RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
BY KANISHKA.P
Cartesian product:
For example, let's say we have set A = {1, 2} and set B = {3, 4}. The
Cartesian product
A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
Cardinality of Cartesian Product
The сardinality of a cartesian product of two sets A and B is equal to the
product of the cardinalities of these two sets.
If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
Example:
Consider two sets C and D, where C = {2, 3} and n(C) = 2, D = {5, 4, 7}
and n(D) = 3.
So, n(C × D) = n(C) × n(D) = 2 × 3 = 6
What is Relations?
Relation is a subset of Cartesian product
Example 1 : For two sets X = {a, b, c} and Y = {apple, ball, cat}, the cartesian
product have 9 ordered pairs such that:
X × Y = {(a, apple), (a, ball), (a, cat), (b, apple), (b, ball), (b, cat), (c, apple), (c,
ball), (c, cat)}
Let us obtain a subset of X x Y by introducing a relation R, between the elements
of X and Y as;
R = {(a,b) : a is the first letter of word b, a ∊ X, b ∊ Y}
Therefore, the relation between X and Y can be represented as; R = {(a, apple),
(b, ball),(c, cat)}
Definition of Relation
Relations is a subset of A × B by introducing a relation R between the
first element x and the second element y of each ordered pair (x, y).
Definitions
Image: The second element is called the image of the first element.
Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a
relation R from a set A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R
Codomain: The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R.
Note : range ⊂ codomain
Range: The set of all second elements in a relation R
from a set A to a set B is called the range of the relation R.
Total Number of Relations :
If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and the total number of
possible relations from set A to set B = 2^mn
Example: If n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, then n(A × B) = 6 Therefore, total
number of possible relations from set A to set B = 2^6 = 64
Set builder form
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
Roster form
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
Arrow Diagram
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
Functions
A function f from a set A to a set B is a special relation in which, every
element of set A has one and only one image in set B
Image/ Preimage: If, f(1) = a, then ‘a’ is called the image of ‘1’ under f
and ‘1’ is called the preimage of ‘a’ under f
Note:
The function f from A to B is denoted by f : A → B
Domain Codomain & Range of a
Functions
Let f : A → B
● Domain: A is known to be as the domain of f .
● Co-domain: B is known to be as the co-domain of f .
● Range: The set of all images of the elements of A is the range of f .
f (A) = {f(x) : x ∈ A) = Range of f
Note: f (A) ⊆ B
Algebra of Functions
● Addition of function: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
● Subtraction of functions: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
● Multiplication of functions: (f • g)(x) = f(x) •g(x)
● Division of functions:
THANK YOU
