WATER QUALITY, TREATMENTS AND

DISTRIBUTION

BUILDING SERVICES – I
AR. SANIYA AAFREEN
MEASI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE
 SOURCES OF WATER – CHIEF SOURCE – RAIN
 The chief source of water supply
schemes at present is RAINFALL.
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
• Demand of water and available
quantity of water, should balance
each other.
• If supply is more than demand, it is
the best combination. Sources of water
• The total quantity of water on the Seas
surface of earth is estimated as 0.35%
about 1455 x 106 km3 Underground
• The percentage of different sources 1.65% water

of water estimated are as follows: Glaciers

• The total surface of earth covered by
4%

the seas works out to about 71% and Lakes, rivers, soil
94% moisture, etc
land occupies the remaining 29% of
earth surface.
0% 50% 100%
SOURCES OF WATER – WATER CYCLE / RAIN CYCLE
 SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE RUN OFF
SURFACE RUN OFF:

The net quantity of rain water which remains on surface after all the losses like evaporation,

percolation and transpiration is called SURFACE RUN OFF.

The upstream area contributing to the water of a river is termed as its CATCHMENT AREA.

The surface runoff is harmful because of the

following reasons:

Economic use - costly reservoirs are

required to make economical.

Erosion – takes away the top soil

Occurrence of floods – inundate the

surrounding land area.

Loss of water – takes away the water

used for agriculture.

 SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE SOURCES UNDERGROUND SOURCES

LAKES INFILTRATION GALLERIES

STREAMS INFILTRATION WELLS

PONDS SPRINGS

RIVERS WELLS

IMPOUNDED RESERVOIRS
 SURFACE SOURCES - LAKESOF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES - LAKES
SOURCES
• Natural depression basins in mountains and

plains

• Formed by collection of rain water , streams and

spring water.

• Quality of water generally pure and does not

require purification

• Larger ones provide pure water than smaller

ones

• Quantity of water is limited

• Quantity depends on capacity of basin ,

catchment area, annual rainfall and porosity of

the ground.

• Since lakes provide limited quantity of water ,

can be used as source of water supply scheme

for small towns

SURFACE SOURCES - STREAMS
SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES - STREAMS
• Streams are formed by surface – run –off

• Discharge in stream is ample in rainy season and less in dry season

• Except rainy season, quality of water is generally safe

• Form the main source of water supply for villages in hilly areas

• Impurities like sand and minerals dissolve when stream water flows a long way

• Pre treatment is required before supplied drinking purpose

• Quantity of water is limited and can be used to cater smaller towns.

• In rainy season if discharge of the stream is much more than demand, can be stored in dams, small

bunds.
SURFACE SOURCES - PONDS
SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES - PONDS
• Man made body of water smaller than a lake

• Formed due to excessive digging of ground for

the construction of roads, houses etc.

• These get filled up during the rainy season.

• Quantity of water is small and is impure

• Cannot be adopted as a source of water supply

scheme.

• Can be used for domestic uses only

SURFACE SOURCES - RIVERS
SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES - RIVERS

• Form principal source of water for large cities

• May be perennial and non-perennial

• Perennial rivers also known as snow – fed rivers and flows throughout the year

• Non – perennial rivers flow only in the rainy season

• In rainy season surplus water of the stream is stored in dams and used later

• Before river is used as a source of supply , discharge at various times of the year.

• Quality of water is not reliable as it contains suspended particles, colloidal and

dissolved impurities.

• River water requires elaborate purification.

SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES – IN SUMMARY
 SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES – STORAGE RESERVOIR

• An artificial lake
• Formation - construction of dam across a
valley
• It essentially consists of the following three
parts

- A dam to hold water

- A spillway to allow the excess water to
flow
-A gate chamber containing necessary
valves for regulating the flow of water

• chief source of water supply schemes for

very big cities.
• The multi purpose reservoirs - other uses in
addition to water supply such as irrigation
and power generation.
SOURCES OF WATER – SURFACE SOURCES – WORKING OF DAM
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES FOR WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
• In this type of source, the water that has percolated into the ground is brought on the
surface.
• The entrance of rain water or melted snow into the ground is referred to as the
INFILTRATION.
• The movement of water after entrance is called the PERCOLATION.

AQUIFERS:
• The earth consists of pervious and impervious
strata.
• he pervious layers are those through which water
can easily pass while it is not possible for water to
go through an impervious layer.
• The pervious layers are known as the AQUIFERS.
• If aquifers consists of sand and gravel strata, it
gives good supply of drinking water.
• The aquifer of limestone strata can supply good
amount of drinking water, provided there is
presence of cracks or fissures in it.
SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – INFILTRATION GALLERIES
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – INFILTRATION GALLERIES

• An infiltration gallery is a horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water bearing

strata.
• The gallery is usually constructed of brick walls with slab roof.
• The gallery obtains its water from the water bearing strata by various porous drain
pipes.
• These pipes are covered with gravel, pebble, etc. so as to prevent the entry of very fine
material into the pipe.
• The gallery is laid at a slope and the water collected in the gallery is led into the sump
from where it is pumped and supplied after treatment.
• Manholes are provided for cleaning.

This method is adopted when ground water is available in sufficient quantity just below the
ground level. The galleries are usually constructed at depth of about 5 to 10 metres from
the ground level.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – INFILTRATION WELLS

• In order to obtain large quantities of

water, the infiltration wells are sunk in
series in the banks of river.
• The wells are closed at top and open at
bottom.
• They are constructed of brick masonry
with open joints.
• The manholes are provided in the top
cover.
• The water infiltrates through the bottom
of such wells and it has to pass through
sand bed, it gets purified to such extent.
• The infiltration wells in turn are
connected by porous pipes to a
collecting sump, known as jack well, the
water from the jack well is pumped to
the purification plant for treatment.
SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – INFILTRATION WELLS
Advantages:
• The entry velocity in collector pipe is low,
which prevents the danger of clogging.
• The steel pipes remain submerged in
water for all the time and hence, they
are not corroded.
• Economical in initial, operational and
maintenance costs.
• The water obtained by this method is
clean, fresh and pure.
• The collector pipes are covered by
coarse materials and hence has less
chance of clogging.
• Each pipe collector is independently
controlled which permits easy back
washing when required.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – SPRINGS

• Appearance of ground water on

surface for any reason
• Source of water supply for small
SPRINGS
towns
• Some springs discharge hot water
due to presence of sulphur
• these cannot be used for domestic
ARTESIAN GRAVITY SURFACE
purposes SPRINGS SPRINGS SPRINGS
• It is difficult to find a good spring
for the purpose of water supply
scheme.

• following factors should be carefully ascertained

- easier, cheaper and enough to develop the spring as a source of supply for the locality
- flow of water should be adequate, even in dry weather
- The spring should be protected from the water pollution sources
- location of spring should facilitate gravity flow.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – ARTESIAN SPRINGS

• The ground water comes to the

surface under pressure.

• May also be formed due to

presence of fissure or crack in
impervious layer

• The fissure or crack should be

continued up to the ground
surface.

• The artesian springs give

practically uniform quantity of
water throughout the year.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – GRAVITY SPRINGS

• Develops due to overflowing of the water table

• The flow from a gravity spring is variable with the rise or fall of water table
• In order to meet with such fluctuations, a trench may be constructed near such a spring
as shown in the figure
• The trench acts as a storage reservoir.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – SURFACE SPRINGS

• Formed when subsoil water is exposed to the ground surface by the obstruction of an
impervious layer
• The quantity of water available is uncertain - cut-off walls may be constructed to
develop this springs
• quality of depends on geological and topographical conditions - it may be hard or
soft, pure or polluted or sometimes saline
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – WELLS
• A well is defined as an artificial hole or pit made in the ground for the purpose of
tapping water.
WELLS
• the holes made for tapping oil are
also known as wells. it is estimated SHALLOW DEEP TUBE ARTESIAN
WELL WELL WELL WELL
that 75 to 85% of indian population
depends on wells for its supply.
Three factors which form the basis of theory of wells

• Geological conditions of earth’s surface,

- The geological conditions of earth’s surface indicate the slope of water bearing strata.
- slope of water bearing layers is towards the well , water remains in hot season
• Porosity of various layers

- porosity of aquifers is more, the well will easily collect more quantity of water in less time
• Quantity of water which is absorbed and stored in different layers

-The capacity of aquifers to absorb and store water will determine the supply rate of water
to the well.
- If the aquifers are capable of storing more water, the well will get more quantity of water
and practically at a constant rate.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – SHALLOW WELLS

• Constructed in uppermost
GL
layer of the earth’s surface

2 to 6 m Surface of • water is obtained from grnd

ground water table
• dia 2-6 m – inside is lined and
lining is called steining
Steining of thickness (thickness is 300mm –
6 to 8 m

300mm to 500mm
500mm)
• if unlined depth is 7m –
greater depths steining is
required –

• other names of such wells are percolation wells , open wells, dug wells, draw wells.-
quantity is limited
• dries up in summer – quality is better than rivers- contamination happens if septic tank is close
by
• use of such wells is in isolated buildings, small villages camps etc.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – DEEP WELLS

• The deep well obtain their water from an aquifer below an impervious layer.
• The theory of deep well is based on the travel of outcrop to the site of deep well.
• The outcrop is the place where the aquifer is exposed to the atmosphere.
• The water of deep wells is contained in lower embedded aquifers and hence, it is
always available at a pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure.
• Also referred as the pressure wells.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – TUBE WELLS
• A tube well is a deep well having a diameter of about 50mm to 200mm and it obtains its
quota of water from a number of aquifers.
• The blind pipes are placed against the impervious layers.

Construction of tube well:

• A bore is drilled in the ground and information regarding various
layers of soil is obtained.
• The diameter of the bore is kept larger than tube well.
• The depth of tube well is decided with respect to quantity of
water required. The usual depth is 30m to 50m. But in some dry
areas it may go up to 300 meters or so.
• The pipe is inserted in the bore hole. It consists of strainers and
blind sections.
• A strainer is a perforated pipe covered with wire mesh with space
in between is created by thick wire spirally wounded around the
perforated pipe provides an arrangement such that only water
will be admitted to the inside of the pipe.
• The pumping is then started gradually to avoid sticking of fine
sand particles on the external surface of the strainers.
The strainers should be cleaned periodically which grants the following advantages:
It increases the specific yield of well
It prevents the entry of fine sand particles in well pipe along with water
The economic life of well is increased.

Quantity of tube well water- sufficient and reliable. The discharge does not exceed 40 litres to 50
liters per sec.
Quality of tube well water - very good and it can be used without any treatment.
Use of tube well- used for residential colonies, small towns, isolated portions of cities, big
gardens, etc.
Maintenance
• Cleaning of screens and Replacement of parts
• Removal of lime particles by passing compressed air/ by dropping dry ice/method surging.
Failure of tube well:
• Corrosion – quality of water
• Incrustation – deposition of alkali salts reduces the diameter of the pipes
Advantages:
• Not liable to be contaminated and Construction is easier
• Water can be brought up by the installation of suitable pumps.
• The entry of water from top porous layer can be prevented by inserting blind pipes.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES – ARTESIAN WELLS
Artesian wells:
• It works on the principle of hydraulics,
namely that water tends to remain at the
same level.
• The artesian condition develop when an
aquifer is enclosed between two impervious
layers.
• The hydraulic gradient line is above the
ground level at the site of artesian well and
hence, when a hole is made in the ground,
the water comes out with force under
pressure.
Types:
Fully artesian – works under pressure
Semi artesian – needs to be lifted up by pumps.
Quantity of water from artesian wells is plentiful
and quality is found to be very pure.
 SOURCES OF WATER – UNDERGROUND SOURCES –WELLS

Types of well construction: Yield of a well:

• Dug wells – hole is made in the ground • It is used to indicate the rate of

by manual labour till a flow of water is withdrawal or pumping of water from

reached. wells without causing failure or drying

• Driven wells – specially designed well of wells.

point is driven into the ground to tap • It depends on,

water from an aquifer below an

impervious layer. 1. Location and dimension of well

• Bored or drilled wells –the wells are 2. Porosity and Quantity of water

bored or drilled into the ground with the present in the aquifer

help of special boring or drilling 3. Rate of pumping water

equipment 4. Slope of water table.

 QUALITY OF WATER – USES OF WATER
• Water required for public water supply
USES OF WATER
schemes should be potable or
wholesome water.

WHOLESOME WATER DOMESTIC USE

• Wholesome water is used to indicate the
water which is not chemically pure, but
does not contain anything harmful to the
CIVIC USE
human body
• The water in which there are no
pathogenic bacteria, no toxic
substances and no excessive organic TRADE OR
BUSINESS USE
matter.
PURE WATER
• The term pure water is a relative term COMMERCIAL
OR INDUSTRIAL
and it has to be interpreted in relation to USE
the use of water
 QUALITY OF WATER – USES OF WATER
Domestic use:
• The water required for domestic
consumption should possess a high
degree of purity and it should be free from
suspended impurities, bacteria, etc. a
tolerance of small degree of hardness is
however permissible.
• Requirements of potable or wholesome
water:
• It should be clear, odourless and
colourless
• It should be free from harmful and disease
producing bacteria
• It should be fresh and cool
• It should be tasty
• It should not cause corrosion to the pipes
and other fittings.
 QUALITY OF WATER – USES OF WATER
CIVIC USE
Large quantity of water is required to fulfill
various civic purposes such as washing of
roads, cleaning of sewers, etc. any degree
of impurity can be tolerated.

TRADE OR BUSINESS USE

The water required for trade will depend
upon nature of that trade. For instance, the
water required for laundry should not be
hard as it will result in more consumption of
soap. Water required for bathing cattles
and washing floors in case of stables may
contain any type of impurities.
COMMERCIAL OR INDUSTRIAL USE
Water should be chemically pure. A slight
amount of impurity may considerably
affect the final results of the product.
 QUALITY OF WATER – ANALYSIS OF WATER

Reasons for the analysis of water:

• To check the purity

• To ascertain the effect of heavy rainfall or droughts

• To ascertain the quality of the proposed supply to the new consumers.

• Suitability of water for feeding boilers, hot water pipes.etc

• To find out organisms responsible for the spreading of the water-borne diseases, effects

on water with respect to colour, odour, taste, etc.

• To know the quality of water submitted to the various purification processes

• To know the quality of water used or proposed to be used for public swimming baths,

paper main, dyeing, tanning, wool washing, brewing, steams and rivers.
QUALITY OF WATER – IMPURITIES IN WATER

PHYSICAL IMPURITIES
•colour
• taste and odour
• temperature
• turbidity
• suspended matter
• radioactivity

CHEMICAL IMPURITIES
•acids
•alkalies
•toxic inorganic compounds
•dissolved and suspended inorganic substances

BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
•pathogenic bacteria
•fungi
•pathogenic protozoa
•viruses
•parasitic worms
 QUALITY OF WATER – ANALYSIS OF WATER

Colour

• The pure water is colourless and following are the sources which contribute colour to
the water.
1. Algae metabolism
2. End products of degraded organic matter
3. Discharge of untreated and partially treated waste water from various industries like
food processing, textile industry, tanneries, paper production, etc.
4. Divalent species containing iron and manganese; etc.
• The colour caused by the suspended matter is known as the apparent colour and the
colour after the removal of suspended matter is referred as true colour.
• The measurement of colour in water is carried out by means of tintometer.
• The unit of colour on cobalt scale is the colour produced by one milligram of
platinum cobalt in litre of distilled water.
• The value should be preferably less than 10.
 QUALITY OF WATER – ANALYSIS OF WATER

Taste and odour:

• The test is carried out by inhaling through two tubes of an osmoscope.
• One tube is kept in a flask containing diluted water and the other one in a flask
containing water to be tested.
• The water to be tested is diluted with odour free water and the mixture at which
odour becomes detectable is determined indicates threshold number which should
not exceed 3.

Temperature:
• The test for temperature of water has no practical meaning.
• The temperature of water to be supplied from storage reservoir depends on the
depth from which it is drawn.
• The desirable temperature of potable water is 10 deg c while temperature of 25
degc is considered to be objectionable.
Aeration
• Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water and
the atmosphere.
• In water treatment, aeration is practised for three purposes:
1. To add oxygen to water for imparting freshness, eg water from underground
sources devoid of or deficient in oxygen.
2. Expulsion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and other volatile substances
causing taste and odour,eg. Water from deepr layers of an impounding reservoir.
3. To precipitate impurities like iron and manganese in certain forms. Eg. Water from
some underground sources.
Sedimentation
• Sedimentation is a process by which flowing water is given complete rest or is made to flow
at a very low velocity.
• The sedimentation tanks or clarifiers are provided for the purpose, which remove inorganic
impurities and make water fit for the next process of filtration.
• The heavier inorganic impurities settle at the bottom of the tank due to the force of gravity
and the lighter inorganic impurities float on the surface of the liquid.
• The settled down impurities are removed from bottom and top.
• In order to make the sedimentation effective coagulants are added to the water before it is
brought to sedimentation tank.
• The process of settlement of a particle is obstructed by the following three factors:
1. Velocity of flow
2. Size and shape of particle
3. Viscosity of water

Sedimentation, if carried out properly, estimated to remove about 60% of suspended water
and about 75% of bacterial load from the water. The treated water from sedimentation tanks
enter filter units for further purification.
 QUALITY OF WATER – COAGULATION

Coagulation
COAGULATION
• The water obtained from surface
sources for most of public water
supply projects is turbid and ELECTRIC CHARGE FLOCCULATION

contains many suspended

impurities.
DRY FORM SOLUTION FLOW FORMATION
• This water sometimes contain BY ADDING
COAGULANT
colour which may be due to
colloidal matter and dissolved Flocculation

organic material in water. • After addition of coagulants into water, a

• Coagulation is thus, adopted by thick gelatinous is formed after proper

which small particles are made mixing.

large in size and and are made to • This precipitate is known as floc.

settle. • This floc arrests suspended impurities of

• This involves addition of certain water when it slowly drifts downwards

chemicals called ‘coagulants’. towards the bottom of the tank.

 QUALITY OF WATER – COAGULATION

Electric charge
• Floc ions possess electric charge which attracts the negatively charged clay
colloidal particles causing their removal.
• The commonly used coagulants are aluminum sulphate, chlorinated coppers,
ferrous sulphate, lime, magnesium carbonate, sodium aluminate,etc.
• The coagulants are mixed in dry form or solution form or for mixing, generally used
devices are centrifugal pump/compressed air etc.
 QUALITY OF WATER – FILTRATION

• In this process thick layer of sand is used as a

filter.

• The water is allowed to pass through the

FILTERS
thick layer of sand and after the water has

passed through it, the following processes

GRAVITY PRESSURE
takes place. FILTERS FILTERS

1. Suspended and colloidal particles, which

are finely divided, are removed to an great SLOW RAPID

SAND SAND
extent.

2. The chemical characteristics are changed

3. The number of bacteria present are

considerably reduced
 QUALITY OF WATER – FILTRATION – GRAVITY FILTERS
SLOW SAND FILTERS(GRAVITY)
• In these filters , water is allowed to pass through a layer of sand over a layer of base material -
usually gravel
• Purification process aims at improving the biological and physical properties of water.
The slow sand filter - suited for rural
1. simple operation
2. maintenance procedures

The disadvantage - requires space for its installations.

Working
• the water through the inlet chamber enters the filter.
• It descends- passing through the filter media into the outlet chamber and during this process gets
purified.
Cleaning
• During cleaning, the top layer of sand is scrapped or removed through a depth of 15 to 25 mm.
Efficiency
The rate of filtration is slow and varies from 100 to 200 litres h/m2 of filter area. These filters reduce
the bacterial load up to about 98% from raw water and are less efficient in removal of raw water
colour.
 QUALITY OF WATER – GRAVITY FILTERS
Rapid sand filter
• Large space required by the slow sand filter brings in the need of a rapid sand filter.
• The rate of filtration is increased in a rapid sand filter
1. by altering the size of sand i.e. by making use of bigger sand particles, so that friction of water to
filter media is minimized.
2. by allowing water to flow under pressure through the filter media, which has been adopted in
pressure filter.

Working
The inlet and outlet valve to water storage tank for filtered water are opened and all the remaining
valves are kept closed. Passes through filter media before reaching outlet valve
Cleaning
For cleaning, the first two valves are closed, the wash water valve and the compresses air valve are
opened. The wash water is forced in the upward direction through the under drainage system, base
material and filter material of sand. The compressed air facilitates the cleaning process.
Efficiency
These filters are less effective in removal of bacterial load. They are expected to remove 80 to 90 % of
bacterial impurity. They are highly efficient in color removal and the intensity of colour can be
brought down below 10 on cobalt scale.
 QUALITY OF WATER – PRESSURE FILTERS

Pressure filters
• The filtration plant implies a compact unit in which
the impure water goes through treatment to make
PRESSURE
it fit for human use.
FILTERS
• They comprise ‘pressure filters’
• The pressure filter does not mean that the water is
pumped through the filter at a high pressure but in
this, the filter is enclosed in space and water HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
TYPE TYPE
passes through the filter under a pressure more
than the atmospheric pressure
• the pressure may be developed by pumping.
• The water mixed with coagulant is directly
admitted to the pressure filter.
• Thus, flocculation takes place inside the pressure
filter itself.
 QUALITY OF WATER – PRESSURE FILTERS

Working
• Water is mixed with the coagulant and is
directly admitted into the filter
• thus flocculation occurs inside the filter.

Construction
• The pressure filters are closed steel
cylinders either riveted or welded.
• diameter - 1.5 m to 3 m, length or height -
3.5 to 8 m.
• manholes are provided at the top for
inspection.
• Water is admitted through the inlet and
after filtration, is collected in the central
drain and conveyed to filtered water
storage tanks.
 QUALITY OF WATER – PRESSURE FILTERS

Cleaning
• For cleaning purpose, the sand grains are required to be shaken by the use of
compressed air
• The rate of filtration is more than that of rapid sand filter.

Efficiency
• The efficiency in terms of bacterial load, colour and turbidity is less than that of a
rapid sand filter.
• It is not suitable for water supply projects for public, but are installed for small water
supply projects for industrial plants, private estates, swimming pools, railway stations,
etc.
 QUALITY OF WATER - DISINFECTION
Disinfection
In some cases municipality cannot afford exhaustive treatment of water when the
source is comparatively good, or in emergencies like supply of water to armies during
wartime, sterilization may be the only treatment given to water.
Sterilization can be effected by one of the following methods:
Treatment with chlorine
Treatment with ozone
Boiling
Treatment with ultra violet rays
Treatment with excess lime
Treatment with catadyn silver
Long storage
Boiling and long storage are impracticable for water supply on a larger scale.
 CONVEYANCE OF WATER
2 arrangements
1. Drawing water from sources of water (intake)
2. From intakes to purification plant and then through distribution pipes

INTAKE
• structure constructed across surface of water
• Permits withdrawal of water
• may be stone, masonry , r.c.c or concrete blocks
• Water tight

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
• controlling devices – accessible during floods
• Cost – locally available materials and labour
• Navigation channels – far off, discharge of refuse and waste from ships
• Permanency of supply - availability
• quality of water – openings at different heights
• Situation - selection – not affected by floods, silting, storms
 CONVEYANCE OF WATER
IMPORTANT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• Factor of safety– resists external forces- water currents , floods

• foundation – depth of foundation

• Protection of sides – protected by piles to avoid blow from ships

• Screens and strainers – coarse or fine , coarse – metallic rods, fine – wire net with

openings

• Self – weight – no chances of floating , washing due to up thrust

• Size and number of inlets – more and large to reduce difficulty to draw in

TYPES OF INTAKES
• Canal intake
• Reservoir or lake intakes
• River intakes
• Portable intakes
CONVEYANCE OF WATER – canal intake

Flow of water from

canal to intake and
then to treatment
plant
CONVEYANCE OF WATER – reservoir / lake intake

Flow of water from

lake to intake and
then to treatment
plant

to treatment plant
CONVEYANCE OF WATER – river intake

Flow of water from

river to intake and
then to treatment
plant
CONVEYANCE OF WATER – dry intake tower

• More chances of
fluctuations
• Large projects
CONVEYANCE OF WATER – wet intake tower
 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER - Systems of supply of water
Water after collected from different sources is treated and distributed to the user.
Distribution of water to the users is studied in 2 ways -

AT MUNICIPAL LEVEL

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

• Includes the network of trunk mains and street mains.

• Distributes water from service reservoir to the street mains
At municipal level - Systems of supply of water
 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM
• water is supplied 24 hours a day
• Preferred system but not possible due to poor water pressure and insufficient quantity of
water
 INTERMITTENT SYSTEM
• Water is supplied during fixed hours of a day- usually in the mornings or in the evenings
• System works by dividing the area into different zones with timings
• Difficult to fight fire if breaks out in the non supply hours
 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER – layout of distribution pipes
layout

Grid iron Radial Dead end Circular

method method method method

 Grid iron method

• sub mains are laid from the main distribution line, which further intercepts into

branches\layout is in the form of a grid and hence the name

• Promotes free circulation of water

• Curtails the chances of pollution due to stagnation

• Water is delivered at every point without heads loss\suitable for well planned towns and cities

• Cut off valves are used in case of fire/ repairs

• Laying is expensive as it requires laying of long pipes

  Circular method / ring method
• Reverse of radial method
• Ring of mains around distribution area
• Ring enclosing area to be served can be
rectangular or circle
• Distribution area is further divided into
rectangular or circular bocks

 Radial method
• water is taken from the main pumped into
reservoirs (situated at the centres of different
zones )
• From reservoir it is supplied through pipes
• Provides quick supply service
• System adopted or suited for towns having
radial roads
• Calculation of size of pipe is also simple.
 Dead end method

• Consists of one main supply line divided into

sub mains and further branches from service

connections to consumers

• Pipes are laid at random (no grid pattern)

• Also called tree system of layout

• Has dead ends and does not allow free

circulation

• Limitations in repairs and fire

• Chances of contamination is more due to

dead ends

• Diameter of mains designed as per demand

and so is economical

• Cut off valves are less

• Periodically needs to be cleaned.

 DISTRIBUTION OF WATER – at domestic level

Water is supplied from street mains to the individual bldg.

Then to taps and other fixtures
Supply is made through house service connections

House service connections

Consists of two parts

1. Communication pipe
o street mains to boundary of the premises

WATER MAIN
o Maintained and laid by the authorities COMMUNICATION PIPE
o Cost is of owners

2. Service pipes
SERVICE PIPE
o In the sides of the premises
o Laid by consumers at his cost

• To prevent damage by traffic – communication pipe is placed .76 m below ground level
• Depth is maintained until inside bldg.
• Rising pipe is brought up an internal wall (if in ext wall – damaged by weather conditions)
• Stop valve is placed above ground level
• Bathrooms close to kitchen and water tank above bathrooms.
SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY
Depending on the pressure of the water in street mains and timings supply of
water from mains to the buildings are of 2 types
SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY – direct
• Supply given directly to various floors having sufficient pressure for sufficient number of
hours
• Recommended for building not more than 2 floors
• Separate connections for domestic and non domestic requirements are provided
SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY – indirect
• Case- 1
Pumped into overhead storage tank situated at
the roof of the building

• Case – 2
Then supplied from the tank to different floors by
gravity water is stored in an underground water
storage tank then pumped to oht and then
supplied by gravity
SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY – direct SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY – indirect
LAYING AND JOINTING OF PIPES

CUTTING OF - Necessary when shorter lengths are req.

PIPES - Cutting mark to be made and pipes laid on rafters before cutting

DIGGING OF - For the pipes to be laid to the req. alignment and length
TRENCHES - depression properly filled and consolidated – 20cm

LAYING OF - Lowered into trench by means of pulley, sheer legs , chains and ropes
PIPES - One end tied to a wooden or steel peg and the other lowered by men

FORMATION - To transfer resulting hydraulic thrust

OF THRUST
BLOCKS - Fitted on the larger load bearing soil

- Allows pipe filling as close as possible

BACK FILLING
AND TAMPING - Protects pie from boulders falling on the trench, avoids lifting of pipe
during flood

CARRYING
OUT - Pressure test – pipes and joints should be water tight
HYDROSTATIC - Leakage test – at a specified pressure for a duration of 2 hours
TESTS
EMBEDDING PIPES IN MASONRY WALLS – 150mm dia
• Hole of 20mm x 20mm kept in the masonry
• Pipes are centrally located and sealed with cement concrete

CUTTING CHASES IN WALLS

A. Cutting chases in one brick thick wall and above load bearing
• Depth should not exceed 1/3 rd and 1/ 6th of the thickness of wall
Horizontal chases
• Horizontal chases to be avoided
• Horizontal chases- if unavoidable to be located in the upper / lower 1/3 rd of the ht of storey
• Not more than 3 in any stretch of wall
• Continuous horizontal not more than 1 meter
Vertical chases
• To be kept away from beams and lintel
• 30cm x 30cm holes can be done if without lintel
• 40cm dia if circle
• Not more than 2 in any stretch of wall

B. Cutting chases in half brick thick wall load bearing

• No chases are permitted
• Thus concealed pipes are not provided
C. Cutting chases in half brick thick wall non load bearing
• No horizontal chases
WATER PIPES - MATERIALS

PIPE MATERIALS

ASBESTOS CAST IRON RCC SPUN

PLASTIC PIPES GI PIPES COPPER PIPES
CEMENT PIPES PIPES PIPES

LDPE PIPES

HDPE PIPES

INJECTION MPOULDED PVC

PVC (RIGID - UNPLASTICIZED)

PLASTIC PIPES -
• Light weight
• Suitable for cold water services
• Commercially availed are

LDPE pipes - Low density polyethylene pipes

• Flexible
• Dia – upto 53mm
• Use in long run – point to point conveyance of water
• Not for internal water supply lines

HDPE pipes - high density polyethylene pipes

• tougher
• Dia – upto 1000mm generally 16mm – 400 mm
• for internal water supply lines – like on site jointing

PVC (RIGID - UNPLASTICIZED

• Resistant to inorganic acids, alkalies and salts
• Generally dia – 16 – 315 mm, upto 600 mm
• Varied shades – white / cream , light / dark grey, black
• For external / internal water supply lines
Injection moulded pvc fitting
• Reducing threaded adapter
To connect pvc to metal pipe directly
20mm -160mm dia
• Reducers – to convert bigger line to smaller line
• Reducing bushes – to convert service line to smaller line along with coupler, tees and elbows

REDUCING THREADED ADAPTER REDUCERS REDUCING BUSHES

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Free from thawing / freezing 1. Less resistant to heat
2. Cheap and Durable 2. Difficult to get in uniform composition
3. Flexible 3. Impart taste to water
4. Free from corrosion
5. Electric insulators
6. Light in weight
PLASTIC PIPES - laying and jointing of plasticized pvc – external work
2 methods
• Solvent welding joints
• Rubber ring joints

Solvent welding joints

Rubber ring joints
1. Clean internal surface of the ringtite groove

2. Sealing ring is formed into a heart shape and

1 inserted in the groove of the socket

3. Very imp to ensure that the ring is in position.

2
Thickest edge innermost

3 4. Chamfer the end of pipe . Remove all dust and

dirts

5. Apply lubricant on the lain side for half the

4
insertion depth
6
6. The spigot pipe is then moved so that the

chamfered edge is engaged in the socket mouth

7
7. Pipes are then aligned and pushed to insertion
4
5 8 mark

8. Forked lever is used

PLASTIC PIPES - laying and jointing of plasticized pvc – internal work

1. Laid and clamped to wooden plugs about the surface of the wall

2. Horizontal pipes – not more than 10 times outside diameter

3. Vertical pipes 1m – 2m max.

4. Pipes to support at close intervals

GALVANISED IRON PIPES

Used for service connections

Advantages

1. internal water supply

2. service connections – strong and

economical

3. iron – tendency to rust so galvanized Disadvantages

4. easy to join 1. affected by acidic and alkaline water

5. light weight and easy to transport
2. Life is short
GALVANISED IRON PIPES – LAYING AND JOINTING – EXTERNAL WORK
DIA. OF PIPE - MM WIDTH OF TRENCH - CM DEPTH OF TRENCH - CM
15-50 30 60
65-100 45 75

• trench is dug and pipes are laid

• width and depth are as in the table above

GALVANISED IRON PIPES – LAYING AND JOINTING – INTERNAL WORK

• Surface of wall or ceiling
• Fixing in terms of bat clamps
• 1.5 cm clear of the wall
• Embedded in brick work in
cement mortar – 1:3 (1
cement – 3 coarse sand)
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
1. Also called asbestos cement pressure
pipes
2. Mixture of Portland cement and
asbestos fiber
3. Dia – 50mm, 80, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250,
300, 450, 600, 900, 1000mm
Advantages
1. Neither corrode or rust
2. Light in weight
3. Easy to handle and brittle
4. Cost is low
Disadvantages
1. Not durable
2. Proper cushioning is a must
3. Only for low pressure
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
CAST IRON PIPES COPPER PIPES
1. For conveyance of water 1. Do not sag or bend
2. Life of pipe – 100 years – in general 2. Conveyance of hot water
3. 4 categories – a b c d 3. Costly
• A class – withstand pressure – 60 m head
• B class – withstand pressure – 120 m head
• C class – withstand pressure – 180 m head
• D class – withstand pressure – 240 m head
Advantages
1. Easy to join
2. Not subjected to corrosion
3. Strong and durable
4. Service connections are easy to make
Disadvantages
1. Breakage is large
2. Capacity decreases as life increases
3. Beyond 1200mm dia – pipes are heavy
and uneconomical
RCC SPUN PIPES
• Plain , reinforced, prestressed with dia 500mm – 2500mm
• Heads of 75mm
• Reinforcement in rcc consists of rings , hoops
• Reinforcement in moulds and cement concrete is poured
• Rotated at great speed about horizontal axis
• Also called Hume pipes

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Inside is smooth 1. Maintenance cost is high

2. Cost is low 2. Likely to rust – acidic , alkaline

3. Durable about 75 yrs water

4. Cast at site of work 3. More time for repairs

5. Heavy in weight 4. Deform in shape overtime due to

6. No expansion joints are required loads