Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
35 views40 pages

Meteo

Uploaded by

Chouaib Ben Boubaker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views40 pages

Meteo

Uploaded by

Chouaib Ben Boubaker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Aviation Weather

Meteorology

• Click to edit Master subtitle style


Aviation Weather Weather Hazards

 Thunderstorms
 Wind Shear
 Turbulence
 Icing
 Fog
 Additional Hazards

Aviation English BBC


Aviation English BBC
Thunderstorm

Aviation English BBC


Thunderstorm

Aviation English BBC


Requirements for thunderstorms

 Moist air
 Instability
 Initial lifting action

Aviation English BBC


 If you have the moisture and instability, you need a
lifting action to set off the instability
 Heating (thermals)
 Orographic lifting
 Fronts
 Low-level Convergence
 Upper-level Divergence
Aviation English BBC
Heating (Thermals)

 When the ground becomes much warmer than the


air above it, the Lapse Rate is GREATER than standard
(2-3 deg /1000 ft)
 The slightest displacement of that warm air (say a
wind gust) will send that warm air into a vertical
motion
 This creates bubbles of rising warm air that we
call thermals
Aviation English BBC
Heating (Thermals)

 Thermals can have horizontal dimensions of a few


hundred to a few thousand feet.

 Vertical speeds can be a few hundred F.P.M. to 2,000


F.P.M

 Thermals can happen as long as the ground is warmer


than the air above it (i.e. cold front passage)

 Most common in hottest months and time of day


(i.e. Southern Illinois in the summer)
Aviation English BBC
Thunderstorms

 Orographic lifting
 A fancy name for when air is lifted due to a
mountain or other terrain

 Fronts
 The wedge of the warm or cold front lifts the
warm air mass and sets off any instability

Aviation English BBC


Thunderstorms

 Low-Level Convergence
 Convergence is when the air horizontally converges
into an area
 This creates a higher pressure and the only place for
that air to go is up
 Upper-Level Divergence
 Divergence is when the air horizontally diverges
from an area
 This creates an upper area low pulling air up from
the surface
Aviation English BBC
Thunderstorms

 Three stages of the thunderstorm


 Cumulus
 Mature
 Dissipating

Aviation English BBC


Life cycle of a thunderstorm

Aviation English BBC


Cumulus Stage

 Updrafts predominate and are continuous


 Updraft area is much larger than just one individual thermal
 You can visually see one particular cloud growing faster
than all others (and all others may even shrink as they feed
the one)
 This stage could grow the cloud all the way to a towering
cumulus (about 20,000 feet)
 Usually does not produce precipitation, but can (though it
will
Aviation not become mature)
English BBC
Mature Stage

 Begins when precipitation-induced downdrafts reach the


ground
 Lightning and thunder
 Well organized circulation in the cloud
 Top of cloud reaches into the lower stratosphere
 The well known anvil shape is formed
 A cumulus stage that produces precipitation does not reach
mature stage and does not produce lightning and thunder
Aviation English BBC
Dissipating Stage

 Characterized by precipitation and downdrafts


 Updrafts are cut off so there is no more development
 Ends with stratiform clouds since the anvil layer is often
an ice cloud, it still lingers after the storm dissipates

Aviation English BBC


Hazards

 Tornados
 A violently rotating column of air
 Winds up to 200 miles per hour (or more!)
 Incredible localized damage

Aviation English BBC


 Hail
 A result of very strong updrafts
 Can be thrown out the top of the thunderstorm
 Tenths of an inch to larger than a softball

Aviation English BBC


Lightning

 Electric discharge
 Heats surrounding air to 50,000 deg. F. causing
air to rapidly expand
 That’s what causes the shockwave called thunder In
Cloud, Cloud to cloud, cloud to ground

Aviation English BBC


Downdrafts

 Can cause low level wind shear

• Stay 20 NM
away from a
thunderstorm
• And don’t fly
through or
under one!

Aviation English BBC


Wind Shear

 A change in wind direction and/or speed within a


very short distance
 Causes of Wind Shear
 Microburst
 Passing fronts
 Temperature Inversions

Aviation English BBC


Wind Shear

 Low Level wind shear is most hazardous to pilots


 A sudden increase in wind or a switch from tail wind
to head wind could give the pilot false indications

Aviation English BBC


Turbulence

 Technically defined as bumpiness in flight


 Types
 Low Level Turbulence (below 15,000ft)
 In and near thunderstorms
 Clear air
 Mountain wave

Aviation English BBC


Low Level Turbulence

 Mechanical Turbulence
 The stronger the wind, the higher mechanical
turbulence can reach

Aviation English BBC


Low Level Turbulence

 Thermal Turbulence
 An unstable cold air mass over warm ground is
prime ingredients for thermals
 Hot air rising causes vertical motion

Aviation English BBC


Clear Air Turbulence

 Occurs in the free air away from any convective


activity
 Above 15,000 ft where beyond the affects of low
level turbulence
 Cannot usually be seen unless there are any
clouds to show effect

Aviation English BBC


Aviation English BBC
Mountain Wave Turbulence

 Stable air flowing over mountains


 Can affect air pattern for hundreds of miles

Aviation English BBC


Icing

 Icing occurs
 When there is visible moisture or
precipitation
 Temperatures of aircraft skin are below
freezing

Aviation English BBC


Types of Icing

 Clear

 Rime

 Mixed
Aviation English BBC
Fog

 A cloud below 50 feet


 Needs condensation nuclei and moisture
 Types
 Radiation
 Advection
 Steam
 Upslope
 Ice
 Precipitation
Aviation English BBC
Radiation (Ground Fog)

 Little or no wind
 Common in valleys and
low lying areas
 Ground is cooled rapidly
 Air above is then cooled
to dew point

Aviation English BBC


Advection Fog

 Wind above 15 knots


will make stratus clouds
 Water changes temp
slower than terrain
 At night water remains
warmer
 In the morning water
remains colder
Aviation English BBC
Mist

• Mist (BR) is reported as "A visible minute water droplets or ice


crystals suspended in the atmosphere that reduces visibility to
less than 7 statute miles but greater than or equal to 5/8 statute
mile."
Visibility

 Reduced visibility is the meteorological component


which impacts flight operations the most.
 Topographic features all tend to look the same at low
levels making good route navigation essential.
 This can only be done in times of clear visibility.

Aviation English BBC


Types of Visibility

There are several terms used to describe the different


types of visibility used by the aviation community.
 Horizontal visibility
 Prevailing visibility
 Vertical visibility
 Slant range visibility
 Flight visibility
Aviation English BBC
Volcanic Ash

 A major, but fortunately infrequent, threat to aviation is


volcanic ash. When a volcano erupts, a large amount of
rock is pulverized into dust and blasted upwards.
 The altitude is determined by the severity of the blast
and, at times, the ash plume will extend into the
stratosphere.
 This ash is then spread downwind by the winds aloft in
the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Aviation English BBC
Aviation Weather Reports

 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)


 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
 Radar Weather Reports (RAREP)
 Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
 Area Forecasts (FA)
In flight Weather Advisories
 AIRMET
 SIGMET
Aviation English BBC
Aviation English BBC
THAT IS ALL
THANK YOU

Version 1.0 40
Aviation English BBC

You might also like