BELLWORK
WHAT AM I?
I lay eggs in water,
I like to hop around ,
I’m green but
I am not a leaf,
I have a long tongue but I am
not a giraffe.
WHAT AM I?
I start as a caterpillar
I go through metamorphosis
I feed on nectars but I am not a
bee
I’m colourful but I am not a
rainbow
WHAT AM I?
I bite and sucks people’s blood
I am an insect but I am not a spider
I spread disease but I am not a
sneeze
I lay eggs in stagnant water
During the breeding cycle
WHAT AM I?
I have legs and tails
I am your best friend
I use my nose to sniff food
I get pregnant when the “heat”
cycle period occurs
WHAT AM I?
I have four legs
I eat fish if you feed me
I have just one, but with
eight to spare
I ovulate every 1-3 weeks
with contact stage.
REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS
LESSON OBJECTIVES
1.Define the terms related to reproduction in animals.
2.Explain the difference between internal and external
fertilization in animal
3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of sexual
and asexual reproduction in animals.
REPRODUCTI
ON
Is the process where an offspring with resemblance to its parents is made
TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual Reproduction
- involves only one single parent
- there are no sex cells involved.
-examples: Budding, Fragmentation, Parthenogenesis
2. Sexual Reproduction
- there are two parents involved
-production of sex cells (gametes) via meiosis
- it requires fertilization to occur
- there are two types of fertilization namely: INTERNAL FERTILIZATION and
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION.
- involves gametes or sex cells
-example: Five modes of reproduction, Hermaphroditism
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BUDDING
organisms develop from an outgrowth due to cell division at a particular
site on parent.
examples: sponges, jellyfish, hydra
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FRAGMENTATION
organism is split into fragments, each
of develop into mature clones, may or
may not be intentional
examples: sponges, corals,
echinoderm(
PARTHENOGENESIS
Organism (embryo) develops from
unfertilized egg cell (after meiosis)
Half clones or full clones
Examples: insects, some reptile
lizards, komodo dragon, sharks
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
1. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Is very common among aquatic organisms.
the egg and sperm meet outside the body of the female , commonly in the aquatic
surroundings.
It is risky and the chance of fertilization is lower compared to internal fertilization.
2. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
More common on land
In vertebrates the embryonic development could be through OVIPARITY,
OVOVIVIPARITY, VIVIPARITY.
OVULIPARI
TY
External fertilization (egg cells) released into
the environment and fertilized by males
Examples: molluscs, arthropods, fishes and
most frogs
OVIPARITY
internal fertilization
Lay eggs
Little embryonic development in mother
Examples: most fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, monotremes
OVOVIVIPARITY
-internal fertilization
-embryos develop in eggs and
hatch within parent
-give birth to live young
-no placenta
Zygotes are retained inside the
female’s body and are
nourished by the egg yolk.
Examples: some fish,
amphibians and reptiles
HISTOTROPHIC VIVIPARITY
VIVIPARITY
-embryos acquire nutrients
-development of embryo within
from
parent (give birth to live young)
1. Other tissues (skins/glands)
2. Oophagy (feeding on eggs
produced by ovary)e.g.
sharks
3. Adelphophagy( fetus feeds
HEMOTROPHIC
on sibling embryos)e.g.
VIVIPARITY
marine snails, some sharks
-embryo acquires nutrients
and worms
from female (often from
placenta.
Examples: most mammals
HERMAPHRODITISM
-organism can both have male and
female reproductive organs.
HERMAPHRODITES
is a sexually reproducing
organism that produces
both male and female
gametes.
PROTOGYNY-a change from
female to male
PROTANDRY-a change from
male to female.
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
The function of the reproductive tract is
regulated by the nervous system and the
endocrine system.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE- describes the cyclic
physiologic changes that occur in women of
reproductive age in response to hormones
released along the HYPOTHALMIC PITUITARY
OVARIAN AXIS (HPO)
- it affects the ovaries and
endometrial wall of the uterus.
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)
Secreted by the hypothalamus is released response to low levels of ESTROGEN and
PROGESTERONE at the end of menstruation.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
secreted by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the ovarian follicles to mature.
THECA INTERNA OF THE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE (mature follicle)
releases estrogen
ESTROGEN
- Is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
- Released before ovulation from the anterior pituitary.
LABIA MAJORA-the greater lip
-these are two large folds forming the boundary of vulva
BARTHOLIN’S GLAND- a gland that is situated one of each side near the vaginal opening
HYMEN- it is a thin layer of mucous membrane that partially occludes the opening of vagina.
The menses phase: This phase begins on the first day of your
period. It's when the lining of your uterus sheds through your
vagina if pregnancy hasn’t occurred.
The follicular phase: This phase begins on the day you get your
period and ends at ovulation (it overlaps with the menses phase
and ends when you ovulate).
the level of the hormone estrogen rises, which causes the lining
of your uterus (the endometrium) to grow and thicken.
In addition, another hormone —
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) — causes follicles in your
ovaries to grow. During days 10 to 14, one of the developing
follicles will form a fully mature egg (ovum).
Ovulation: This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28-day menstrual cycle.
A sudden increase in another hormone — luteinizing hormone (LH) — causes your
ovary to release its egg
The luteal phase: This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28. Your egg leaves
your ovary and begins to travel through your fallopian tubes to your uterus. The
level of the hormone progesterone rises to help prepare your uterine lining for
pregnancy. If the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself to your uterine
wall (implantation), you become pregnant. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, estrogen and
progesterone levels drop and the thick lining of your uterus sheds during your
period.
Note: in case fertilization does not occur the corpus luteum will degenertaes to become
the corpus albicans.
MENOPAUSE
- Occurs as a result of the unresponsiveness of ovarian follicles to stimulation by FSH.
SERTOLI CELLS- responsible for nurturing the developing spermatocytes inside
the seminiferous tubules.
CELLS OF LEYDIG
- Which are responsible for the production of testosterone.
TESTOSTERONE
- Responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.
Males should have at least 20 million sperms per ml to be considered as fertile
75% must be alive and 25% should be swimming with rapid forward movement.
SCROTUM- it is a pouch of pigmented skin, fibrous and connective tissue and
smooth muscle.
TESTES- these are the male reproductive glands and are equivalent to ovaries in
females.
PARTS OF THE SPERM
HEAD- contains the nucleus with
densely coiled chromatin fibers
containing the genetic material.
ACROSOME- contains enzyme used
for penetrating the female egg
which is protected by the ZONA
PELLUCIDA.
MIDPIECE- has central filamentous
core with many mitochondria for ATP
production.
FLAGELLUM OR TAIL- propels the
spermatocyte to reach the egg cell
and fertilize it.
STAGES OF MAMMALIAN ANIMAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. FERTILIZATION
this refers to the fusion of egg and sperm that results in the formation of a zygote.
2. CLEAVAGE
the zygote undergoes a series of cell division without an increase in size. This ends with the
formation of a blastula, called a blastocyst which varies in structure among vertebrates.
3. GASTRULATION
s the stage in the early embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula,
or in mammals the blastocyst, is reorganized into a two-layered or three-layered embryo
known as the gastrula
4. ORGANOGENESIS
is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues
until birth.
