[TOPIC 1] Magnetic Flux, Electromagnetic Induction and Lenz's Laws 1.1 Magnetic Flux 1.2 Electromagnetic Induction netic lines: The magnetic flux represents total magi terete ge phone 0 goer inte al through an area dS in a magnetic field Bis induced emf by changing the magnetic flux linked defined as, 6, = fB-aS with a closed circuit is known as Electromagnetic Induction (EMI). where, Bis the magnetic field and dS is the area a of element. : Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic flux, 4, = B-S = BScos6, There are two laws of electromagnetic induction. where, Sis the area of. |~———— surface and@isthe = __ B angle between the : Faraday’s First Law direction of magnetic Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked field and normal to the —— > itis. as an the closed loop or circuit changes, an emf e * induces are - 2 The SI unit of magnetic fux (f) is tesla me Tae nthe loop or circuit which lasts $0 long fi as change in flux continues, which is also called Weber (Wb) and CGS unit of magnetic flux is Maxwell (Mx), Faraday's Second Law 1 Wb= 10° Mx The induced emf ina ch oS directly proportional to ae magnetic flux linked wi ‘Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity and its circuit Le. eo di o ional formula is{ML°T?A~}),to this law, the direction of induced iced current is such that it always ‘opposes the cause that produces it. i.e. It opposes the change in magnetic flux. Induced Current in a Circuit If Nis the number of turns and R is the resistance of a coil, then the magnetic flux linked with its each turn changes by d@ in short time interval dt, the induced current flowing through the coil is Hl 2(v4) meni ke dt Ifinduced current is produced in a coil rotated in a uniform magnetic field then NBAqsinwt [= = ysinot z 0 Ipsinot eak value of induced current N = Number of turns in the coil baw: a = Angular velocity of rotation and ‘ of cross section of the coil. current Motional Emf due to Translatory Motion Let a conducting rod of length /be moving with a uniform velocity v perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B , an induced emf is set up. The magnitude of the induced emf will be El = e=Blv [in equilibrium Fl = Fm, IE = vB, E = vB] If the rod is moving such that it makes an angle ® with the direction of the magnetic field, then = Bly sin®. Hence, for the motion parallel to B, the induced emf is zero. Motional Emf due to Rotational Motion ‘The induced emf developed between two ends of conductor of length [rotating about one end with angular velocity @ in a direction perpendicular to magnetic field is given by,x % xX jiven figure, # bar magnet is moved towards conducting loop ha capacitor. Predict the polarity of th ‘Aand Bot the capacitor. 7. Inthe # all india 2017 2, A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centr’ of circular loop. If the current through the wire increases, will there be an induced. emf in the loop? Justify. Delhi 1017 3, Figure shows a current carrying solenoid g state Lenz's moving towards conducting loop. Find Poe aliy the direction of the current induced in art to fall under gravity. Will ae an emf induced at its ends? Justify the loop. On what factors, does the magnitude emf induced in the circuit due to magn grit 0 5 ). State the Faraday’s law of electromag 4, The electric current flowing ina wire in the direction from Bto Ais decreasing. : h t induction. Foreign 2012 Find out the direction of the induce ear ae current in the B atalic ae 11. The closed loop PQRS of wire is moved the wire as shown in the figure. a uniform magnetic field at right angle ha plane ef the paper as shown in figure, Predict the directi indu A B Allindia 2014 current in the loop. ion ot ia 4 XpXary x ie yo spherical bobs, one metallic and the of glass, of the same size are freely from the same Predict the directi indi pate ge coe of metal rings 1 and 2 when current Zin the Wire is steadily dec:44. Two loops of different shapes are moved into a region of uniform magnetic field in the directions marked by arrows as shown in the figure. What is the direction of the induced current in each loop? « as Foreign 2010 @ 2 Marks Questions 15. An aeroplane is flying horizontally from west to east with a velocity of 900 km/h. Calculate the potential difference developed between the ends of its wings having a span of 20 m. The horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field is 5x10‘ T and the angle of dip is 30°. ese 20180 16. A rectangular frame of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field directed outwards, normal to the paper. AB is connected to a _ spring which is stretched to A’ B’ and then ‘ at time t= 0, Explain ively how induced electro motive the coil would vary with time. c ing of oscillations of spring) Allindia 2012 angular frequency of @ with one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallie ring of radius L, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Deduce the expression for the emf between the centre and the metallic ring. pa . A current is induced in coil C, due to the motion of current carrying coil Gy. @ Write any two ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G. ii) Suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in place of a galvanometer. elhizon 20. A magnet is quickly moved in the direction indicated by an arrow by two coils C, and C, as shown in thewheel. All india 2018 are loop of side 20 cm is initially ss Teera0 em away from a region of uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in the figure, It is then moved towards the right Geen with a velocity of 10.em still it goes out nee eee to pe a of the field. Plot a graph showing the deflection in the galvanomete! Eee, oiika 3 i (i) magnetic flux ($) through the loop, 1 anacidnoao, —ongonnnad— with time (t). a $t wi (ii) induced emf (e) in the loop with time =I't (ii) induced current in the loop, if it has & Wa resistance of 010. (ii) State the related law. peihi ow BLL down) 23. A coil Qis connected to low voltage bulb B = and placed near another coil P as shown a in the figure. Give reasons to explain the following observations. (@ The bulb Blights. i) Bulb gets dimmer, if the coil @ is He moved towards left, : ae 26. (i) A rod of length 7 is moved horizontally ®. ged with a uniform velocity v ina direction Yy perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically downward. 3 Derive the expression for the emf aa ed induced across the ends of the rod. Dethi 2010 (ii) How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorenta force acting on the free change carriers of the conductor? Explain. All india 2014 Consider the motion of a charged particle of mass m and charge q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B. @ IEv is perpendicular to B, that it describes a circular ha ae ie fi a BEY i expression for the induced dwhen a coil of N turns 27.n with a constant velocity v as shown figure. In which loop, do you expect luced emf to be constant during the passage out of the field region? ‘The field is normal to the loops. Faeax x x Allingia zone (@ 5 Marks Questions 29, A metallic rod of length J and resistance R is rotated with a frequency v, with one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius /, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. @) Derive the expression for the induced emf and the current in the rod. (ii) Due to the presence of the current in the rod and of the magnetic field, | find the expression for the magnitude and direction of the force acting on this rod. (ii) Hence, obtain the expression for the power required to rotate the rod. ¥ All india 20146 possesses resistance r. x= 0to O with constant speed », obt expressions for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch the variation of these quantities ‘ with distance 0< x< 26. allifidia 2010 | @ Explanations ial Oba eR sR aire 0h Ny Induced current is anti-clockwise o 2. The flux created by straight current carrying wire is depicted in the figure, () As, induced emf (¢) ce rate of change of magnetic flux (@,) and 6, = B- A = BAcos@ Here, BLA => Op = BAcos 90°= 0 So, induced emf= 0 Hence, a change in current of wire will not create any emf in the loop. 0 3. The direction of current in the coil is anti-clockwise. As North polarity of solenoid is moving towards the loop. So, to stop the motion ; of solenoid, Current wil induced in the coil in | anticlockwise direction (N-pole) o According to Lenz’s law, the direction of induced current will oppose the cause of its production, So, the current in loop will induce in such a W that it will support the current flowing. wire, i.e. in the same direction. So, th of current in the loop will be 5. The glass bob will reachchange. 1 i the is approaching the loop, So in the face of loop viewed from ide il low in such & way that it will ; behave like North pole, so South pole develope Hoop when Viewed from right hand side ofthe 4, From the figure, tis clear that North pole ofthe | oop. The flow of induced current is clockwise, A ry onl or eee direction of current at end Q will flow in such a i) ring 1 is clockwise. ch ring 2 is anti-clockwise. negative polarity. a way that it will oppose the movement of North, 8. Lenz’s law states that the direction of induced emf pole, so it has to act as South pole. Hence, the or induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes direction of current will be anti-clockwise, Sean cuanze tiabproduces it. Yes, emf Again, the South pole is approaching towards coil eager risk anthers is change in CD, so end C of the coil will act as South pole (to wees ‘oppose the approaching of South pole). Hence, the When a metallic rod held horizontally along direction of current will be clockwise. o ee ieeerecon = loved to fall frecly 14, The induced current always opposes the change under gravity, i.e. fall from North to South, the intensity of magnetic lines of the earth’s magnetic field changes through it, ie. the magnetic flux changes and hence the induced emf in it, a in magnetic flux. Loop abc is entering the magnetic field, so magnetic flux linked with loop tends to increase, so current induced in loop abeis anti-clockwise to produce magnetic field upward to oppose the increase in flux. 9. The magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depends on the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit, ease current will be clockwise to produce magnetic 0 field downward to oppose the decrease in 10. Faraday, on the basis of his experiments, gave the magnetic flux, o following two laws: First law Whenever magnetic flux linked with a _dlreuit changes, an emf (and hence a current) is = 900x 3 ced in it, which lasts as long as change in flux 18 Pm % (2) Ll The emf induced in loop or closed Loop defy is leaving the magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced 15. Given, v= 900 km/h = 250 m/s listance between the ends of the wings ly proportional to the rate of mom Jinked with the loop pip angle: 5 m30°, sy Horizontal component of earth’s field ‘aa ie dF. = By, =5x104T te Potential difference induces d field lines. 0, induced e SE Aatight side, i.e, wire AB ‘harmonic motion, In this case, flux linked with wire continuously anges, therefore an induced emf is produced across wire AB which is continuously decreases with time and finally becomes zero, @ According to figure shown in the question, induced current is in anti-clockwise, when seen from left hand side and its direction is in clockwise when seen from right hand side. Thus, direction of induced current is in clockwise sense. o This implies that plate A of the capacitor is at the higher potential than plate B, i.e. B is a negative plate while A is a positive plate. o 18, | Tocaloulate the induced emf, first we have to find | the change in flux. Here change in flux ocours due tochange in area because of revolution of Then we can calculate the induced emt. | Angular velocity of rod, @ = = where, T = time period » Change in flux in one revolution = BA = B (m2) ‘According to Faraday’s law of EMI, magnitude of induced emf e=do/aT = Brl?/T = = Brl?/(20/0) [T= 2n/a] 1 pel? 2 flection means a high current for short @ large deflection, induced and to produce high of flux should be} me. ‘Also in coil C,, it behaves : the coming magnet. This, is anti-clockwise. as areas of the loop and time periods they are identical and rotated with angular speed. (i) The current induces in Cu coil is more than Al coil as Cu coil has lesser resistance and I =< (for the same voltage). oO 22, (i) According to the figure, the coil P should be moved quickly towards or away from the coil $. o (ii) The laws involved here are Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. For statement Refer to Sol. 10 on page 182. (First and second law) 23, | Induced current, is responsible for the lighting of the bulb, which depends on change of flux. (i) Due to varying current in P, the flux linked with P change and hence Q changes, which in tum induces the emf in Q and bulb B lights, where P and Qare coils. o (ii) When Qis moved left or it goes away from P, the lesser flux change takes place in @ This leads to: decrease in the value of rate of change of magnetic flux and hence, lesser emf and bulb B gets dimmer, 24, (a) When a coil of area of cross-section 4 having number of turns is rotating with angular velocity «in uniform magnetic field B, th magnetic flux linked with coil Jthrough loop 6 = B-A= Bx 1X 0.2 = 004Wb= 4x10 Wb o (ii) During motion, free e~ are shifted at ‘one end due to magnetic force. So, due to polarisation of rod electric field is produced which applies electric force'on free e~ in opposite direction. Thus, induced emf will be motional. 2) At equilibrium of Lorentz force, E+E, =0 = gk+ qvXxB)=0 E=-vx B= Bxv | E|=| Brsin 90%| essy ar Py = Bul i 27. (i) Force acting on the charged particle, moving with a velocity v, in a magnetic field B. F=q(vxB) As, v1B, |Force| = qvB Since Fly, it acts as a centripetal force and makes the particle move in a circular path, in the plane, perpendicular to the magnetic field. qu! orem r qBof area movin, out of the field remains same while itis not so for the circular coil. Therefore, the induced emf for "the rectangular coil remains constant. 29. (i) In the one revolution change of area, dA = n° +. Change of magnetic flux do = B- dA = BdAcos0° = Bat o If period of revolution is T (a) Induced emf = 4 = B2!" _ pery T T (b) Induced current in the rod, pala BP ROR @ (ii) Force acting on the rod, F = rip = 7¥8t The external force required to rotate the rod opposes the Lorentz force acting on the rod/external force acts in the direction opposite to the Lorentz force @ (lit) Power required to rotate the rod. eye BVT PoFv= R o 30, | inthis question, fist of all, we have to understand | the given limits carefully in which the magnetic thx | exists. Induced emf induces when change in the flux takes place. In both forward and backward | joumey, change in flux takes place. For statement of Faraday’s law of induction Refer to Sol. 10 on o When PQmoves From b to. 0. = Ble Graphical representation o=Bbl | ; % ‘ o Induced emf As, induced emf = Bix = #5 ay | vaG | a dt a Induced emf, ¢ =~ 4 = — yp a For We xzb, as, ¢=Bo => Woo 5020 at Forward journey For O e=-vBI For bS xs > e=0 Backward journey For b> x20=9 = vBl ii For Hz x2b, e=0 Variation of induced emf ree Forward Return‘Then, total flux, NOs © - re ‘The constant of pro} Ik piece of conductor calfed inductance: : with the conductor nas eddy currents. The Self-Induction mee vane ‘The phenomenon of production of ind iced coil, when a current passes through it, un change. Total flux linked with coil, N@ eZ Direction of eddy currents can be given by Lenz’s otal flux law or by Fleming's right hand rule. *+ Eddy current causes undesirable heating and where, 0= ‘wastage of power in transformer. The heat L = coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance do dt produced by eddy currents may even damage 41.5, induced emf, e-- 2° =-1 the insulation of coils. . at at * Eddy current can be minimised by taking SI unit of self-induction is Henry (H). laminated core which consists of thin metallic ayers sheets insulated from each other by varnish and dI/dt Placed normal to the direction of magnetic field. remy (43) =1 V-s/A orl T-m¥A. or ohms. Applications of Eddy Currents Self-Inductance of a Long Solenoid Inspite of the undesirable effects, eddy currents are A long solenoid is one whose length is very large used in many ways. Some of them are given below * a tae as compared to its area of cross-section. The (i) Speedometer magnetic field B at any point inside such a | (ii) Induction meter solenoid is practically constant and its (iii) Induction furnace ae eit ceomagmetic shiclding self-induction is given by |r = Ho NA (v) Electromagnetic damping where, N = number of turns, . (vi) Energy meter A=area of solenoid, and / = length of solenoid. Mutual Induction ; The phenomenon of generation of induced secondary coil when current linked with pt coil changes is known as mutual indu where,N, = number of turns in primary solenoids, A = area of solenoid and {length of solenoid ‘There are some important points related to inductance (i) Two inductors are in parallel combination, then equivalent inductance is given by where, L,, L, = coefficient of self-inductances of both coils ‘Two inductors are in series combination, where, J is the current in the inductor. BRAC Generator or is an electrical machine which trical energy from mechanical work, of what a motor does. Ina AC generator Theory and Working As, the armature of coil is rotated in uniform magnetic field, angle @ between the field and the normal to the coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an emf is induced in the coil. According to Fleming's right hand rule, current is induced in AB from A to Band it is from€ to Din CD. In the external circuit, current flows from By to B, Ife is the emf induced in the coil, then -Nd di or =~“ weAcoson [By Faraday’s fcurrent I develops expression for the density. All india 2019 ; | What are eddy currents? Write applications. Allindia 2012 ne mutual inductance between t perm oarial solenoids, Find out the expression forthe mutual inductance oil. inner solenoid of lengt a’ Ser ae ——_ rand the number of tar m,per unit ee Bee, Ibngth due to the second outer solenoid of aa Se es same length and 7, number of turns per frequency eee 2 unit length.pethi 2012 << 13. Current in a circuit falls steadily from 2.0 A to 0.0 A in 10 ms. If an average emf {inductance and write its Bo Wiy i tte core of a transformer of 200 V is induced, then calculate the laminated? pelhi 2013 b self-inductance of the circuit. Foreign 2on 5. The motion of copper plate is damped, 44. Two concentric circular coils, one of small when it is allowed to oscillate between I ostenora magnet, What is the radius r and the other of large radius R, such that >> r, are placed coaxially with ene a maar eee ets damping? Allindia 2013 centres coinciding. Obtain the mutual 6. Alight metal disc on the top of an inductance of the arrangement. is thrown up as the current Allindia 20n1c, zot0C. is switched on. Why? Give reason. iy? Give reason. 15. Two concentric circular coils C, and Cy 7. How does the mutual inductance of a radius 7 and r, (7, << rp) respectively are Biteecoils change, when kept coaxially. If current is passed through Ber beivecn the coils ia C,, then find an expression for mutual ¢ ee inductance between the two coils. _ Gii) number of turns in the coils is Ailtndia 2011, Foreign 2071 increased? Allindia 2013, 16. A source of emf e is used to establish a n the self-inductance of a given current J through a coil of self-inductance N number of turns, area of L.. Show that the work done by the source ~ to build up the current Fis + E72, 2B 3 Marks Questions__ solenoids S, and S, wound one over the other, each of length Z and radii y, and ry and n; and ny number of turns per unit length, when a current Tis set up in the outer solenoid S,. Delhi 2017 49. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other. All india 2017 ) Define mutual inductance. i) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux Jinkage with the other coil? pethi 2016 21. @) Define self-inductance. Write its SI unit. (ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm placed inside the solenoid normal to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 to 4.0 in 0.18, then what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is s, changing? Foreign 2015 Draw a schematic sketch of an AC generator describing its basic elements. briefly its working principle. Show @ of variation of flux and 4 g emf veri time 25. Starting from the expression for the (iii) the energies stored given instant, Foreign 2014 energy W = LI’, stored in a solenoid of self-inductance L to build up the current T obtain the expression for the magnetic energy in terms of the magnetic field B, area A and length / of the solenoid having nh number of turns per unit length. Hence, show that the energy density is given by B?/ 21, belhi 20136 (4 5 Marks Questions 26. (i) Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance. Consider two concentric circular coils, one of the radius r, and the other of radius ry(r; <7») placed coaxially with centres coinciding with each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of the arrangement. (i) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns Nis rotated at f revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf induced in the coil is 2nfNBA. Allindia 2016, 27. (i) Define mutual inductance : its SI units. Gi) Derive an» current flowing through an tor of self-inductance L is See ohictiouely incteasing. Plot a graph showing the variation of __ (@) magnetic flux versus the current. (b) induced emf versus dI/ dt. (©) magnetic potential energy stored versus the current. Delhi 2014 29. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of AC generator and state its working principle. (ii) How is magnetic flux linked with the armature coil changed in a generator? (iii) Derive the expression for maximum value of the induced emf and state the rule that gives the direction of the induced emf. (iv) Show the variation of the emf generated versus time as the armature is rotated with respect to direction of the magnetic fields. 4 Draw a labelled in its working. rod held horizontally tion is dropped ‘A certain height near . When a met. As, the coy E j field betwen Plates oscillate in the magnetic this device? @ Explanations The phenomenon according to which an ” emf is produced in a coil (i.e. primary coil) as q result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring coil (i.e. secondary coil) is called mutual induction. SI unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H). 2. Self-inductance of a coil is equal to the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit current passes through it Also, self-inductance of a coil, is equal to the emf induced in coil, when rate of change of current in, coil is 1 A/s. Sl unit of self-inductance is 1 Henry (H) 1 H=1V-s/A 0 allic piece is surrounded by a coil carrying high frequency alternating current, then caddy current is developed in the metallic plece ind due to presence of resistance, metallie plese becomes hot o The core of a transformer is lamitiated to prevent. eddy current being produced in the core. m field between the two 's a continuous chang Plate. Dy Poles of the magnet, there ¢ of magnetic flux linked2 Wetven by 1 = ETA 1 can be by increasing jt (permeabilit bility of etiam), Nino. of tums), 4 (ane cr” " qross-section) and / (length) 1g. | Seltinductance of the inductor, L = 9/1 The slope of vs 7 graph gives self-induct the coil. Inductor A have got greater slope than inductor 8, 11, Eddy current Eddy currents are the cuments therefore self-inductance of A is greater than induced in the bulk pieces of conductors when self-inductance of B. o the amount of magnetic flux linked with the lance of 40. The energy of a capacitor is stored in the electric ee - field between its plates. Similarly, an inductor Eddy currents can be minimised by taking has the capability of storing energy in its laminated core, consists of thin metallic sheet magnetic field insulated from each other by varnish instead of a single solid mass. The plane of the sheets should 7 Increasing) be kept perpendicular to the direction of the currents. The insulation provides high resistance: 1900 — hence, ey carton ae en "a Applications — i (i) Electromagnetic damping | enle (ii) Induction furnace wm An increasing current in an inductor causes The phenomenon seni a j es 1 pees aa The work done per unit time is power, paper dene a) For 2 long solenoids assuming perfect « ‘As. flux linked with second solenoid first solenoid. F an du at or dU=Lidl we have d while the current eaeI flows through the outer circular radius R. The magnetic field at the centre of By=Mol,/R FR oe o AS r<< R, hence field B, may be considered to be constant over the entire cross-sectional area of inner coil of radius r. Hence, magnetic flux linked with the smaller coil will be 1 = BA, ate ar As by definition 6, = Mp5 ‘Now mutual inductance, My = 9 = Hor sO, TR But suppose fy, = Mz, = M «. oO Of two concentric coils when current flows ne coil, the emfis induced in the other coil. Trove, wo will use the conc k energy- Here, we will use the concept of worl 16. | per am. Le. here work against the emt induced «nil be stored in the form of magnetic energy. ‘The source of emf ¢ establishes current in coil in opposition of induced emf (Lenz's rule) and hence does the work for the same. This work done by source stores in the form of magnetic energy in the coil. Let, I current flows through the coil of self-inductance L at any instant t when rate of change of current in coil is dI/dt dI at © Magnitude, |E| = Lal/dt Work done in establishing the current in small time interval dt is given by dW = Pdt iIdt =(4 fy dt aW = Lidt ~» Total work done in increasi s, Total ng the current from Induced em We [) ar =1 fra arte Lee walip 2o Working As the armature of coil is rotated in the uniform magnetic field, angle 0 between the field and normal to the coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an emf is induced in the coil. According to Fleming’s right hand rule, 18. (i) Self-inductance of a coil is defined as the NABo sin ot where, NBA @is the maximum value of the | (also called peak value) which occurs when sin @t = tI. If NBA@ = ép, then e = @ sint property due to which it opposes the change of current flowing through it by inducing a back emf in it. Self-inductance L can be expressed as follows o=Li Here, bis magnetic flux linked with the coil and iis the current flowing through it. SI unit of self-inductance is Henry(H). (14) current induced in ABis from 4 to Band itis (ii) Refer to Sol. 12 on page 191. 0%) from € to Din CD. In the external circuit, 19. Refer to Sol. 12 on page 191 @ current flows from B, to B, 20. Gi feteto La aa To calculate the magnitude of emf induced, (i) Brat induced in tie eecodtiary hea suppose ane A= area of each turn of the coil, a 1 N= number of turns in the coil, ig a - B= strength of magnetic field ; = o- and = angle which normal to the coil makes e 4y \ with B at any instant ¢ or, d=-15x20 21. Self-Inductance When the current ina changed, a back emf is induced in the : This phenomenon is called self75 yV. a” 'AC generator works on the principle netic induction. Whenever unt of magnetic flux linked with a coil nges, an emf is induced in the coil Itlasts so long as the change in magnetic flux through the coil continues. Labelled diagram of AC generator is shown below. Axis Motion /’ ONE Field magnet Armature Load resistance A a” ‘closed armature coil rotates in a field with its axis perpendicular field, the magnetic flux linked with and emf induces in the coil. Let ween area vector of coil and B is O° Thereafter, where, 15 = absolute magnetic free space. N = total number of and h e = BNAasin ot 23, Self-Inductance Self-inductance is the property of a coil by virtue of which, the coil opposes any change in the strength of current flowing through it by inducing an emf in itself. The induced emf is also called back emf. When the current in a coil is switched on, the self-induction opposes the growth of the current and when the current is switched off, the self-induction opposes the decay of the current. So, self-induction is also called the inertia of electricity VOUTTON l 1'-—$wnnie a o Magnetic Energy of Lon; g Solenoid A long solenoid is one Whose length is very large as ¢ area of cross-section. The magnetic field (B) at any point inside such a compared to its solenoid is practically constant and is given by BaHoNT I‘ rc -- (ii) rom Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Li =po% tax or p= Ho N'A i r o If core is of any other magnetic material p is placed, then H=Hob, i pelouNeA l ‘The magnitude of emf is given by a lelore= 1 Multiplying (I) to both sides, we get el dt = LI di (iv) But T= or tat = dg at Also, work done (dW) = voltage (e) charge (4a) or dW =e x dq = eld! Substituting these values in Eq, (iv), we get aw = Lidl (v) Total work done in increasing the current from 2e10 to Tp, we have By integrating both sides of Eq. (v), we get i 2 in increasing the current flowing n or is stored as the potential a g On dividing Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get 5, hl} 16) ae Lae is! a G0) 25. Energy stored in the magnetic field, 1 21," ga ute Le NA Ea 2. 2d oe rr [n= NPA 5 Wo al i 2 we 1 We know that, energy density, 2 Up = EOYs [AsV = 4] Volume 2p © 26. (i) Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring coil or circuit will also change. Hence, an emf will be induced in the neighbouring coil or Grcuit. This phenomenon is called ‘mutual induction’. According to question, let coil of radius rp be 1, $0, point 0 due to th Change in magri is flowing (iii) Suppose that a current , the coil C, at any instant. Flux coil G, is given by «I ‘So, maximum emf induced is = NBA o fro = 2nf] 2 S o= Mis the coefficient of mutual 27, (i) Refer to Sol. 1 on page 190. 0 where, (ii) induction. ’ ifeis the induced emf produced in the coil G, then a Let, m = number of turns per unit length of S,, 28. (i) nny = number of turns per unit length of S,, J, =current passed through solenoid s, and 2; = flux linked with S, die to current flowing through S, bn ©, = 2) = Mak (where, Ma, = coefficient of mutual induction of the two solenoids) ‘When current is passed through solenoid 5,, an emf is induced in the solenoid S,. ‘Magnetic field produced inside solenoid S, on. . ; passing the rs through it is given by ° oe shows a simple experiment to prove Lenz's jaw. When the North pole of the bar magnet is By =Horl pushed towards the coil, the pointer in the ‘Magnetic flux linked with each tum of galvanometer deflects indicating the presence of “0 'S, will be equal to B, times the area of electric current in the coil. o eee. The current induced in the coil is in S,=BA anti-clockwise direction, so that it opposes the magnetic flux linked with the increase in flux through the coil due to the 6) motion of the bar magnet.flux versus current Direction of induced emf can be = Ms o=1 using Fleming's right hand rule given If we stretch the thumb and the first two Fingers of our right hand in mutually porpestigila directions and if the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor; then the central finger poitits int the direction of current induced in the conductor. o I (b) Induced emf versus dl /dt = L (dt /ds (iv) dI/dt is positive and ¢ is negative and Ino constant. ost echanical energy spent in rotating the coil in magnetic field appears in the form of electrical ‘aliat—= energy o ‘i 30. (i) Refer to Sol. 22 on page 194. @ {c) Magnetic potential energy stored versus (ii) As the carth’s magnetic field lines are cut by ear the falling rod, the change in magnetic flux ze takes place. This change in flux induces an emf across the ends of the rod. nce, the rod is falling under gravity. v=gt te w= 0) Induced emf, e = Bly > e=Bigt * eet