Unit I Introduction
Overview of Load Flow Methods – Energy
Management Centres and their functions –
Recent Developments.
Energy Management System
• Automated control and monitoring of
electric power and utility system.
• Provide decision making facilities for
operator in the operation and control in real
time.
• Used to train operators in a control center
and for performing engineering studies for
futuristic actions like planning, optimization
and maintenance scheduling, etc .
• Produce trend analysis and annual
consumption forecasts.
Energy Management System(EMS)
• EMS is a collection of computerized tools used
to monitor, control, and optimize the
performance of generation and transmission
systems.
• To reduce energy consumption, improve the
utilization of the system, increase reliability,
and predict electrical system performance as
well as optimize energy usage to reduce cost.
• EMS use real-time data such as frequency,
actual generation, tie-line load flows, and plant
units’ controller status to provide system
changes.
Energy Management System(EMS)
• Real time monitoring, operation and control of a
power system.
• Information from the power system is read through
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), an integral part of
SCADA to an EMS or Energy Control Centre (ECC).
• EMS consists of both hardware and software .
• Hardware part of EMS consists of RTU, Intelligent
Electronic Device (IED), Protection, Computer
networking, .etc.
• Software part of EMS consists of Application
programs for network analysis of power systems.
Energy Management System(EMS)
• Objectives:
• Primary Objectives: Security and Stability of the
system
• Secondary Objectives: Economic Operation and
Control
• Tertiary Objectives: Optimization, Operational
Planning and Maintenance Scheduling
Energy Management System(EMS)
Primary Objectives:
1. Maintaining the power system in a secure and
stable operating state by continuously monitoring
the power flowing in the lines and voltage
magnitudes at the buses.
2. Maintaining the frequency within allowable
limits.
3. Maintaining the tie-line power close to the
scheduled values.
Energy Management System(EMS)
Secondary Objectives:
1. Economic Operation of the power systems
through real time dispatch and Control.
2. Optimal control of the power system using both
preventive and corrective control actions.
3. Real time Economic Dispatch through real
power and reactive power control
Energy Management System(EMS)
Tertiary Objectives:
1. Optimization of the power system for normal
and abnormal operating scenarios.
2. Optimal control of the power system by
appropriate using both preventive and corrective
control actions
3. Maintenance scheduling of generation and
transmission systems.
Energy Management System(EMS)
The first objective is automatic or closed loop
control without the intervention of the operator.
The secondary and tertiary are performed with
the aid of the operator.
EMS has different names, namely 1) ECC: Energy
Control Centre, 2) Load Dispatch Centre, 3) DSM:
Demand side Management, 4) DMS: Distribution
Management System, etc.. The main functions of
these are to operate the power systems in real
time.
Evolution of EMS
1960 – Termed as Control Centre’s (CC)
• These control centers were initially termed
as load dispatch centres. The important task
was to control the power generation and
load demand as to match the generation
with load demand. Even today, the term load
dispatch centre’s are widely used in various
state electricity boards as well as energy
control centre’s.
Evolution of EMS
1970 – Energy Control Centre’s.
• Here the main task was to control the energy rather
than the power. Here energy monitoring is of main
concern. Matching of energy of power demand from
that of power generation is of main concern.
1990 – Energy Management Systems (EMS)
• In EMS, the main task was to manage the energy
through various techniques like load management
(LM), demand side management (DSM), distribution
management systems (DMS). EMS are computer
based programs that perform both computational
tasks as well as decision making tasks so as to assist
the operator for real time operation and control.
Functions and Benefits of EMS
Control functions:
1. Real time monitoring and control functions.
2. Automatic Control and automation of a
power system like Automated interfaces and
electronic tagging
3. Efficient automatic generation control and
load frequency control.
4. Optimal automatic generation control
across multiple areas
5. Tie -line control.
Functions and Benefits of EMS
Operating functions
1. Economic and optimal Operation of the generating
system.
2. Efficient operator Decision Making
3. Improved quality of supply
Optimization functions
1. Optimal utilization of the transmission network
2. Power scheduling interchange between areas.
3. Optimal allocation of resources
4.Immediate overview of the power generation,
interchanges and reserves
Functions and Benefits of EMS
Planning functions
1. Improved quality of supply and system
reliability
2. Forecasting of loads and load patterns
3. Generation scheduling based on load
forecast and trading schedules
4. Maintaining reserves and committed
transactions
5. Calculation of fuel consumption, production
costs and emissions
Energy Management System(EMS)
Important Activities:
1. Load management
2. Loss minimization
3. Peak shaving
4. Load shifting
Steps involved:
1. Network reconfiguration analysis
2. Observation analysis
3. State Estimation and data processing
4. Network application functions
Architecture of EMS
Generation Scheduling
Network Analysis and control
Database
SCADA
I Network Analysis
• State Estimation
• Contingency selection and analysis
• Optimal load flow
• Voltage control
• Dispatcher’s Load flow
• Dispatcher Training simulator
II Generation Scheduling and control
• Automatic Generation control
• Economic Dispatch
• Interchange Scheduling
III Data Base
• Data Storage and retrieval services for all
areas
IV SCADA
• Data Acquisition, Alarm Processing and Man
–machine Interface
Phases
• Gathering Information
• Decision making
• Action by transmitting control orders
( Directly-Centralized remote control)
( Indirectly- Decentralized Remote control
or load control)
Real time functions in EMS
• Topological Analysis
• State Estimation
• Network equivalent calculation
• Security Analysis
• Generation Dispatch
• Voltage and Reactive optimization
Extended Real time Functions:
• Short term load forecast
• Operator load flow
• Short circuit calculation
EMS and SCADA Functions
On line and Off line tasks in an EMS
EMS with Primary and secondary
Analysis
Application functions in EMS
• SCADA
• AGC
• Interchange Evaluation
• Economic Dispatch
• Unit commitment
• Load forecasting
• Transmission loss reduction
• Reactive power and voltage control
• State Estimation
• Network security assessment
• Optimal power flow
