Computer Organization and
Architecture
Instructions: Language of the Computer
Slide no: 01
Reference book
Computer System Architecture (3rd Edition)
by M. Morris Mano
Computer Organization and Design (3rd Edition)
by David A. Patterson
John L. Hennessy
Internet
About Course
Computer organization and architecture
Basic hardware organization
Structure of a computer
Low level language transformation
Instruction set
Control commands etc..
Introduction
Instruction: The words of a computer’s language.
Instruction set: It’s vocabulary.
MIPS: Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages.
Operations of the computer hardware
add a,b,c # a=b+c
Rigid notation.
MIPS instructions can execute only one operation(Three operands).
For that reason--
a=b+c+d+e
add a,b,c
add a,a,d
add a,a,e
Compiling a complex C assignment
into MIPS
f=(g+h)-(i+j)
add t0 , g , h
add t1 , I , j
sub f, t0 , t1
Operands of the Computer Hardware
The size of a register in the MIPS architecture is 32 bits.
Groups of 32 bits occur so frequently that they are given the name wors
in the MIPS architecture.
Registers in use:
Preserved register Not preserved register
Saved : $s0 - $s7 Temporary : $t0 - $t9
Stack pointer : $sp Argument: $a0 - $a3
Return address : $ra Return value : $v0 - $v1
Stack above the stack pointer Stack below the stack pointer
Compiling a C assignment using
Register
f= (g+h) – (i+j)
f -> $s0 , g -> $s1 , h -> $s2 , i -> $s3 , j -> $s4 (assigned)
add $t0 , $s1 , $s2
add $t1 , $s3 , $s4
sub $s0 , $t0 , $t1
Memory operands
Arithmetic operations occur only on registers in MIPS instructions.
So, MIPS must include instructions that transfer data between memory
and register, such instructions are called data transfer instructions.
load (lw): load word, copies data from memory to register.
store (sw): store word, copies data from register to memory.
4 100
3 10
Memory
2 21
1 32
67
0
Processo Address data
r
Compiling an assignment when an
operand is in Memory
g= h + A[8]
assign g-> $s1, h-> $s2 , base of A-> $s3
lw $t0 , 8($s3)
# address of array element = base of the array + number to select
element 8.
add $s1 , $s2 , $t0
The constant in a data transfer instruction is called offset.
The register added to form the address is called the base register.
Hardware Software interface
In MIPS, words must start at addresses that are
multiples of 4. This requirement is called an
alignment restriction.
To get the proper byte address in the previous code
(previous page) , the offset to be added to the base
register $s3 must be 4x8 or 32 .
Compiling using load and store
A[12]=h+A[8]
lw $t0 , 32($s3)
# temporary register $t0 gets A[8]
add $t0 , $s2 , $t0
# temporary register $t0 gets h+A[8]
sw $t0 , 48($s3)
# stores h+A[8] back into A[12]
Representing instructions in the
computer
MIPS R-Format Instructions
MIPS I-Format Instructions
chart to remember
valus are provided in the table are in decimal.
reg—0 t0 31
address – 16 bit address
Instructio forma op rs rt rd sham func address
n t t t
add R 0 reg reg reg 0 32 n.a.
sub R 0 reg reg reg 0 34 n.a.
add I 8 reg reg n.a. n.a. n.a. constant
immediate
lw I 35 reg reg n.a. n.a. n.a. address
sw I 43 reg reg n.a. n.a. n.a. address
Translating MIPS Assembly Language
into Machine Language
A[300]=h+A[300]
here if $t1 has the base of the array A and $s2 corresponds to h, then
compiled into –
lw $t0 , 1200($t1)
add $t0 , $s2 , $t0
sw $t0, 1200($t1)
What is the MIPS machine language code for these three instructions?
continue..
op rs rt rd address/ funct
shamt
35 9 8 1200
0 18 8 8 0 32
43 9 8 1200
op rs rt rd address/ funct
shamt
10 011 01 001 01 000 0000 0100 1011 0000
000 000 10 010 01 000 01 000 00 000 100 000
10 011 01 001 01 000 0000 0100 1011 0000
Logical operations
Shift operation
Continue…
srl- shift right logic
sll- shift left logic
0000 0000 0000 1001 before shifting.
after shift left by 4 we get the above number 0000 0000 1001 0000
sll $t2, $s0, 4 #reg $t2 = reg $s0 << 4 bits
The machine language version of the above instruction is
op rs rt rd shamt funct
0 0 16 10 4 0
AND operation
OR operation
NOT operation
End of the slide
Thank you
Any question?
