BITG1233 Programming

Technique
Lecture 3 – Basic Elements of C++
Learning Outcomes
 At the end of this lecture, you should be able
to
 explain the parts of C++ program
 use cout object to display output to screen and
cin to read data from the keyboard
 describe the use of the basic elements in C++
language including variables, literals, identifiers
and data types
 do variable assignments and initialization in the
program
 use arithmetic operators and construct
mathematical expressions
The Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor
directive
using namespace std; which namespace to
use
int main() beginning of function named
main
{ beginning of block for
main output
cout << "Hello, there!"; statement
string
return 0;send 0 to operating system literal
} end of block for
main
Special Characters

Character Name Meaning

// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of
preprocessor directive
<> Open/close Enclose filename in
brackets #include
() Open/close Used when naming a
parentheses function
{} Open/close brace Encloses a group of
statements
"" Open/close Encloses string of
quotation marks characters
; Semicolon End of a programming
statement
The cout Object
 Displays output on the computer screen

 You use the stream insertion operator << to

send output to cout:
cout << "Programming is fun!";
 Can be used to send more than one item to
cout:

cout << "Hello " << "there!";

Or:

cout << "Hello ";

cout << "there!";
The cout Object and the endl
Manipulator
 This produces one line of output:

cout << "Programming is ";

cout << "fun!";

 You can use the endl manipulator to start a

new line of output. This will produce two lines
of output:

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";
The \n Escape Sequence
 You can also use the \n escape sequence to
start a new line of output. This will produce
two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";
Notice that the \n is INSIDE
the string.
The #include Directive
 Inserts the contents of another file into the
program
 This is a preprocessor directive, not part of C+
+ language
 #include lines not seen by compiler
 Do not place a semicolon at end of #include
line
Variables and Literals
 Variable: a storage location in memory

 Has a name and a type of data it can hold

 Must be defined before it can be used:

int item;
Variable Definition in Program 2-7

Variable
Definition
Literals
 Literal: a value that is written into a program’s
code.

"hello, there" (string literal)

12 (integer literal)
Integer Literal in Program 2-9

20 is an integer
literal
String Literals in Program 2-9

These are string

literals
Identifiers
 An identifier is a programmer-defined name
for some part of a program: variables,
functions, etc.
C++ Key Words

You cannot use any of the C++ key words as

an identifier. These words have reserved
meaning.
Variable Names
 A variable name should represent the purpose
of the variable. For example:

itemsOrdered

The purpose of this variable is to hold the

number of items ordered.
Identifier Rules
 The first character of an identifier must be an
alphabetic character or and underscore ( _ ),
 After the first character you may use
alphabetic characters, numbers, or
underscore characters.
 Upper- and lowercase characters are distinct
Valid and Invalid Identifiers

IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID

totalSales Yes

total_Sales Yes

total.Sales No Cannot contain .

4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit

totalSale$ No Cannot contain $

Integer Data Types

• Integer variables can hold whole numbers

such as 12, 7, and -99.
Defining Variables
 Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
 Variables of different types must be in different
definitions
Integer Types in Program 2-10

This program has three variables:

checking, miles, and days
Integer Literals
 An integer literal is an integer value that is
typed into a program’s code. For example:

itemsOrdered = 15;

In this code, 15 is an integer literal.

Integer Literals in Program 2-10

Integer Literals
Integer Literals
 Integer literals are stored in memory as ints
by default
 To store an integer constant in a long memory
location, put ‘L’ at the end of the number:
1234L
 Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are base
8: 075
 Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are base 16:
0x75A
The char Data Type
 Used to hold characters or very small integer
values
 Usually 1 byte of memory
 Numeric value of character from the character
set is stored in memory:
CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67
Character Literals
 Character literals must be enclosed in single
quote marks. Example:

'A'
Character Literals in Program 2-13
Character Strings
 A series of characters in consecutive
memory locations:
"Hello"
 Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the
end:

 Comprised of the characters between the "

"
H e l l o \0
The C++ string Class
 Special data type supports working with
strings
#include <string>
 Can define string variables in programs:
string firstName, lastName;
 Can receive values with assignment
operator:
firstName = "George";
lastName = "Washington";
 Can be displayed via cout
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
The string class in Program 2-15
Floating-Point Data Types
 The floating-point data types are:
float
double
long double

 They can hold real numbers such as:

12.45 -3.8

 Stored in a form similar to scientific notation

 All floating-point numbers are signed
Floating-Point Data Types
Floating-Point Literals
 Can be represented in
 Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
 E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
 Are double by default
 Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or long
double (0.0000625L)
Floating-Point Data Types in Program 2-16
The bool Data Type
 Represents values that are true or false
 bool variables are stored as small integers
 false is represented by 0, true by 1:
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false;

allDone finished

1 0
Boolean Variables in Program 2-17
Determining the Size of a Data Type
The sizeof operator gives the size of any data
type or variable:
double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) << "bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";
Variable Assignments and Initialization
 An assignment statement uses the = operator
to store a value in a variable.

item = 12;

 This statement assigns the value 12 to the

item variable.
Assignment
 The variable receiving the value must appear
on the left side of the = operator.
 This will NOT work:

// ERROR!
12 = item;
Variable Initialization
 To initialize a variable means to assign it a
value when it is defined:

int length = 12;

 Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;
Variable Initialization in Program 2-19
Scope
 The scope of a variable: the part of the
program in which the variable can be
accessed
 A variable cannot be used before it is defined
Variable Out of Scope in Program 2-20
The cin Object
 Standard input object
 Like cout, requires iostream file
 Used to read input from keyboard
 Information retrieved from cin with >>
 Input is stored in one or more variables
The cin Object in Program 3-1
The cin Object
 cin converts data to the type that matches
the variable:

int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;
Displaying a Prompt
 A prompt is a message that instructs the user
to enter data.
 You should always use cout to display a
prompt before each cin statement.

cout << "How tall is the room? ";

cin >> height;
The cin Object
 Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;

 Multiple values from keyboard must be

separated by spaces

 Order is important: first value entered goes

to first variable, etc.
The cin Object Gathers Multiple Values
in Program 3-2
Arithmetic Operators
 Used for performing numeric calculations
 C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators:
 unary (1 operand) -5
 binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
 ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Binary Arithmetic Operators

SYMBO OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF

L ans
+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1
Arithmetic Operators in Program 2-21
A Closer Look at the / Operator
 / (division) operator performs integer division
if both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
 If either operand is floating point, the result is
floating point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0
A Closer Look at the % Operator
 % (modulus) operator computes the remainder
resulting from integer division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
 % requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error
Mathematical Expressions
 Can create complex expressions using
multiple mathematical operators
 An expression can be a literal, a variable,
or a mathematical combination of
constants and variables
 Can be used in assignment, cout, other
statements:
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);
Order of Operations
In an expression with more than one
operator, evaluate in this order:
- (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2

evaluate
evaluate evaluat third
second e
first
Order of Operations
Associativity of Operators
 - (unary negation) associates right to left
 *, /, %, +, - associate right to left
 parentheses ( ) can be used to override the
order of operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
Grouping with Parentheses
Algebraic Expressions
 Multiplication requires an operator:
Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
 There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
 Parentheses may be needed to maintain order
of operations:
is written as
m = (y2-y1) /(x2-x1);

y 2  y1
m
x 2  x1
Algebraic Expressions
Multiple Assignment and Combined
Assignment
 The = can be used to assign a value to
multiple variables:
x = y = z = 5;
 Value of = is the value that is assigned
 Associates right to left:
x = (y = (z = 5));

valu valu valu

e e e
is 5 is 5 is 5
Combined Assignment
 Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.

Other Similar Statements
Combined Assignment
 The combined assignment operators
provide a shorthand for these types of
statements.
 The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;
Combined Assignment Operators
The Increment and Decrement
Operators
 ++ is the increment operator.

It adds one to a variable.

val++; is the same as val = val + 1;

 ++ can be used before (prefix) or after

(postfix) a variable:
++val; val++;
The Increment and Decrement
Operators
 -- is the decrement operator.

It subtracts one from a variable.

val--; is the same as val = val - 1;

 -- can be also used before (prefix) or after

(postfix) a variable:
--val; val--;
Increment and Decrement
Operators in Program 5-1

Continued…
Increment and Decrement
Operators in Program 5-1
Prefix vs. Postfix
 ++ and -- operators can be used in complex
statements and expressions
 In prefix mode (++val, --val) the operator
increments or decrements, then returns the
value of the variable
 In postfix mode (val++, val--) the operator
returns the value of the variable, then
increments or decrements
Prefix vs. Postfix - Examples
int num, val = 12;
cout << val++; // displays 12,
// val is now 13;
cout << ++val; // sets val to 14,
// then displays it
num = --val; // sets val to 13,
// stores 13 in num
num = val--; // stores 13 in num,
// sets val to 12
Notes on Increment and Decrement
 Can be used in expressions:
result = num1++ + --num2;
 Must be applied to something that has a
location in memory. Cannot have:
result = (num1 + num2)++;
 Can be used in relational expressions:
if (++num > limit)
pre- and post-operations will cause different
comparisons
Named Constants
 Named constant (constant variable): variable
whose content cannot be changed during
program execution
 Used for representing constant values with
descriptive names:
const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
const int NUM_STATES = 50;
 Often named in uppercase letters
Named Constants in Program 2-28
Formatting Output
 Can control how output displays for numeric,
string data:
 size
 position
 number of digits
 Requires iomanip header file
Stream Manipulators
 Used to control how an output field is
displayed

 Some affect just the next value displayed:

 setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces wide.
Use more spaces if field is not wide enough
The setw Stream Manipulator in Program 3-
13

Continued…
The setw Stream Manipulator in Program 3-
13
Stream Manipulators
 Some affect values until changed again:
 fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point
values
 setprecision(x): when used with fixed, print
floating-point value using x digits after the
decimal. Without fixed, print floating-point value
using x significant digits
 showpoint: always print decimal for floating-point
values
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17

Continued…
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17
Stream Manipulators
Programming Style
 The visual organization of the source code
 Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and blank
lines
 Does not affect the syntax of the program
 Affects the readability of the source code
Programming Style
Common elements to improve readability:
 Braces { } aligned vertically
 Indentation of statements within a set of
braces
 Blank lines between declaration and other
statements
 Long statements wrapped over multiple lines
with aligned operators
Standard and Prestandard C++
Older-style C++ programs:
 Use .h at end of header files:
 #include <iostream.h>
 Use #define preprocessor directive instead of
const definitions
 Do not use using namespace convention
 May not compile with a standard C++ compiler
#define directive in Program 2-31
Ask yourself
 Can you describe the components in a C++
program?
 Do you know how to display output to screen
using cout?
 Do you know what are variables, literals and
identifiers?
 Can you describe the data types in C++ and what
are they used for?
 Do you know how to receive an input from the
keyboard using cin?
 Do you know how to do the variable assignment?
 Do you know how to use the arithmetic operators?