Orelinary Differential Eqyoctions Nigct practical problowp ane foul ated. hg for hn one oprauti ly is nuded to me o& meme other uti bes apined. om th protlem For cuarple, problems ivthing wit, Cte, motion > qarrenk wow a cer . the rela behoun pre volt + change lt The vate change is often (A devivat ores awl te aelations ips helen welt of chavege 5 call olipleruitead wppatnn Bs Fe mae dre (neston'p decor law of aAt* fn ordinarg difPeredtiod 2gpottion ig ome ww wlick there endevt variable , 0 cthat cll the olerjvatine occurt olurivaliver . F ats si AY, E . rd _ a . ie Ax ae g 19 4 "Gy v\eo ; a8 4 D A partial oudperertiod Lypeilion ig one involving me independert varinble , fo that derivate eCeun are partial dorivalives . ws oly one dep im it are ovdina mm. than og on ca: 2, 2, ay: se, me =D, at two - Ww aoe OY per ot Order of ODE: The over of th differed ol eapretion ie the order hy te hg buat obevivative, precet in pn egpation% © 9 33. +*(yr=o oder = 2 oe ea @ (adyy = cay oo @ dy + [ayy dy 20 orcler=3 an aw dx Degree: The degree of a cLifferesttial eqpation aM age fe oe ra oa ie ootion is + padicale avd fr 24 3° 4 ey =O degre a go ty + : ly 8 By Led degree = 4 ay 4 2% a) ax a | (> sindg =o clagree oleed not exist du 24, ction i& calleol Birear if the pendest variable aval the clvivolives occur in the fact en Linear: f Aiffereiti ol yet om ava No produsdle a clapendenit vanablt and Hs derivedive otter. Tua, & wed IN We £ exprs j m ; + Ge t Uy = OXrohne Ary my bare functions of % only oe concteute y- fing clivabia —, y'— secoval oleri vat ‘yo wei davivebia yf? — vi olewivabive oh u mot Li Non-Linear + Oy differentit papation wrbichy um near yen eas ctol aye: vw called rnon- Linear aidfere & © yit Be = dicear © *Y By'+ ey = x2 Linear ® 9 pay gee dines © © grt ry = ym brew © yargre wen —Lineay @® ut y! Ye ey’ vm Linear Tritiol Value Problema: A dibferertiol eqpotion ef order tageticy volte conctition s present bed actachagle privt so Weadded intial value prellew - Sq: yt ey tleD 5 gle tz glo, g'Cd=nl ‘ye pings A nen-Lines™ Beundary Value Problems A Uperetial eqwtion together wit. condition pruce bea et mote thar one pout ‘ lovundary, value paoblem fy! P ie yg" ty Bo pginar, gio=l. Remark ine onisthy Odes 40 that we cow Anclop mntttodg +e fofve, ode Sdution of a Differentiol Ecdion Fen ditferesteol eypation Fag Yay y=? a funditon gy (x) o glare called a gp dition ot oLifferevtial Lapsor. on ep Y¥ anal 6 olevivatiun patisfy The aiffercitial ation prg Y= cey ston ODE Ne Aasahio, of ODE it alen Fuoww ob wikegral of caitferstiod cagpationTe peal of te fore y= FOO 4 called explicit ome ef Bact ln ffi gene alle Pact fom of solation © plete Huct gesmetiieally the solutions art curved. Thus, tre wird Aepneerki the wiutios are called trrteg rol carver ks Types of Soludion + ) Gener ab Soudio : & cwnskaule ad The over 7 general solattion. &4 D yece™ ia getral. solution of yey 3) ye G opx + C finn general gotten of ylege0 Geomatirically > quer solahion Aapreserte poly ef tuned . 3) Particular Scahion 2 A solation that is obtained from genered soliton b aii a portedar volue tb the osnsta at ta called particular sot on, & : y 4 SeX particn lav cotton o Yd colar sobtion ef ylitg=d : ecuition thet catlains 8 ma Aifferetiol eopatien ia 2) ye wopx- Zine ke paet 3 Stygular Solation® ff soliton wlicle canurt be obtained al colin & callea drguler wlio. fom green by: yoo a enerol colitio A (yvt ry'= Y But yt te also a cotation voliiche convo be ott . Pom guerel olution . Thus, ft =O om ge < & singular thm - Gemettically , = — aw doe drvtegrating both side we qt, Jaye ~ fede re 3 Bad 3 tu2 2 Be 9 £ Zz re Us civ of give ODFSE fim oy oo CAT &4 (e* +x’) 3 diy = (etre) 4 3 fay Jere +e 5 he haat ee tale gi OE ‘2% rable Spins reduce th vente saree fore bce J fm ty Hetty Subatituhe ant bys Ce z & Soe % = tem Uber YAS )—-h Sth Pur 6x+ yx S = Zz Ahn 64+ 3¢y 2 de he De tive equahen become ate P Ren fs eek 3 > AZ Btane ce > [ete ete = 3[ dre +e > Le [fiez| = 3x+e 2 ba | pin (ont dytad| = Barc or Bin (6x+3y+2) = & Sat CB Ga ftom sa) ge \[%) Suclw egpalions ave called homme genoup differential equ. Subctitute ye oe A ee LY & Bde mY = wed vy sh Gis ye EH a ye Ff fom 99%.) fd ye ex ten dy 2 wt ado be ax Given eqpabbn bets ands - Eoa ew 3 Aw _ a” an > [tae-(nae se DP ee fog XC * ev ~ dog te 8 Gus 4 fo y= amr byt & fat mygt we Ro thn pot Lrrmys & 0 cD) Jt + chore ble gudy thet ahtheteso and thi mktned oe Sve DH berag tl)dyg — (axe by +8) de=d wr) U) (y-xe ti) ag — Cytxra) te =O thn put x= Xth, yoth audExact differential Equation Capone we howe fonsily of warts foupec tae te hiffercutial eapation i yf foram Aft =o ie, 24 dat at dy =O pu ey al ‘y Now guppope- we hare a Aifferedial eapation Naw + ol =p , whae 4; ni ave funce f uy SR there eriptt a tumdtin Zerg) whee fees order potind ctrnvabtot are continuous futly that atom and an oe 24 thon M doe +N oly = at dey ab oy = af =o aw That meant Mdetoldy te exact differential of f avd tte soltion wih be gin by f Gagrec ia differential eqpation M det Ndy=D is called Te oth teed enpation if ned exists a Punchion flag) puch Het dx tidy = af . Check fr exactness : TP Maat ely = ut TT = od ant ab dy an oy cron = ab and n= at oe o noo 2 = TH ond a = SF 2 2 22 ayo oO me Since ae - oft a (4 hag cortinuoug fiat oncler partiol cLeviailicsd) =n Dy onwe have am = _— necetary and suffrcteut: °d condi on fr exachreas. Solation of exact Lifferentiol equation Ly [2 Mdutedy=D te exact then Fa function flng) puch teat 2F 21, ae A) aud rece nly df Thaw the goto ix give oy" flay) = © Ths) we vy need a fird Ploy). Now af = 3 “fom [tod ae + 9 ly) keepin y consent” Now diffe revtt aki ng partially wort y ve get ar) = N a A [te + ae) 3 74 = Ir 3 fee) a drleprond RHE should be a fn ucts fy only Cebeck porell) Tuy 5 glad us britegral of all terms in Hhat clees not tontoin 2 Trercfre gotLion of exak atowt * equ M det Ny = =OQ Check the eypatiin (3x4 ged) dee + (Axed t 3y7) y= Fa, cxactnese Find tle crtution Ub it iy exace Stn bet M= Bott Jet ard N= Sued + By* then am = ged avd an . act 2 an J Since am = avs det , the giwe equatein se exact 2g ce > Situtin is gran ley ( Ndx + (Ger ol vot conteuely ~) y= c Y cast 3 (ees ret du + (yrs o. y carat ; 3 wey axed + yee ia wegpired ST" wack , there excicl + guch, tat Hemnalivt Sine <4 ue waded wd OL owl 2g abem a f= [ie + qty) = x24 ques +9 4) = [ axt4ae# + gta) = ono = 2? dxet + g'& = gxedtay™ 2 J 2 q\ta)= 3ge 3 x 2. of ala) = ay yy Thus f- Wt dad gy? i. a te seal peQ Check the expecting yar t Cog ty =o ae exactnesg. Stn lob May ard ne ye ard an = doy | then an et wen oupt ge % vot exact 2g Tntegrett Factors peal yution, rakes tht eypation called integrating facloe ; ; hr 4 , muctlp tying 4, ale equ yax + (x grdyee * U frm preriouk uso) me ger, 4 de+ (y-+ jaye 7 \ Ww het Me 3 and N= got io then 2% 2 Lb and od = ly ay a> an Xx exal: J -the new eaycthin & or) le L w& mt oti ce (IF Hoe, Lob yf ing an wt wating Putty K nob an cay tak . Hower, Foti ° ie ry te certain tapes equaling. , we hawt pom Type E St iy ee tx) — pnetiin of wv alme tin DF = eto dmBecanse ip mde tal dy =D a not exact ten ona ttip ying cUiet epu bye cftee we gat effi Mada + 6 lade oly = =O0— ® Cdn. fflrdrdoe ne 2 (Ha) © Hlode p fete fos 2 & -N) = N ayo. mt ( » 3 any fede ® pill be emack oh ae 2 [ee ay 2 (A= Bea oq lon pean ef yeo ag au vw aM ant — POD. = O 2 om (t- ie as - 2 Fx) which is eg ubreol dition. N sinh, of we wnutkiply opm O by (lanes here ger facrie | gale then WE OY ng ote + ce fatey Naty =0 —@ “Tras ie te enact chp d = 2 [etary — 2 (eb) -it 2!9'O¥30q + aly E88 my — el iaey a%eD ey x fe. aM + gly) — an 20 24 -. ; ao a) Tra, we home the followiv Tyre of Be ASE 2 aly) febin fyobe thn DF = (ater esderg Q, Stve +e aiff 4" [ove 4 1g by) bet boxy dy =d ‘on bak M= Sat jaa by and N= bmg fo then an < YY avd ans 6 ° oes . t. Guu at ¢ a5 the give equ vs not e*a e ae peogewe trot 2M _ on ay se 124 - by _ 6. Lathy po = LS a Zt aS) N 6 1 den DP 2 eltida elt et ae maattip lying ~ wih given egualian pve get (Sets (a+ bog) dx + bey ag =Oard now Lt Ms Sxttlrx2+ bay™ , N= tien ot oan - Lay go o1N* ory Sduchin i a ty [ Gorn? im nl not arty “y= bos nwt te (Salt [ant + bog) de + ° (egrets Sat aS tanta adyre OO requir oda (tc: g side Boyxetpybty’ as Bettis ax + Cogetme gee Sa Lt = ant Pel + yt ye ard WN = x43 ed — Yy wr 842 Fx > y* yd ed + aulyted t Sut 4g and at = Bx pel—y ax wg not Cel Cleney 2) # 2 3 40 Now 2M - dof ye. NE A Ny = Bo d foc y alone axed ryity™ Sale 7 cliey ~ gl44 _ e-tlty= % GF 5 ™ Tes, Tp =ney pO wih ty 5 ue gt ( i: ed + id) dz + (xte#- Ey =p Selbi om 4 ahout ee bs sBrert tg det fo% =e yumet . 2 reguired solute - te 6«6edt RH MeO Type r+ Mand | are harnogennies fomiltivs oF ye 0 and Mx tolyto ther ‘Low oF Manly dp merges teem Low borg we Type TE By tnvpe ction (Wik adore type fal ow becrmer lend Fallow ing forma 97% ucepl fn olabermintag TOF bg inapeebie: 0) du-xdy 2 AL% vce = 4(9) yan xy c de - 4y 2 A (49% oy z q ) & & yan dy = Alva) B® ade= my 2 Ad (o's ) a eye®&) ae t+ yay = + a (a4 yr) BD maeny4y 2 ral (ow) oe ty > fr thes type > we TATOUP the tums m a equa’ ove and make use above. formwlts a yout the pap thion ap exact oliPpe of funcbOu. a Sve the -followwivgy di pfereati al ey vation bg n day y ine pectin . firdivg ome integrating fear My "iP by eax t dig +a lrrp) Ax=d sat Mult a aeagh eae — _ wnt 84 4 pax=O te ba 4 [ate (4y7)) + rdx=P ig ” le 3 (274) + 2)=0 Tons, Pry dnty retin , pe OT in A beg (x ry?) + 2K = He) ydx-% ace sy Mult by tw rbtain — (74a 88) + en. Ldveefe a(t) - (e*) = =? it A | £ + ie =. 1 Inber rocking ne obtain Jt +e we =e ay = (xt xy +y jae 3 dy - y dx = rae Cage de a tty gte 2 vide aay y > atts \= 4 (=) Britig rating bole bree tang « eae cate. x 4 uw) may yaa = Cary d4y Gy Mult 7 a wt get meg te = (RING d a-4( 2) = 4 (Gt) -% 2-1 3 5 gtd TeLinen y Firct Order Differential Eqpations Guerol four fs (Letlnite pee &") a4 4 PODY = — + POdy &&) _ @& je: (Plo y — lx) J4tu + ay =O fot Ma Ply- Qt) an Net then B42 Plz) and ae 20 ae J Buk aM _on oy oe 2 POTD = PY) — fanestinn of nN 4 xalme Fu, Tee OO Multiply ing 2 (3) with DF > we git f Pedde Pada Plryde c a4 lO Pond y = btw > Ax 3 Jl) a SA) ole , e CF Peay obe= aloe. 2 of y shes dx) = Q&® eld hoe antes redirg, we obtain Sflaaw e -[a(erel ax +& Solve (ao) dy + aye jn. Cx-2)> ax Sen Gun +4 + 2 Yo Lard” which Unter ax aa 3 AE xa te Blog (x-9) Poxadde ia then pepe elf = e! = ad avd coclum = & . y (x-a3° 2 § (nCr-ay”. (x -aF due +e (n wea ee = dla te é ~ ye 2xalp (z-4 2 & Cie vot Bx oly - aye wh 3X + 5N BX At so Giver 4 Stande y = gind% + tande gid an [rotandede 2 4 a 2 tn Tre € = € = wfem and Sifution & oo. y wpe = { (ginde wpdet ain Baan +e ze tL { (sind x t+ l— wp be dx +o a = — +47 tinbe) + 2 6 S I fay cop 3a + gino F op bx = OMEQ The nctial value problem govern he ceervet bowing me a perce RL civeurt when a vel tape uitj=+t te applied , we gien b4 R4+edi =t » blo) =O At ° were Rand L are conctaule « Pd te). Sete Given aft age dig Rte fk er cv at ct TE el ®t = ent ad cotton . et eet? = fe. ete + c L Rt aye et (ese — {rae ) +e Ll Ie By . Rit Ry t mL (‘= - ae \ te & RT (@ , = i,t be 62 £ + cet R R*Berroulll'¢ aufp ee fet 4 prem fe mn Lear ae 4 POdg = Ble ye AX de called Bemnoullitc ofp equcto Dividing by y y wt ok tn Poy L = Ax) ge gt Pat au tL dy. ot Re Lb - t 9 4 wh Gy dn dx nm — o + Pini t = QCx) OA OT ae a An 3 se am Cat = -m Ql) voli ts eer difp ptr . ted to brea Tous, Bermoullé \p 2tpration caw be an di ferertiad Upolion by “ 4 rw, 3 N Q solve “a + ye 379 Sot Giver ye m He 4+ ves ae g poids eo Bemoull’ts deff wit n= 3 fut yo = yf = y= i 3 294% = Ae At aePoe + AX wy { a e + RI Rb e W Ww é A we eet polit bh linear . 2 Lv re y =e —6xtc™ ~ (c- 6%) cy? = | Tar Sve my! + ye ay? dae Setand Order dinur biPferentit eben echiad gynation ua ditteeelt fa aithecind ee” ye aa ok dev ae Linastly (peer wt). 4 gererad expructon Fa er cbifferertind zqnaizin of orem do yt agit aye tad = Aly ,anFtd where as, A are funchiod of x. A second oder Pinear differential ryyabain tsMe Y + yy! + ay" = A(x) a, ¢ vide ” ~ 9% FP Divideng hole een tom bg 5 pe get a arupler firm yt Pld + ald yr Rf x) Pe & Qe % apes ee RA ay ae ROx)= 0 then ation i called o. uM hyeetl spobine renaqent TH Rl 0 thn mh te called non- homnegenouk differential penal We will ge leten: ff horng geo uh L nm- hem ogeho ig diff exertial aap tar one oy ome Generel co lition gecma ovelow Linear ham ogenoup diplerertind equation y+ Poy! + Ola) g = P Reaubk Jt Yi andy, are fon ig het selling of ylle Poy! + Bla g=? on Gg thy & alte om golticn of y+ fom) git Q(a)y =O poh Cry G art cartel Tet a Linear combination f poludion f Z¢ a Linear howe grou App certial pypalion ia abéo » Solution free} Sine yy avd hb are soludime of qt Ax) y'Feleyen ae Plxd ui + Alay =2 gs yt Play! aly =2 Gq (G8 t Gye) F Ae) (Cyto by + Bc CoH eH)i} qylecy!)! ' = Me de) + Fle) a's oy!) F Qlx) (C4 TOK) = ' (G4 Cyst) 4 Ale) (Court Cae!) tre) Caert OMe) 7 q tl 7 , ( dr + Pte) Gy’ + ale Gy t(Gy."t Moen'y,!+ Ble) oy.) = (ye Mody) + Aled yr) t & Cyl MH) gl Orr) = Gt |e Chen o2 ©) = Oo Tan, Gy toy, & alo a soln fre, Coacaderr y"+y= D bit and trial mefod , cine 9 Yur Gee et e Rink adler a solvbien - infect q? Ceopct G ine a gereral qoluction . But obgerve shat pinx aval Adu 4 f yityeo and ‘Uneir Urea urbination ye C, gin F Gy: Thin x = (Gt26) Pine = Cala cp a Ao labtion bat not genet soledion + thet wet wrong bere 0 The two pork f piece and {ime agin Y behave ou feeretty aa feat por qu revel polation but BtCond Apa not. Remon ts Tek pee if Linear ly tnalypocnde wk LQ gecmol & Lineal nf ote are Ht fo )utiong ne alto colediontTrdlep endewt Solutions & then one pgolution avother then soltiont CLD) Lives’ tw vot a corctart multiple 4 axe Linear ly indepemcert sol biong . axe vot Lenearly Dependent golutiont 3 Golutiong wlch Linea independent axe. calleol \Vincarly obypendest- gw \diong » that te, when one golution ee conctert anults pf owotner Cub are to Vinee independ So lutions gf a gecond order Linar hemeqenorsf cilfleresiod Bypaiten ten Ye Gy + Gye a, it gerered eoldte - too polutions are LUD tnot we rake Rexwht 2 r} yy aad ys To check whether ume Ef Wrmskianw . \Wremekian 2 Wronshian f two soldiong Yy and Yn ye uteri sf the mateix | at 4.) yg! to WwW a)? 4 yu (a4) \% y,! | YY - Yeg’ Method bp check LD am vet : OD Y Wlyyd Fo ten Anenrty jncbppencect © Yb wlyy) =? Hoon Linearty dependentRest TH yy aml Uy ave five Solutions of Recon oreter seer homog-eneo up du fferentiod eguation av lll gnys}#0 gi and Ys are Linon eg indapenalent: Colektong . Moeoner ge Gt OMe & general doltton . Q Show dak y= Gtge™ & gout wtation f gity=e Sdn et ye 2b ad Yas then, y'> ° and Pe ~ ert y= 0 ond "oo € ‘ \ Grate, yt ut =o oma yi 1 oy we we y and yy ave solubiene of ylty'=0. now Wy sede fe & fe [: ct |. eto ag D ‘| Tos, oy, and 9, ae LiL soletion cA yityleo 2 ie Ght og 7 G4 qe* my geet wolution- Q find & general solution of ery a lady Om aw tnterel ret enticing zero. g “ Seln By mspechion , Y= % and Y= % wg a Ve =o towels > gre wlubine ¢ s aver = x to (hh intend nat ute 0)That, yr and yo we LT solutions 3 Yeugrt oye le ge Grtgu & gerered solution. Remark: There & ne Known mettre te fir & lutjone of a goer geod oder Mnear hamegenco us} de [peventiod epuatin However; if we know me then wh law fod anotber - Reduction f oroluc method (Uge one colton te fiel a —— avoter) . Contiolur y"+ Roy + Aly =O and atk be ome of the solutiong ten acoma colton & Ys = +(x) 4) ke Ute (( 1 gle) ge q* Note thet hx dln) mot & conctint (oe YH d4 tle obtacned abe frente tr ule) ty sub coy oa vw yt PCY! + Alm ge 0- Meg BEG a dp yor solution 4 styl 4 ey'Yyso. Fd gnother golution and hence fird guar Solution . gn Divide given pain bg 0? and obtun yt 1 y'- Agee — tot que x then Gre OLD. 4 where ule) = [ 4-8"). _! ck another co latin . fet ae 1 we mturide [hb fe fot cee fe kr a 8 Ae a, Re . = £40 x Tues gener odd boa gtag, fe ge Get (a) = Gea gt, in a cohition Hoe, we tak G = Tk pH ys eb a solution of ry'— (ant ig! # (ety = 2 be pa geet cdiction « Sdn Divde gien gp a'on 4 fi (td jale Uta? lt yy, 2e™ the yye BCD -¥) where fx) = Ce" ef Pode dx . { (& (er) *) de bet he) fle ern) x aud obtanet 2 = { ndx = 5 [We , dat ate z m doe Now W [yr ye) = I a |: e we ey ett we 2 < ot (xt 2) _ ef ~ er ee Tos gener soliton ty d= Gyt ee = Get Gye” Zz = Ge + Cg xte™ A Remark » When no solution & known un porunak ly we Trove vo methocl te final poludtow of goerel scone oradevy Linear honrog eres top ole] eqpation ; bot “ have a rmetind pr certain ope difperertiod Gpetiog » cbicue ted below _— Limearr_Homogencous Differential Gpotin wiky trretat Coefbrerentt - Na fylt Oy ed & eyation with cerstouk codficients of Pad Q are cmstatp (xl num bex) |Method to Pid wldtiong £ Greioler q+ Py'+By = . We aorite tt af Dy +P dy +Qy=o were bea le obtain on algebynic agnstion from differential austin by plan NY em! fe fe0,!> it: vepla cing Nye , bye™ 5 yon. hut , we obtain roy t Pm 4 Qed which % a qpadreh ec ep akon , Known PveiLiary egptedi' on (AE) ow characterictic Gan - We polve fhe A-E avd fir oe ferent type £ colts of ALG, we hae Affect dure cf geet coletien m+ Pat Q =o c Complex rot Rea) b dictenet r0ti Redd equel role te ™) My mw me ah Ye Gq rie ge ye qe xe Ye EX (Greg bret Gab) Q Fd general solution 4 by" gl 43q=0 sdq AE ep Ymar— Bm+ Z=O —_—— m= 84 Joye 2 Bt fI6 _ att a 3 3 1B te ved & Aictinet rests Tek; general solution ty y= Ger + G ae OB End xrort goludion of Dy" — Yylt 8yeod Shan AGH Am*—ym4 B=O yaltu m-Aamt 4 =D m= 2s Jtolé xa = at as abe . laue ole rook That, general soldi & dre “Coop Get + gare F®) Bid general colubn of Yyh + Yy'ttp <0 Sia AG & Yo Yet! =d fe mr mt t =O te oH 1 ye ~ at, . Real &L opt: vokk . Tats gem alder & Gq ee sae mg = (Gt Que pnd bx: Sdtve yt yy = D ros D, yitid= How As we aban are xa Liary equation F Prswrr ce gies Bi erential eqpation wie. comet coe fpr events y Me Py! +Oy=0, pe a pRUMe ol dee ome De poltion (be came 2 excpmnentt is 8 wale ke level tS oe 4 took dma fins ik me analy" et vue of ne on) i me qi sais od obtain rome 4 Pome + Be =O Te me (mrt fon + g)= 0Sine eM* 40, we get mt fmt A= O which 4 Wt egpires| Peaniliany egpatlon. (nucluy Euler DPR radial Eaprction (Gueley Bip G9") f\ ate ordexy Linat cuttoetet aan fe fom. Cty + na%y "pou y = ALY) ta) a, xu) + ae phere ore Coy py =. An APE oe ead uw calleal Gu - Euler Ai pperen tied eppation « , 5 Pe wert’ ahi on ts A eeemd order Cu Euler ape tied equals on Ooty" +t ay my! PY Alx) ,% #0 and pecondl olor lamagenous Gurcly Giller iff ereutiod pation is ao wy 4 ary! +agrOn, ae 40 Method to Pine folutions ft azo] 9 2> 19 ~S 5 ask —® ole 4 % Congicle~ 2 dz (By cham a) z dx az We In| t Vz 3 a4 = lLdag Cusing ®) ~ ae Fe’ ¥h ay |_© fa & © im © , ue pt a ( i gta det age ie. wt + (> 0) de +ay sd which is a Linear horas i pferestio| aqpalide vite Contact cot pp eiauds - Q Final gener olution of my NQrng! lay =0—O seta Clea rly qiee aap cin u Concha - Eules. otiperentiod Sapation « Ce xe nd ay an AZ wae = 44, - Ay Az az Thugs quee tifferestil aapabin. () apnea ay — alg. + Ate — By =D a? Ae je te, + _ . ie a 4 AE & mit m- IR = 0pet Yo - Bea [P= 0 [e. (m+4) -3) =D =) men avd M23 Zz Fias qeseral colin eo ye Ge the je y= oe) + cer re q = Celt ge B Fed geaenel pltion gf ty" Soe! my — S: +13 4=Dd ao Par ee aes ~Age dt ax az avd Ay = ay - Fx* ae Az Tos + (became aly Ad _ oy - Ss IZ =O ade Az Z i. it ay bey 43 =? av* ae LE 6 out 6m t (B= O me 62 2 ee - gti = stat a Thu , queral nee *y yo = o8® (Gupae t Ghia) te y= x? (G verlag) + & pie (algo) the fet Sole aty"— day! + tg =dLegenalre's Differatial ong Bo geemd order homogenon evavels differential V A peed om rome Legevolve's differed epaion Oo (arte) y" + % (axth)y'+ % 4 =? Method to find gulobei > eC Te] 2 a ao ae = & coarider dy oly. he ay ae ath = ee . ow qx ae du ade Gute 3 | fanth) ty 2 a ay Be ae : Mw dy. 4 2 : Fer ae #) Z (Zu 2) “4 a 2 a ) (axte) ae gute Ae Vt 2 = TH ay ze A + & az tant) ee auth are aw L 2 Tw 4 ott rte aril)” te % aut) ay = a [ta - ( 4 8 [ e Q She (act )y" + faxtDg! +9200 oe Cleav\y given espa skein bs Legendne's déffereitiol Lapeclenfitr Autl = & (ant 1) 44 2. a ay An Az ad Bar iT ay = ty — ~h fade eertas = AT 4 [ai B) | Tras eapatiin (D becrraes 4 pag - a =O (2 4)? ag td te 4d ade + y=? z Az Ab & yar — amt! =D 4 me at ful = —-e > Tus gear wldin & ? ye et” (Gua Be +g Be) = (dxt )" C wt (# Ug (24) 4 rin(B La o) fx: Solve eet 4" + (xx ty! =? Sitios Now - Homo evo “P Differential Gpalens The gureral form & yis Mog t aby = RC») where Rl) +oRepult > Lot le a . qilferential i : quer Soldton of home geno ut dices apn ghrp Ma tt a, lav solution . + . . Ne fedalt ao ¥ of non homogrean ut diffe reutid opdinn d d ‘ Rlx) . “Then dat ¢ & geeerel 0 luitzan of non — homogenout differential oayition’ Prost Ld Y, & general polutisn 4 von hhomagenoug at 9h Awa dp bo tte particular polation : Tang yal + Cx) yal t Abd ys = Rlx) anal apt Cx) ig + aldyp = RY Subtrackivg beth agp alent > We (yan) + FCO Carat OS Lar4rd =O >) y . ° go lution lomogeuorp Aiffer tt po Up & 4 J Set diag ei t et 3 Ye- Yp a gee polation ef hom ait 4 Remark: To div coledion ft non ~homegenoup ail eg’, we reed tw ene el vo latuin of hemegeuory SL an aA a ticular coletion Et none heme genet arf agit Methods fd pattictr colton + i a ( Method Es undetermined coefficient @ Vasiatiian 4 prronctogMethod al uncuitermined voebbiciené hip meltod applicable Only when Pand Q are conglaitt. (my der the difoatial eg potion git Pyl+ dy = ROD Depeveling om RED) ne have cistincl types of parlicalar golubvonp. Caset 2 Rae ke Dit Eqs of fore q't Py! + By = ke / We com gus af ane Soludion & Yp= hes where Q & an undetermined coef brcieut weet se. have to pe out - Ferg, ut grty= 3% ow ape Bee lew tt particular solution 4p = 3Ae2% avd ups ane” Rt wD, we get 4a et -yAe™= BE zw 3 eo) cA et = 3% ae 2) 4-2 2 rs & He a solidi of hde then ey twal pavialt solutions aI * ee is notacoudion +f hde Remark — 2°) fa ype he fe 2) Ret 4pe Axe™ of a & solution of hele3) fut dp? Aw er Pe 22% gud wer Lote arc colubrons of hd o Find guntvel golution of yl ay Lloy = bel® o Sow, Generel colton is 4 = Sg4 Op — Consider de yl't 3y'—ley = © AEG ib Wt Bm—-lW =O it Doms -5,2 3 ye Geeta ge my Sm - am —lo =O co pfidat , ut Sp ne™ ey om clo d op undetermined co i be “eb At™, 3 ypr ihe and Y= | \ Se IaAet™— lo Aelt = be™ D become IGA > 134-6 9 A= b Tus general cohdin PO & Yh BFA qeerel goltion od glt leg racy Whe hy Geer wldein & Yo yer tp enrol co letion Et hae a i aAiolar colvhion nhde Conttcler We ° a loy + ag a D > We = A ght Sane ex*4 ae. tie” who 4g ia AE & me lomt 2S = O mts) = OD me-SyS Tht far Gt ed a © ; For posticular polbtuin , Lt yp, = aves (8 eal 9 tp = BA x ES SA ES zat) 4p" RAE e- loAxE = [oA xes* 4asae™ = {a fou tase) hEfit m O, ve a uw (detent ase) Aem 4 be (ax—oe) AES™ 4 as nes Wes® 5 ane* = l4es™ 2 Aan- t co 3 dp = Fee —® ar ,generel 6 golutn of Oo o> date sSt 4 ge » (gt arje Q wel colidion of y+ gay ate p “gd Caetder de ylls yl-dye® —~ peg met obeacto wht aw w-d=O ; re ta) (mt) » co me 4d er) Yee Geox + ye by racted urdebexrn'ned coef picienls let Ant 2 Are t Be ae thon me pers Ane * ae’ 4+ yee” wal aen4 Ae t+ Axe aac Axe t yee Rat im, ve ne an -opue® aAe*+ reoeet + Aemt One +age™~ 38 -aeede = Ktre~ gael and 4B! > BAe + yee = e* +e" 2Thos) fp = purr ge & 3 gereral solition 4 J Oo on a ae ‘at 4¢ eg = Ge™ $e 4 Let | ee Cope Ty R(x) = kpin be 3 4 or R tp be ut or Rw bet Rytin bx «ope 4 = Pr vop be + Btinbr be gino [opbe bs fo (tan of hde ther ‘tp = xe (Foghat BS) & Find qereral colts of yl tity = Zain — © fn Ce Congider hae git hy =o and AG B wes =0 > metat ‘tg = C wR art Cy Bie ax __@ by ructhod of undeterninsA copii, ut dp = Drop tt B Fer chen de ~ — Apes BOR ~ A pe BRMX w rd econ — A wpr~ BHU + Yfrcopret yg pine BpIne 5 BA cope + ZZ = Betwe >) ZBA=O ax 22-3 9 Q =o od &=\ =) 2 Pune Tht Yo = te Copan + pnd a + pier fet.& Solve ylay es deret zine ___ A) gan (mmider hde y"ry= 0 AE & mt =o re. met Tht 39° Gwent grax _ @ Stuce ORE Y Finn are Solution of hde, 4 molto of undetermined coebieen let Yo = (A wpet Bain) Ben Ye = A cope + a Huet x{-F pluxt B wpe gine 4 23%) ele _ Appian + Bese * fF oe (HA ogre eens) eA AgUx 4aR tx — (A Bain) oc ( A ext apluc) + x (A cst atin) eaux t Bin —gAgivet ad wim © iam dine Toetomey Ah Binet ALEOL— ) 2 aael os Abed a ang wd OF " Tes, p= we (poet dine) and general soliton % = 1 bp te y= 4 wETt QMUe + % (eet ee) a (age Be R(x) = Got YU. + qe (prgnanial of hegre) We appar de> Pot yer x Ane OL irene Aitferential equan oe of for yt le RODthem islet power of % om LHS will le m-]. Mm tis cre, We assume Ge = a ( Ao d Mint Hx") BE qin aibfercrbial egrdiin te of seme gle ROI aoe dp = fl § Resse) oe le Oqteqrale Cwice a Fond geet cola 4 yf By! + SY ot gan Cmaider hae y'-ay't y=? ~ AE & mr—amt S=0 me Atlhge , Itae Fd ide a Ths; a9 2 el™ (up re + re) By anethod ap undetermined efficiest > bt dp = Ao t+ At 4 D yle Ait Aa™ zz or’ = 2A, fk im O, ve get a aA, alAit 244%) +5 (Ao +e + Ax ee a 4g Ay- 2A, +540 pe (-4Agt sm) + SMe 2) Af g— ah tRo® 4 YR, aA =O S42 it ») Agel 5 ne 4 > as 2 a jpo ii treete 25 = a a she Tus | 4 = ot (& want Gy ndx) ++ zQ Find genered foliation of — yl ay! = -dyls 6x-5 _. Ghy, Congioter de gt _ “4 . b HE & mm Am=d fe m= 0,8 Tus de Ge" + Ger 2 Gtee”~ __® % motcthod FI Uoubermined coefficient , Lk Yee (Pot Prd) = fort Ae Ye = fox AMX Yel = AP Qud eas D5 we e Qh al Aotanrd) = 6x-S > QP Aho — UAE ba-S 3 aMm-aAo= -S 9 m8 ara — = Th) Ye = a . fos & f gu ® 2 aenerad golem & g= ager ter ge Cates Rid? ket sinbe or Ret osb% me ett Ce, bet Rib) We appurne = et (Amba t B pin bx) ye estunbe] grabs [eee Combet Ha) atti Fi Yn ap pume dp > et” (A mbt t Gain be)Do Find getret potetion dy! ts ae hie f eae Zé yt g = t* sine __@ 7 a-— & wt! sd 949 me it » Yye Gamer ate —@ Hee, elede Cone ut yno ew lame? 6 r=) thon ye (want BAD to (-A8i and Up" 2 cv (A weset azine) + etl Apne t Beate) + et (Asmat Bm) t eC ome BAIRD acl Asnet & ws) ne + Buse) fede Yp 4p 2 Ge" nO > oO A gine 1 oe) + ELA rut Band) = EX gine gel 5 _ gh sine ae amet Awa t Bginer Ma 3 Eaaraanxt (Ate) me = see 2 —24+0< | and tBeD sctving A and B) we ge -2ATB= | 2 bee = 2 ari cB =I ) s ad A=-26 = “A Ths * ) Yo 2 et (-2 Uh % + 1 dine) arq = eneral Solubum vu 4 0 4 ge 9g * de ent opine + &b3 os +! she) 2 c& ove yt bylt By 2 Ler™ gine me __fp chn (meder hde yl by 't1By =O A-€ us wm - 6m 4/13 =D g m= 64 [let . ot ti 2 a =3t¢ 20 Tis 2 dg €™ (Gusant G ale ax) — @ Hee Alxd= Cek™ gine wor zet™ (anne woke) = 3 ent Bind Ab w et sin dr in petty on 4 hde (can be obtained from dy) ; fggume dp = welt (A det apinds) —O Yp\ = en (A osaxt @ sin Ax) + gre (Aart BRainr 4 cer (Ha A andes +29 wax) = ((+30) ot (A meant @wn2) © 4 oxk™ (on A Bem 4 28 ws2%) —— | Fyre Bee CA ret eynre) + acade™ (AM sein’) +a e2* (-3A gir 40.6 wean) + 3% (-2A pinda $180) + axd™ (a4 piu 2m+ 2B ude) 420% Lua wade — YB indy)< (6+ 5) eX frosaa 4 Bath 1%) + Up a iad &% (“A Bae t ari) —@O ht yp, ye edge! & O, we yt (Grsx) em ( Aeomaxt @&tindn) + (we noe” (- Api ret B usd) — ere a wrt + @ pin 2%) se CA paint & ut x) +13 mem (A wo eu) — /2%t = 3et piw2e 5 h oe (A gin2a +8 2x) = gen qin 2e ee 2 A= Uy aud & =O 3 dpe 72 ze pind 4 hur, qeerd sobchn ge Hg Bx gin 2% Arp. fe ge (unre t gam) 5° Remark : Tell mae, ot solved ron —hom ogeno f a fereslal ahs with cma tant cotppreients . But” whet of tht voter aot not comatant 2 We + eM i va jie. vee th gies 2peis inte trmatat oof ficterd , it: ie gine Oguain i Couey Soler [ Legendre equabint! JE u disced ty the nent exareple .& She busy! + Lere)y! ~ye =e 0 Sdn Given differectinl 25, weciin ia Legendre agp ation Mt eta se thn — (xa) 4 AL * cna (a2 a _ dy iat at, Az Then 2gpation © are pecans tien a _ _ z at 4 et + “t ye e-a ie: ie e-2 — Av (medi the bole 44 y=? Av™ AE am —| =? ree ME +] Te , da? e+ Ge — @ | R(zje ero gum ton fancbere » LO mow R(z)e & ( wn Tolan selene ort Latin oP h not ) u Sine er iu alrecy So ) wot 4 we agume particular whit Mice ang wit seapect to ge ae ue aur pa be Bel = B Tan, we meme dp= Aze™ +8 —OThen Yp' = Aet+ Aze= +O = A (tz) &* —© yl 2 Be + AltA = (ate —© ft 4p" avd Yn mM 3) we got A Catz) et? - Aze—-& = ez 3 ghe* -B= e7-8 2) 2A =! an! —- B22 ie. A= + arel B=! Tho, Yp © ! oer | ava 4 = tg up -qet yet tze™+! pack substitu grax m 2elyr, ee: Ye Gxt a4 x eget | ye - Rowark plat ay the gine aanatarn mot vite tovatant eoef fete id or vot bucky - Euler [Legare when oy R(x) is not oe th cusudtad “type % Ju put Cade» we ee avethod +f vasiatum of prrerncdixVariah’on 4 Carnet erg CNo cool tor) Dinca differenti al eqp alan RCx) Conder the pecmd order y!'t Peay! + QM 7 = Method + fend gold * Sup 4: gd nde yh POO yt atage? chen [eotachion | constert wf [Cont Eoler) [using tmape ont gat general coltion Yge VTS Sbp2t bet fp = GT Cx) Ye where Ox) = — J RC») gy Ww BO) = Jane dee ww WW Unrmd= | &, |- gute ee CHD) BM Ge Sep3s Splubin of dipp agh % q* dg *de Proef ef forenala s efor Med, 20d - Sy be particular sole om of _ Uk dpe Het Oy, yy Pdy + Ady = aC) — O Now Yo! = oy! 4 wy 4 wm Ya 4 o,! y Noo hoe we lot % 0,, wo 0)! (four van'ab la ) tofd - ia Bip Lie ty we ap kume Of yt Oe a Yo! = w y+ oy Fpl wy Oyrt wy t Of fet Yp > Yp! cane wp! m O> we got (he y+ oy Oya Only!) + Plx) (iy'4 ay!) + Ale) ( yt Bg) = ROD 9 i ( yile Pedy! t aledg) + [yl OY galt Q.) tt ly) 2 RCA shu ss . A ae ees ty + o,! _! = k(x __ , oe pohe ape ® oad ® multiplying © by be ad Oy g and cubtrchg, we pt Hy ylt Ole! = ?P gy gly t ol Yo! = KO de Bi (hp! — 4d) = ROY ae » yy! = — de Rex) . -y, RC) a) Ye ge gd W(t) 2 Oe ~ [eee x —@ W (Hn Ye)fit volun f Ot fo (inh O we per % ge 7 7 4 = grits Rte) wal (> Ye) Ie v,! = ¥, Rts) wl Ch afe) it: Dy = | y, @C*) _@ ACH) To & »O gies th reqpived dando - i ! ee ee de & Gnd general go lution # yitey +y ome ee itn (onetcler the hde yll+ dy! + syed ~ a-€ a amt dame =D je om: -28 (= a a = vl\aat Tw , dpe O% CG bem + & Bin ax) Cet mre 4 c, €* nie — & bet ye EI = Oe BML se FP a CX pind reskin Cates \% % | . | ek (eit a (-s1e a OY as 3 2 eit | epee gin oe Hog — LE api le f2top Pe =- or (-pinsrcog ta Luptan 4 wade opie tage 26)a der Cuprart Ber 2e) = Jerr to dot dp = Wwst wy — ® vole Ue ye Re de aud OL jake \a vw Mea [eres EX FOI, Qe {ee by, CRY a elt ) ae dx L 2 IG Oe _ re jer dx, = Uy = 1% rE ve Ore Leg eee y 2) dp = Le hae oyCuprs) + f be ex aide ws guard poln we d* CN Cotas SB ye date 2x) tLe © Gop Dae log (on 244-3 LE 7 8 Solve xy! 1 —Yug= Gime gps Cow “be © ewsithn ad Satu - {"- ‘ee et — 0 Conte Y hde y— =D AE & ay =p ‘t meth We , 49° oe + Qe _ fz dot we 2b 206, hem WC ¥2) = on onVig t Or ye are) ie {BR dx wt dpe ake ie nel yeR de a ‘© men [em 7 dx and Ur Je et ee dx 4 fe Ore f fade 4 g™ anol 01> “4 ode Thea 5 74 A loge - L ert elt y a ? oP ¢ 7 e [¢ ” wl, 4h % a oar) pos d = = gett Ye” +e eget € doug Vpany = C1)” a Solve (x* “Dy! - Sdn Rews te -eqpadion os yi amy! + 2 y= “1 —_ © as WM Cooler the hoe te Bm gt San? —® By In gpeclt'an yee u oe alubion & . Tos , by geduottow wnutliod yofity solution A given bg Yot UCD - gi phere vt) = (a e de ! 2 FE) de = \x oa xe2 | alan = JU- a se ett Ths Yo = x (4) © + | Now Whi y)= 1% od + | 4 An 2 ada =e bt dp = ryt Ode whe Ore [eh and RE | whe ie We - beat) be) dx awd VL> (ee Wa - [ero ant Oe [~* zs - eee al os x eo [e*) wh OE FE Lh Tor e pe (ee) + = (1) av : ate Dopo wae geen 4) * SLApplccctions of Differential Eqnations (vm LCR cfrun'ts) Corgiter om LCR crit & L Cc u La a ott © $ Lb We derot cha rie OA” 4 Qual current tT =ay Then voltope ap acens KR = IK de " 4 L = ld at a " u c < 7 By Kirchopp's Law, te tal velbare. d vep Sp & omnotn % electom othe force (ent) bon es La eR ete, ara] 8 hae to dt ten at E. Lary Rie t+ 2 at cat —6 Dierdiatlhy D weet W, wt AE 2 Lait , 4 Rade . AL ol ape tats R42) 8 (4 eet Le Depuding om wehact ia bung asked ie quection, ve ton vse OOetQA dreuit har im gewiee an elict mot ve. foe quer by E=loognwt Via resis br losu Lg A in ductor 4 os H. SP the initia) cuvreat bo, 4o ured ot time $70 Q ; Hen eg Ce a uw uw L= La at By Ktvdop pts law, B= Le 4RP ae (€ [ov gintot = 06 M4 lot at ie tacts ao gin fot which uw linear fiat order auf equahion Jwdt get quel dolotimr gin 'y Thee ¢ et = (aw gu4ot et) at te ret eet = 200 Stent tye te deb T= gintet. oot at L gintet eet _ Yo wettod e7* att ae £ e Lsintet Hy [Cop Hot e* ) lt is t = 1 pintot 2% — 2 wptot & 4a agin ye 3° dot . 20 = § e ( sintet ~ Leopyet ) urJste L et (pin tot — Avop bot) )» Le Z ext ( fin tot —aeop tot) Tot polutim “ cet < Given at t=? > it. 0- & = Je + a OX gintot - duptot)to bed ae (O- ayte +4 ge Rf droit hos is BEMEE On emp giver MY ut NV; = dul of IA and copacitee of 0-5 Fra aeitr axe 2210. quo eee = 2 ee* (pinot Aun tot sine t70- Prd crore om a g L c = pd ye ROH 4 Cc Ee Lag y Role t 2 at 2, tt ont = ae $h4 —O lich teuma, order Linsay dafferruntial egpation porte ws codtivient ow QR Ct)> wot, Thess we Caw start cotfhi Uroletermined coeff ctentg Bho!(merder te hde ot’y 3Ay ag = — ze rE + 4 Oo a) AE & mean t & = 1 fea $1) Crud) =o ro me 1,72 3 te = qe’ t yer —® Since RlLt)= wopt, we ak (ume oO 4p = A wat t Sant 5 +» = -Agint +@ut ala ~Amst t Bgint) Rr im OD), we get = (A ust t Btint) +3(-A gmt 4 cat) +4 (Avett +4 ent) 2 t 4 (A13a) me + (3442) grat er: 3 A438 =I avd -3A4G=0 String thite tm Up ateont _Atea=! pints =? ate pA =) 2 Ard (o ad = 3Q=3. [0 Tus , Ip = zi (ut +3eaint) Ths, 4 4g t4p > ge*+yge™ +) (mt + Baint)-O ad dg 2 — pte ~2b ° . a =z “GE -AGE +4 (tint 43ut) § Give conalitions ae fe t=O, 420 Aq 2d . Te at ) and ©) becomes De Gte th avd — 60O = ~G-2% +3 pad 02 @ , ve get “3 Tet Ge — (44 b)= -(aar (24 Ce Huw , 6 we te -2t tae +4 (apt t3 He) Pos