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EMF
Induced in a
Conductor Rotating
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CurentInduced SMej
j o
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Rectangular Loop Lenz's Law
Current Eddy
Mutual Inductane l
dnce
2p2
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 msoW2 RMS Value or Root Mean Square Value A device generating alternating current
having elements magnet, armature and
ms Vo2
graphite brushes emf induced through coil
e = NBA o sin ot
mean 2/0/rMean Value or Average Value for Half Cycle I= elR = NBA » sin ot/R

ms2Vo/a Direction of current changes

periodically
= o sin ot
o =2 Ims V= Vo sin ot
R
Peak Value or Max" Value
Vo=2 Vms I t is used to change AC voltage.

The ratio of emf applied and Impedance

the current produced in an AC Current
AC circuit Z= Eolo ohm r>1, it is called step-up transformer.
re1, it is called step-down transformer.

The hindrance offered Reactance Power does not change in transformer

by Transformer Frequency does not change in transformer.
inductor or capacitor to the
flow of AC (XL or Xc) = Output voltage
Efficiency n
input voltage

Alternating
cot Current P COS
|I=osin oft V=Vo sin Ems 'ms =
Phase difference between Vand I, =
3 cosFo cos
Power factor cos ($) = 0
n/2 Inductive (L) Circuit Power in AC Circuit
Voltage leads current by /2
I = lo sin (ot t ¢)
P 0
L-C-R circuit Z
AC Circuits R+(Xc - XL¥
X =
I=lh sin ot+V=Vosin ot Capacitive (C) Circuit Xc L
T/2 or -t/2 -

cos = O0 C
Power (P) = 0
Resistive (R) Circuit
L-RCircuit tan -C R.-
Current leads the voltage by n/2 R-C Circuit

L-C Circuit
I=lo sin(ot), V= V% sin ot
I=lh sin(ot + d), V= Vo sin »t I=lo sin ot, V=V% sin(»t + ¢)
= 0°
cos d 1 Z = yr2 + x
P Vo lo/2 V= Vo sin ot
Z-VRx
Xc = 1/oC XL = » l
Current and voltage both tan = 1/oCR
are in same phase
I= l tan = oLIR
lo = Eo/Z
sin ot:5
-
=
X XL Xc oEo/Z
R Tt/2 Power factor = RZ
Power factor cos =
.Power factor = 0, Either Voltage leading
Current leading VR+X voltage or current leading