(DYNAMICS)
BY :- SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
• Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of
bodies under the action of forces.
• The study of dynamics in engineering usually follows the study of
statics, which deals with the action of forces on bodies at rest.
• Dynamics has two distinct parts:
i. Kinematics
ii. Kinetics
i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without
reference to the forces which cause motion.
ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on bodies to
their resulting motion.
• Dynamics is a relatively recent subject as compared with statics.
• The understanding of dynamics was started about in 16th centuries, and
which is credited to Galileo.( showed that heavy and light objects
accelerated at the same constant rate as they fall)
• Following Galileo, important contributions to mechanics were made by,
Newton's, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, Einstein, ...and others.
• The rapid technological developments of the present day requires
increasing application of the principles of mechanics, particularly
dynamics.
Area of application of dynamics
Analysis and design of moving
structures.
Fixed structure subjected to shock
load.
Robotic systems
Automatic control system
Rockets
Missiles and spacecraft
Transportation vehicle
Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.
Basic concepts and terms
Mass – is the quantitative measure of inertia or resistance to
change in motion of a body. Mass can also be defined as the
quantity of matter in a body or a property that gives rise to
gravitational attraction.
Force – vector action of one body on another.
Particle – a body of negligible dimensions.
- when the dimension of a body are irrelevant to the
description of its motion or the action of force on it, the body
may be treated as a particle.
Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible
compared with the over all dimensions of the body or with the
changes in position of the body as a whole.
System of units
i. SI units
- Mass, time and length are taken as the basic units and the units
for force are derived from Newton’s 2nd law of motion.
ii. US customary units
- The unit for force, length and time are base units and the units
for mass are derived from the second law.
• The four fundamental quantities of mechanics
Quantity SI – units US – units
Mass Kg slug
Time s sec
Length m ft
Force N lb
• The SI system is termed an absolute system since mass is taken to be an
absolute or base quantity.
• The US customary system is termed a gravitational system since force
(as measured from gravitational pull) is taken as a base quantity.
Newton's Laws of Motion
Law I – A particle remains at rest or continuous to move in a straight line with a constant
velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.
Law II –The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and
is in the direction of this force.
F = ma……………………………………………………..……………………………..…….1.1
Law II –The force of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction and collinear.
Gravitation
• Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from each other attract each
other with equal and opposite forces F and - F directed along the line joining the particles is given
by:
m1m2
F=G ………………………………………..……………………………..1.2
r2
Where:
F= the mutual force of attraction between two particles.
G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m2/kg-s2
m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles
r = the distance between the centers of the particles.
• The acceleration due to gravity is derived from combining equation 1.1 and
Gme
1.2g; =
R2
……………………………………………………………………………………1.3
Example 1: Determine the acceleration due to gravity at sea level(g) on a particle
mm.e Take: radius of earth, R=6,371km and mass of earth,
= 5.976x1024Kg
Note: In almost all engineering problems where measurements are
made on the surface of the earth, the effects of local vibration are
neglected, and 9.81m/s2 in SI unit is used for the sea level value
of g.
• The variation of g with altitude is easily determined by the
gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due
to gravity at sea level, the absolute
R2 value at an altitude h is;
g = g0
( R h) 2
……………………………..1.4
R – radius of the earth
Effect of rotating earth
• The acceleration due to gravity as determined from the gravitational law is
the acceleration which would be measured from a set of axes whose origin
is at the center of the earth.
• With respect to this ‘fixed’ axes, this value may be termed the absolute
value of g.
• Because the earth rotates, the acceleration of a freely falling body as
measured from a position attached to the surface of the earth is slightly
less than the absolute value.
Standard value of g
• The standard value which has been adopted internationally for the
gravitational acceleration relative to the rotating earth at sea level and at
a latitude of 45is 9.80665m/ sor 2 32.1740ft/
sec 2
• In almost all engineering applications near the surface of the earth, we
can neglect the difference between the absolute and relative values of
the gravitational acceleration, and the effect of local variations.
Apparent weight
• If the gravitational force of attraction or true weight of the body is W,
then, because the body falls with an absolute acceleration g,
W = mg…………………………………………………………………………………..1.5
• The apparent weight is slightly less than the true weight of the body.
• The difference is due to the rotation of the earth.
Example #2
(b)
(c)
(a)
0mi
2 0
h=
Cont…
A space-shuttle payload module weighs 100 lb when resting on the surface
of the earth at a latitude of 45 north.
a. Determine the mass of the module in both slugs and kilograms, and its
surface-level weight in Newton.
b. Now suppose the module is taken to an altitude of 200 miles above the
surface of the earth and released there with no velocity relative to the
center of the earth. Determine its weight under these conditions in both
pounds and newtons.
c. Finally, suppose the module is fixed inside the cargo bay of a space
shuttle. The shuttle is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 200 miles
above the surface of the earth. Determine the weight of the module in
both pounds and newtons under these condition.
Cont…
• [For the surface-level value of the acceleration of gravity relative
to a rotating earth, use g=32.1740ft/sec 2
(9.80665m/ sec 2 ) and,
• For the absolute value relative to a non-rotating earth, use g=
32.234ft/sec 2 ( 9.825m/sec 2 )].
End
