ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

INTRODUCTION

ELECTROMAGNET :
Electromagnets are made out of a coil of wire (wire curled in series).
This is more effective in producing a magnetic field than just a wire
running straight. This effect can be strengthened by winding a wire
tightly around a powerful core made of magnetic material, such as iron.
The picture above shows a coil wound around an iron nail. On its own,
the iron nail is not magnetic.

An electromagnet can be defined as a magnet which functions on

electricity. Unlike a permanent magnet, the strength of an electromagnet
can be changed by changing the amount of electric current that flows
through it. If the current flow is cut, the property of magnetism ceases to
exist.
But this is also an advantage of the electromagnet over a permanent
magnet because controlling the electric current also controls the
magnetic field, in this case, i.e., the strength of the electric field controls
the strength of the magnetic field also. In fact, the poles of an
electromagnet can even be reversed by reversing the flow of electricity

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INDUCTION :
Induction is the process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
In the induction process, a charged object is brought near but not
touched to a neutral conducting object. The presence of a charged object
near a neutral conductor will force (or induce) electrons within the
conductor to move.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION :
Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831,
and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday’s law
of induction.
This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving magnetic
field (when using an AC power source) or when a conductor is
constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is the production of potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field. Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity in coil, heat in ferrous metal or waves
in a radio transmitter. Finally, it is referred to the phenomenon where an
emf is induced when a magnetic flux linked a conductor change.

MAGNETIC FLUX :
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Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing

through a given closed surface. It provides the measurement of the total
magnetic field that passes through a given surface area. Here, the area
under consideration can be of any size and under any orientation with
respect to the direction of the magnetic field.

 Magnetic Flux Symbol :

Magnetic flux is commonly denoted using the Greek letter Phi or Phi
suffix B
Magnetic flux symbol: Φ or ΦB.

 Magnetic flux formula is given by:

ΦB = BACosθ
Where,
 ΦB is the magnetic flux
 B is the magnetic field
 A is the area
 θ the angle at which the field lines pass through the given surface
area

 Magnetic Flux Unit :

 Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter. The SI and
CGS unit of magnetic flux is given below:
 The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb).
 The fundamental unit is Volt-seconds.
 The CGS unit is Maxwell.

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FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT :

1. FIRST EXPERIMENT :

In this experiment, Faraday connected a coil to a galvanometer, as

shown in the figure above. A bar magnet was pushed towards the coil,
such that the north pole is pointing towards the coil. As the bar magnet is
shifted, the pointer in the galvanometer gets deflected, thus indicating
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the presence of current in the coil under consideration. It is observed that

when the bar magnet is stationary, the pointer shows no deflection and
the motion lasts only till the magnet is in motion. Here, the direction of
the deflection of the pointer depends upon the direction of motion of the
bar magnet. Also, when the south pole of the bar magnet is moved
towards or away from the coil, the deflections in the galvanometer are
opposite to that observed with the north-pole for similar movements.
Apart from this, the deflection of the pointer is larger or smaller
depending upon the speed with which it is pulled towards or away from
the coil. The same effect is observed when instead of the bar magnet, the
coil is moved and the magnet is held stationary. This shows that only the
relative motion between the magnet and the coil are responsible for the
generation of current in the coil.

2. SECOND EXPERIMENT :

In the second experiment, Faraday replaced the bar magnet by a second

current-carrying coil that was connected to a battery. Here, the current in
the coil due to the connected battery produced a steady magnetic field,

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which made the system analogous to the previous one. As we move the
second coil towards the primary coil, the pointer in the galvanometer
undergoes deflection, which indicates the presence of the electric current
in the first coil. Similar to the above case, here too, the direction of the
deflection of the pointer depends upon the direction of motion of the
secondary coil towards or away from the primary coil. Also, the
magnitude of deflection depends upon the speed with which the coil is
moved. All these results show that the system in the second case is
analogous to the system in the first experiment

3. THIRD EXPERIMENT :

From the above two experiments, it was concluded by Faraday that the
relative motion between the magnet and the coil resulted in the
generation of current in the primary coil. But another experiment
conducted by Faraday proved that the relative motion between the coils
was not really necessary for the current in the primary to be generated.
In this experiment, he placed two stationary coils and connected one of
them to the galvanometer and the other to a battery, through a push-
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button. As the button was pressed, the galvanometer in the other coil
showed a deflection, indicating the presence of current in that coil. Also,
the deflection in the pointer was temporary and if pressed continuously,
the pointer showed no deflection and when the key was released, the
deflection occurred in the opposite direction.

FARADAY’S LAW EQUATION :

Consider the example of a conducting wire wound into a coil. Suppose

this coil is placed in an external magnetic field, represented by magnetic
lines of forces. The number of lines passing through a given cross-
sectional area is defined as the magnetic flux. There are several ways to
change this flux.

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According to Faraday’s law, a change in magnetic flux gives rise to an

induced voltage, called electromotive force (emf). Mathematically, the
law is given by the following formula.
ε = – N dφ/dt
Where,
ε = Induced emf
N = number of turns of the coil
dφ/dt = instantaneous change in magnetic flux with time

SI Unit of EMF: Volts

The negative sign is because the induced emf opposes the magnetic
field. The magnitude of the emf is given by,
|ε| = N dφ/dt
When, N = 1, and dφ/dt = 1 Wb/s, then |ε| = 1 V
Therefore, the induced emf is the voltage generated across a coil of one
turn when the flux rate is 1 Wb/s. Lenz’s law determines the direction of
the induced current.

APPLICATIONS OF FARADAY’S LAW :

Faraday’s law is one of the most fundamental laws of electromagnetism.
This law finds its application in most electrical devices. It can explain
the working principle of transformers, generators, inductors, and motors.
Here are a few uses and applications, including some in daily life.

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 Transformer: It consists of a pair of coils wound around a square

core. Alternating current passing through one coil generates
changing magnetic field, resulting in an induced current in the
second coil.

 Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy used in an external circuit. A conductor coil is rotated
rapidly between the poles of a horseshoe-type magnet. The rotating
coil intercepts the magnetic field, and a current is induced in it.

 Induction cooker: It is used to heat a cooking vessel by induction

instead of flame or electrical coil. It uses the concept of mutual
inductance, which is based on the principle of mutual induction.

 Electrical bells: A device that functions using an electromagnet.

An electromagnetically operated hammer strikes a bell resulting in
sound.

 Electromagnetic Flow Meter: A device used to measure the

velocity of conducting fluids by applying a magnetic field. The
induced emf is proportional to the fluid velocity.

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LENZ’S LAW :
Lenz’s law states that “The induced electromotive force with
different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in
order to ensure that the original flux is maintained through
the loop when current flows in it”. Named after Emil Lenz,
Lenz’s law depends on the principle of conservation of energy and
Newton’s third law. It is the most convenient method to determine the
direction of the induced current. It states that the direction of an induced
current is always such as to oppose the change in the circuit or the
magnetic field that produces it.

LENZ’S LAW FORMULA :

Lenz’s Law formula is stated from Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic

Induction. According to this law, EMF on the coil is calculated as,
E= -N (dφ / dt )

Where,
negative sign indicates that the direction of induced emf is such that it
opposes the change in magnetic flux)
E is the electromotive force
N is number of loops the coil made
dφ is the change in magnetic flux
dt is change in time

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LENZ’S LAW EXPERIMENT :

Lenz’s law provides the direction of the induced electromotive force

and current induced in the closed circuit. The experiments proved by
Lenz to state its theory are,
The image given below shows a metallic conductor placed in a
magnetic field.

FIRST EXPERIMENT :

First experiment by Lenz proved that the current flowing in the coil
produces a magnetic field in the circuit and the strength of the magnetic
field increases with an increase in the strength of the induced current.
Also, this magnetic field produced opposes the original magnetic field
i.e. the direction of the induced current is opposite to the original
magnetic field.

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SECOND EXPERIMENT :

Second experiment by Lenz states that the iron rod wound by the
current-carrying wire and its left end behave as N-pole if moves
towards the coil an induced current is produced in the coil.

THIRD EXPERIMENT :

Third experiment by Lenz states that if the coil is pulled towards the
magnetic flux, the magnetic flux linked with the coil decreases as the
area of the coil inside the magnetic field decreases. Now the induced
current in the same direction opposes the motion of the coil according
to Lenz’s law.
From the above experiments, we can conclude that the current is
produced when the magnet exerts the force in the loop and to resist the
change, the current exerts a force on the magnet.

LENZ’S LAW EXPLANATION :

.
CASE 1:

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As shown in the figure, when the North pole bar magnet is moved
towards the coil, the induced current in the coil flows in the
anticlockwise direction, when we see it from the magnet side. The face
of the coil develops north polarity. As we know, that same pole repels,
so the north pole-north pole repels. So, it opposes the motion of the
North pole of a magnet.
The motion of the magnet increases the flux through the coil and flux
will be generated in the opposite direction by the induced current.

CASE 2:

As shown in the figure when the North pole of a bar magnet is taken
away from the coil, the induced current in the coil flows in the
clockwise direction. The face of the coil develops South polarity. We
know that opposite poles attract. So, the north pole and south polarity
attract each other.

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The motion of the magnet decreases the flux through the coil. The flux
is generated in the same direction by induced current, hence opposing
and increasing the flux.

APPLICATIONS OF LENZ’S LAW :

Lenz’s Law finds its importance in various cases and some of the most
common uses of Lenz’s law are,
 The braking system in trains works on the principle of Lenz’s law

 AC generators work on the principle of Lenz’s law

 Eddy currents are balanced using Lenz’s Law

 Metal Detectors, Card readers .

 Inductor

 Electric generators

 Electromagnetic braking

 Induction cooktop and many other electronic devices use the

concept of Lenz’s law for their application .

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INDUCTANCE :
Inductance is an electrical circuit attribute that opposes any change in
current in the circuit. Electrical circuits have an intrinsic feature called
inductance. Whether desired or not, it will always be found in an
electrical circuit. The inductance of a straight wire carrying electricity
with no iron element in the circuit will be lower. Because the
inductance of an electrical circuit opposes any change in current in the
circuit, it is equivalent to inertia in mechanics.
Magnetic flux that is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
field is known as induction. The induced EMF across a coil is related to
the rate at which the current through it changes. Inductance is the
proportionality constant in that relationship. H is the SI unit for
inductance (henry). It is denoted by the letter L. The amount of
inductance required to produce an EMF of 1 (V) volt in a coil when the
current change rate is 1 Henry is defined as 1 H (Henry).

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When the switch is turned on, the current flows from zero to a specific
value, causing a change in the flow rate. Consider the flux shift caused
by current flow. The flux change is measured in terms of time, as
follows:
dφ/dt
Use Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction to solve the problem.
E = N(dϕ/dt)
Where, N is the coil’s number of turns, and E is the induced EMF
across the coil.
Write the above equation as follows using Lenz’s law:
E = -N(dϕ/dt)
For computing the value of inductance, the previous equation is
adjusted.
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E = -N(dϕ/dt)
∴ E = -L(di/dt)
N = dΦ = L di
NΦ = Li
Therefore,
Li = NΦ = NBA
Where, B denotes the flux density and A denotes the coil area.
Hl = Ni
Where H denotes the magnetic flux’s magnetizing force.
B = μH
Li = NBA
L = NBA/i = N2BA/Ni
N2BA/Hl = N2μHA/Hl
L = μN2A/l = μN2πr2/l
TYPES OF INDUCTANCE :

1. SELF- INDUCTANCE :

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The magnetic flux associated with a coil or circuit changes anytime the
electric current running through it changes. As a result, an emf is
induced in the coil or circuit, which opposes the change that creates it,
according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. This
phenomenon is known as ‘self-induction,’ and the induced emf is
referred to as back emf, while the current created in the coil is referred
to as induced current.
 Coefficient of self-induction: The current is proportional to the
number of flux linkages with the coil, i.e., Nϕ is directly
proportional, or Nϕ = Li (N is the number of turns in coil and Nϕ –
total flux linkage). Hence The coefficient of self-induction is
L = (Nϕ/i).

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 If i = 1amp, N = 1 then, L = ϕ i.e. When the current in a coil is 1

amp, the coefficient of self-induction is equal to the flux associated
with the coil.
 Faraday’s second law induced emf e = -N(dϕ/dt). Which gives
e = -L(di/dt); If di/dt = amp/sec then |e| = L. When the rate of
change of current in the coil is unity, the coefficient of self induction
is equal to the emf induced in the coil.
 Units and dimensional formula of ‘L’ : It’s S.I. unit, weber/Amp =
(Tesla × m )/ Amp = (N × m)/Amp = Joule/Amp = (Coulomb ×
2 2 2

volt)/Amp = (volt × sec)/amp = (ohm × sec).

2

But practical unit is henry (H). It’s dimensional formula

[L] = [ML T A ]2 -2 -2

2. MUTUAL- INDUCTANCE :

When the current going through a coil or circuit varies, so does the
magnetic flux coupled to a neighboring coil or circuit. As a result, an

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emf will be induced in the next coil or circuit. Mutual induction is the
term for this occurrence.
 Coefficient of mutual induction: N ϕ is the total flux linked with the
2 2

secondary due to current in the primary, and N ϕ is directly 2 2

proportional to i = N ϕ = Mi , where N is the number of turns in the

1 2 2 1 1

primary, N is the number of turns in the secondary, ϕ is the flux

2 2

linked with each turn of the secondary, i is the current flowing 1

through the primary, and M is the mutual inductance coefficient.

 According to Faraday’s second law emf induces in secondary
e =-N(dϕ /dt); e =-M(di /dt)
2 2 2 1

 If di /dt = 1Amp/sec then |e |=M. When the rate of change of current

1 2

in the main coil is unity, the mutual induction coefficient is equal to

the emf induced in the secondary coil.
 Units and dimensional formula of ‘M’: It’s S.I. unit, weber/Amp =
(Tesla × m )/ Amp = (N × m)/Amp = Joule/Amp = (Coulomb ×
2 2 2

volt)/Amp = (volt × sec)/amp = (ohm × sec).

2

But practical unit is henry (H). It’s dimensional formula

[M] = [ML T A ].2 -2 -2

FACTORS AFFECTING INDUCTANCE :

1. Length of the coil: It is inversely proportional to the length of the coil.

If the length of the coil is increased, the inductance is reduced, and vice
versa.
2. Cross-sectional area of the coil: It is directly proportional to the cross-
sectional area of the coil. The higher the area of the coil, the higher the
inductance.
3. Number of turns: It is directly proportional to the number of turns
square. Hence, the higher the number of turns, the higher the inductance.
4. Permeability of the core: The permeability of the core material allows
the magnetic field to form inside the core. The inductance is directly
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proportional to the permeability. The higher the permeability, the higher

will be the inductance.

USES AND APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTANCE :

 To slow down current surges by temporarily storing electrical energy in

an electromagnetic field and releasing it into the circuit

 To choke or block high-frequency noise in an electric circuit

 For storing and transferring energy in power converters, like dc-to-ac or

ac-to-dc.

 For selecting the desired frequency in a tuned circuit like an LC circuit

 To match the impedance of a power source to the impedance of an

electrical load, known as impedance matching

 To amplify the current in a proximity sensor

APPLICATION OF ELETROMAGNETIC INDUCTION :

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The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices

and systems, including:

1. Electrical generators

2. Induction motors

3. Induction sealing

4. Inductive charging

5. Transformers

6. Wireless energy transfer

7. Wireless charger

CONCLUSION :
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Electromagnetic induction is a branch of physics that deals with

electromagnetic fore that occurs between electrically charged particles.

Electromagnetic induction is the ability of a changing magnetic field to

induce a voltage in a conductor.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp:
it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our
lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.

BIBILIOGRAPY :
Wikipedia.co
Google search engine
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www.youtube.com/knowledgecycle
www.knowledgecycle.in
https://unacademy.com/
https://www.vedantu.com/
https://www.orsted.com/
https://www.slideshare.net
https://leverageedu.com/
Physics NCERT book (class XII)

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