Computer Organization

and Design

Prepared by:
Er. Simanta Kasaju
Computer Architecture
• Concern with specification various functions module so that
processing, structuring them to form a computer system.
• Deals with functional behaviour of the computer.
• It is viewed by the programmer
• Encompasses the specification of the instruction set and hardware
units that implement the instruction
• Instruction set: the number of bits used to represent the various data
types.
Computer Organization
• It refers to the operational units and their interconnection that realise
the architecture of specification.
• Deals with the structural relationship that are not visuable to the
progammer.
• Organizational attributes includes those hardware details transparent
to the progammer.
• Eg: control signals, interface between the computer and peripherals
and memory technology used.
Difference between CA and CO
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
 It is logical design and concept  It is realastic view with operation
 It describe WHAT the computer does  It describes HOW the computer does
 Deals with the functional behaviour of the  Deals with the structural relationship of computer
computer system
 It deals with high level design issues  Deals with low level design issues
 While designing computer system architecture is  Organization is done on the basis of architecture
consired first
 It is user visuable  It is not user visuable
 It is static or passive  It is dynamic
Fundamentals of Computer
Architecture
A computer is a complex system consisting of millions of elementary
electronic components arranged and organized in a hierarchical order.
The hierarchical nature of complex system is essential to both the
design, their description and operations. The most essential part are as
follows
Structure
Functions
Structure
• It refers to the way in which components are interrelated. The
computer interacts in some fashion with its external environment but
the structure is more concenred with the internal connection of
components to perform specific functions and executions.

I/P ALU

Memory

O/P CU
Function
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Operation control
Function as data movement
device
• Data transfer from
one device to another device
Function as a data storage
device
• Data transfer from external
device to computer storage and
vice-versa.
Function as data processing using
DM
• Data from outside world is
entered into computersystem
and CU will forward it to the
processing unit after processing
the same data will be forwarded
to the storage.
• Similarly the data can be retrived
from memory and send it to the
processing unit and it sends
towards the destination using
Dm
Function as both data processing
and data storage
• Data sends through CU to
processing and after processing
data will be send back using
same CU towards storage
Von-Neumann Architecture(stored
program)
Description
• It was first published by John Von Neumann for the concept of
storage program,where instruction, data and program data are stored
in the same memory.
• It consists of three main parts
• CPU
• Main Memory
• I/O devices
CPU
• It is the electronic circuit responsible for executing the instructions of
a computer program.
• It is sometimes refer to as microprocessor or processor
• The CPU contains ALU, CU and variety of regisers.
ALU and CU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit:
The ALU allows arithmetic like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
devision etc. And logic like AND, OR, NOT operation to be carry out in
the accumulator.

Control Unit:
It controls the operation of computer ALU, memory and input-output
devices telling them how to respond to the program instructions it has
just read and intrepreated from the memory unit. The CU also provides
the timing and control signals required by other computer components
Registers
Registers are high storage areas in the CPU. All data must be stored in the
register before it can be processed. These can be used to hold data and
address values during the computations.
Types:
• MAR(Memory Address Register): it holds the memory location of the
data that needs to be access.
• MBR/MDR(Memory Buffer/Data Register): holds the contents of the
memory which can be transfer from memory to components and vice-
versa.
• IR(Instruction Register): into which the instruction are fetched from the
memory.
• PC(Program Counter): it contains the address of the next instruction to
be executed.
Busses
• Busses are the means by which data are transferred from one part of
computer to the another part, connecting major internal components
to the CPU and Memory.
• A standard CPU system bus has three types
• Address bus: carries the address of the data between the processor and
memory
• Data bus: carries data between memory and input-output devices
• Control bus: it controls signals/commands from the CPU in order to control
and coordinate all the activities to the computer.
Busses
Memory
• The memory unis consists of RAM, sometimes refer to as primary
memory or main memory. Unlike the hard drive these memories are
fast and also directly accessible by the CPU. It is single code device
consisting of MAR(Memory Address Register and MBR(Memory
Buffer Register). The memory are arranged in the form of several
memory words where each word is the unit of data that can be read
and write.
End of the chapter