fF te iene —cun-qen is 4a salve the GPE_agh. 7 [ e- 4 Os) = oI. Rackion P Gey) ts Vea vew_difficalk or even Mevenciate then the Too. of topics like hea mropsfinsa gaas_dynanpica i a solution of’ the af, ech occured io alls ee a day latest sothaare Ore “ls available cabivh ase numerical _techsi ' eto get_a i fet Le olution i Hess ethod = Lai Stes dy os Fey) By legg Mitnge dx Peng kg ey : = Fey) da vali, ee, By ™ j (™ wuindig wth SU Peay ri Zit yl de:Ties slopelaab danger ls al cate ah feck Pail ae, yetaod and: 0.0 Carls all sting ich ey i izake olution: + 2 ; QUT ie nlediod. method.tne_sy-slope Son y Yo [Prony PCa gL (dof 4 is Rube PM Cor Se lest Ba. oh by Euless method a 0 z (x sede I 5 = 42 i Abe inital Guess is ; 4 a bh f(x, .y,) =----. @ TR Ces, yt Plea ee Deore ©.i Ceayy me fs “enn esta = eg oct D abject. Fy) =o Gary) n, [se oe aes b Rady, Py it by LR Ce, yas ete fds ®@ | aes + 0.9 og on Tip taal i = 24+ 32Th CS IRIATE Hg) | PS ahaa ex {Mse Eales cmiaihad Seed Ge sy t bfx yg) 7 ® = oat 6.2 [In (2 + 2.330) _ Y= 2.4798 Pt skin modal Culer’ method se = yf, +b EP Guy) + Poe udp = =. ---@ 1 = 0.283 +(02) [InGc+ 2.2932) +40 C-G42.4798) | y® = 2.492) 1 Tt oa, fy = aftr 26 1 fi ‘na Scien Pa G@= | Ove"e 924. rn er ee : te Q TSawe the DE (Ay/a5 Sx yCd=e1 at 2=04 Phe . : | ogee : 3 =), Plays ye ey 2 O4 ye Bene = OD to Pind i boy Culess % nethod Yi =o + he Ea Becki hee = 4 + Co.2)(%- y) ie sh 0.2) [0-17] 10 __MeM_[-HeuosO8u8 + (0. ies =. [xere aa Je o.gun + (omo2 = 0-848) 3: T, M College Of Engineering Faizpur,Dist-Jalgaon. i yt [ Ca,q04 Pw Oo Ht. if t 20.8 t (SE Vee omua) A COG = omar). = O.7801 2 0775) 7 ae Sete. gc Otter Tar Sire ro of ( Lt Cx = 0.4) = 0.1758,Sores oe = 2+ Col) (0) by, TT _ 5, Ge, I = Qu 4,8 De E Tout tt in MEM [Heants 1s “iy Sie Pan, a, Up ORS uct Tepes: ee fee =, + 1 P(air.y 15808 COIs Ee wt tl = at ot T- Eye, = eh. =e Foe] \.9800. 1.9803. = _|-9863 Fee = 1.9803+ COD EF 1x Ct son. = 1.9410. io MEM Teaseyo sy, eae [Peay +Plety gadelta: 9803 + St Scots =X “4 } 19808 + SET Go. x 1.9803%) — (0-2 K-94 103) 5 \.9230 [Ws 1.9237, ST MRD vets Lea AS end ot Asin sla J.T.M. College Of f Engineering rDist=Jalgj 4h t tt ey) —— © Ene sto_-H y (ats) = Yu st “he chide b obtained by a ce Following * de Rule = yay Fivst Step i [Pegs tee me Oe fy Yet hots class=ses “In! x. 1 ie s_closs- Sae—io_y ta be calculated. akin as a b pL kK. =h LP [eB Ce ER] = hie, Gre fi NEEe ai dot al step. Pie acpla ie use ae papcedckne as ee =U +k. Ye “G@ ean i) UThe ems. \ of pT onder "bet ‘oot ayy 40 ‘track ee iS) Tess etl feat ‘solve the DE of wae ie ceifidlioneous DF. qa he condition See ei TY j °C pet Goon! 7S yee \ s <= ee = | M202 Y= : . aT i Step O oI 4 [ky = hf (ey) Lie At 20-2) SET pi 0.2 lesa in Pay 1 ts " ing, wim "taggly ze Kk, = piles lagioth Peo a | ar oe a ds it Fe st (0. sh=0.2 = N16 gs. Pepuidistaigaon ad k= bh: ea Kiel le oles 1169S = a a AEST i K.= O.146 bP Ga BG, ER.pais BLP Scat) > Gtk) dis \ | [C0.4) + C1695 + 0.1303) [Kg oe O. NIC « Kos Le Lk + ait a ke tg “k_= 0180s. openl che big iy (e,=0.4) = ytk Cole Set, | [1693S x O.1305 i Seige: 13000. i ip)_or h (common difference) Ber 4 = marks ~single Ro € ee Jao step.Flowchart. for Modified EiMe=e ie a calla 4 — : Read oVo,300,6)/ 22a ieee \anite Cee pues \ (eee [SP= 0+ bce. 83] Roexth ) [SPS yee Ce od + Fe 8D | = —qranie Woy] S| ' Da” Pa] [ are 2 [cent + FCO J i 5 Yor | a [e==|Soe : “#_Bloeo=charct for Method seat ee (eart) ) ; Ki = FCx Yo) a Ka = Fl +l Yo DKig) + Ke = Fc Mo Yot key) } Kas fF Goth, Yoths)[Ace ne i [LATE 12-10-09) * Picards Method —+ ——— au = £Gyy) Sx) = Yo paseaf? | C,Y) doe aude tufted ro) i S 4+-{#Gete) de ee xe ca Betas Sob ett eh MS so Yl = Cz,") 2) aed wo fo Es “Remarks! = st eet ee Ae D Ib te practical chlFRRut _ty_Hni's__cmethod_'s_ tobe _tnte grate _tne | fanehion.. -Fes4)- many. hines ot _Somehmes.. Tan 38. feemutnte_algor! Hh tS cliff Bes WD Th's merhod_provides_a semi _=numewndtal_theovoritad __ Naiue__aot_so_acutrate___ ae gfe Og ie EE eeas = *— See tne teat ex3y) Eh Paes eee Yiotix = 25 = Ne. Y(o) = 1 _ustth—_ step size of h =o for the Interval x =0+0 2% =O NEB om a Mie _have_to_apply two steps step 1 — %o=9_, 4Co) =j bh = 0-01, £.Cx,¥) ate? ast Soe By Ra Ke trem = Slope srep = step it = Fore Ye). Bane o-} O2103 LB oe Ne PHY) 2 ocjotles oi. Hh19Re t ky = Gage ble Yat Me) atone ___otosas_ Lk = £ Geoth_, Yet ba). 0.- 10304 O-1OR16__ ae ee pe Ky r2kt2k + « ia OVO). ener! zn OS, a =A + 010} ss mage SS - SU" alot eee 2 ASelep aL = Roh ey Og My: Olol a be ol | i ' t t t i ‘ | Met tne OS BK: ~~ Repeating above..pwroced tre, Liptn. Waals : Hod ore Wwe. ge Ke oc, K_by Usting. neu \4 _3¢0-9). ae as = hol. +.0-010S H2™ 1110206.25 Seteogy OMNIS. Bee 2678S vols. _ Show the _ eFFect_ of step size.using MEO _ Sfep@) (Ans. = 9.9330 2.092) a oe ). SM lacey, Gy Ts. Jer Em Mats “4 90203) i —ellentn setles aa tact puke Ye =0.)) 4 Cans ~P 2ase (MED) a 5 a ; | | 4 dlve oly =x SC | | t 1 Co-t}-=4+ 1 | dz Ste J h_=0-4 am | | Soe fox x = 0.0 - \ Ye. compute—y and zat 250.9 [= Soe ne_aiPhrentl eq? eS | yy! aye = 2 : = = at ac =t_,ye2 and Yet \— Compute YY ab x=: 2 h=0:0 by. both. ee m = Sees Ce = ity” ak _¥ ©) =< 0_ __Find 9 0-@)_by_h: ping Adam _- Bash - 10. dye ty 3 Ods4 sl SF. frag yb sed gh = on by Mitens Method. AE GE i) 4 b MilengemNum. Solution of Ordinary Dit ey, Lit, Computer Oriented Numerical Methods 9.49) : 9.8 x 10° - 0.121287. _ 9.91096 * 2 at x = 0,25 Example 2:16 2 ai increment in t as 1 using Runge Kutta 4'" order method. Solution : r " Now, foes r " 4 xatt = Now, bo k k 1 1 y = 0.9801 = 0.01096 = 0.96913 GX yx and x = 3 for t = 0, tabulate values of Cand x fort = 0193, = Kit 2k, + 2ky + ky _ 6 ec. 2049 fQ,x)=t-x % 23 Hig.) = 10-3)=-3 nr(eds m8) [O+2)-C-D]-- nt thm e®) ~fs-G-)] 2 HFG, +h, x) + kj) =10-G-2- + 2k, + 2k, +k, -3-2-4+0 -15 1=3-15815 1x 215 10-15) =-05 i[1s-(Gs- P| 025 ifs Gs+2 ]--0325 1(2-(.5 - 0,125)] = 0.625 ky + 2k, + 2k, +k, 12 6 205 +2 0,25 —2 x 0.125 + 0.625 6 0.0625, 2= 1.5 + 0.0625 = 1.5625 2 X= 1.5625 : 1 (2 - 1.5625) = 0.4375 112.5 ~ (1.5625 + 0.4375/2)] = 0.71879ater Oriented Numerical Methods ple 3 : Solve the following aimee ae = 1,5625 + 0.6484375 = 2,2109375 ae dx 7 Xty+xy use (i) Modified Euler Method with he solution : (i) Modified Euler Method : First Iteration : x 1 © Yi in V1 To achive more accuracy. Cy yi y 0.05 bas © Yo a Y2 ie. | Second Iteration : @ y2 y@1) i) Runge Kutta 4 Order : h m m, ms my y (0.1) “Example 4 : Using fourth yidx = x2 + y2, Assuming y (0 ~ "Solution + Let, order Runge-Kutta method solve the differential equation O estiamte y (0.2) and y (0.4). 1.11597 = 0,¥9 = 1 FG, Yo) = 1 ae = {sobre BY - § 0.05, 1.05) = 1.1525 {x +3 B+ EY. 50.05, 1.0576) = 1.16048 vs 9. ion of Ordinary Diff. Equation Ky = 1125 ~* 1.5625 + 0.71875/2)1 = 0.57125 kom 1 ~ (1.5625 + 0.578125)] = 0.859375 i375 + 2 (0.71875) + 2 (0.578125) + 0.859375 6 = 0.6484375 Xatt = k = ion to get y (0.1). y@=1 0.05, Gi) Runge-Kutta 4" order with h = 0.1 h = 0.05, x) = 0, yy =1 = x +h=0.05 Yo + HE (xq, yo) = 1.05 (May 01) bh +7 Mf Gp, Yo) + FG, y,) O) = 1.05381 h +7 UF Ops Yo) + FOG, YD)! 1.05391 x, +h=01 yy + h£Gx,, y,) = 1.05783 Jy +B HE Gy, ) + FQ ADI 1.11441 +Btayp+ f(x, 2)! fq +h ye * Ben £ @.1, 1.11605) =.1.32765 m+ 2m, + 2my + mg) +f 4 Jn=iaises Yo (ec. 2001) h 02 fay) = ety9.52 Num, Solution of Ordinary Diff. Equation 2 7 FMA. ey) = -2+0.1 £11, 0.8, = 2) = -24+ 01115 x01x-2-45.%08 + 4.5] = -19%4 Yom yy + hg Guy, 2) = yy +hg 11, 08, - 2) = 08+01x-2 = 06 23 = % + hf GO, y2, 2) ™ 2 + hf (0.2, 0.6, - 1.94 = ~1944+0.1x[15%0.2%- 194-45 x06 + 4.5] =.= 1.5182 Ys = Ya * hg Gx, yp, 23) = 06+01%2, = 06+01x-194 a= = 0.406 al x 01 02 (p3 i 08 06 0.406 a -2 =194 ~ 1.8182 Example 6 : Solve a = x + y Taylors series method to find y at x = 3.0. Given x= 2,y = 2 take = 0.5; accuracy upto third term of the Taylors series. (Dee. 2002) Solution : Given differential equation, Wexsy x=2, y=2 h=05 Vee ee y, yry-x 70 Yo = Yot% = 2+2=4 5 Yo = 4| differentiating| ster Oriented Numerical Methods 9.46 Num. Solution of Ordinary Diff, Equation wf gous, Runge-Kutta method of fou th order with step size. h = 0.001 produces accurate ith decimal place, 0 result “éing = 0.01 Cncrement in 1, lo" to 0 k Kr ~ N05, 4) = 0.01 Go 200 x0) = 04, ” Zz 702 a ky W k, me Gest) - ool n't G+, = 0.01 (40-200 0 +0) = 0.4 ke hfe & 2 k, = 0.01 (40- 200 (0+ 0.2)) = 0, Ey =0 3» 'o*h) = 0.01 40-2000 +04) =-04 k= dik 1 Gr * Aka + 2ky +l = 3 104+ 0+2%04-04) = 0.134 Yh=o01 ~ lo* K=0+4 01340 0.134 Analytical solution at t = 0,01 js 0.172933, Thus with increment in step size there is Significant rise in the error, xercise 9.1 Using Taylor's series, solve the equation dy Fe = x+y, y@=0 to tabulate the solution for x = 0 1) ©5) 8. ¥ ) = 0.0, y (0.1) = 0.005005, y 2) = 0.020016, y (0.3) = 0.0451215, y (0.4) = 0.080512, y (0.5) = 0.1265625 Use Euler’s method to solve the equation dy subject to the condition x = 0, y = 1 and tabulate the solution forx = 0.1) 5) %y¥O=1,y O11 =11, y ©.2) = 1.211, y (0.3) = 1.3361, y @.4) =1 A787, y (0.5) = 1.64257, Use modified Euler’s method to solve the above problem and find yatx= * 1) = 1.1058, y (0.2) = 1.2245, y (0.3) = 1.3606 Solve by Runge-Kutta method of 4"" oder dy | y-x "yey % 7G =I ‘ofind the value of y at x = 0.2 taking h = 0.2, 8. 1.16787 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, Solve the problet of above exercise to find yat x = 0.4 taking h = 0.2, 12995,_ _ tor Orlontod Numerical Methods + 9.44 Num. Solution of Ordinary Diff, Equation ce of 100 ohms, an inductance of 0.5 henry are connected in series with ample 6+ A resistan ly the current in the cifcuit is zero, find the current in the circuit at t = | Gi Analytical method compare the approximate values with exact values. : Voltage drops across inductance L and resistance R are respectively, a and Rl {im of these voltgae drops = Applied e.mé. | this gives differential equation of the circuit as al Lat Rk (= Oatt=0) | @ Analytical method | aR, LE dt iL L This is a linear equation with Integrating Factor. R In =e" | Multiplying the equation by LF. , it can be written as R idee Ec aoe orpe i R R R R “Integrating lel = fee dt+c | PEE E, ¢ j i i E fe mE} aL or I R reo | E [a= 0; 1-0 gives C= -R R Eq ett Te Rd-e) Putting E= 20; R= 100; L=0.5 r= da-em_=— Or a ° Num. Solution of Ord Computer Oriented Numerical Methods 9.45 “Sinary bit, att= 0.001 ;1 = 0.036254 att=0.01 ; 1 = 0.172933 ‘These are the analytical solutions: Gi) Euler’s Method a lel a7 rk = 40-2001" £0, 0 Taking h = 0.001 [increment in t) T= 1, thf dy, t) I= 0, t)=0 1 = 0,001 x 40 = 0.04 1 at t= 0.001 is 0.04 Taking h = 0.01 [increment in d I = 1,+ 0.01 Fd, t) 1 = 0.01% 40 =04 Comparison with analytical solution shows that at t = 0.01, Euler’s solution = 04, sty analytical solution = 0.172933. Thus error is substantial. At t= 0.01, Euler’s solution = 0.4, analytical solution = 0.036254 at t = 0.001. Thus error is much reduced, with reduction in step size, iii) Runge-Kutta Method of fourth order dl a 7 {0,0 = 40-2001 Taking h = 0.001 [increment in), I, = 0,t,=0 = h Fy ty) = 0.001 (40-200 x 0) = 0.04, 4 = 0.02. keen Ke coo ne G,+ .14+4) = 001 40-200 0.02) = 0.036 Te k h ngs Zi lot ) = 0.001 (40 ~ 200 (0.0182) = 0.0364 HE, + ky, ty +h) = 0.001 (40 - 200 (0.0364) = 0.03272 ke gtk, + 2k, + 2ky +k = 210.05 + 2(0.036 + 0.0364) +0.032721 = 0.036254 Th-obot = Iyt k = 04 0.036254 = 0.036254 which is same as analytical solution,puter Orionted Numorical Mothods 9.46 Num. Solution of Ordinary Ditt. Equation k ky = HE y ty) = 0.01 (40 ~ 200 x 0) = 0.4, Zn 02 k, h k, ne at tied) = 0.01 (40- 200 (0+ 0.2)) = .zeo k, ne G +B to )- 0.01 (40 - 200 (0 + 0)) = 0.4 hf Cyt ky, t +h) = 0.01 (40-200 0 + 0.4) == OA 1 kom Glky + 2k) + 2ks +k) = Z 104 40+ 2x04—-0.4) = 0.134 yheoor * lot k= 0+ 0.134 = 0.134 Analytical solution at t = 0.01 is 0.172933. ‘Thus with increment in step size there is significant ri in the error, 2 ercise 9.1 Using Taylor’s series, solve the equation 2 =xty,y@-0 to tabulate the solution for x = 0 (0.1) (0.5) | y 0) = 00, y @.1) = 0.005005, y 0.2) = 0.020016, y (0.5) = 0.0451215, y (0.4) = 0.080512, y (0.5) = 0.1265625 Use Euler’s method to solve the equation dy ot. toy subject to the condition x = 0, y = 1 and tabulate the solution for x = 0 (0.1) (0.5) 2 yO = Ly OW = 1A, yO2) = 1211, y OS = 1 3361, y (0.4) = 1.4787, y (0.5) = 1.64257. Use modified Euler’s method to solve the above problem and find y at x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3. - y (0.1) = 1.1058, ¥ (0.2) = 1.2245, y (0.3) = 1.3606 Solve by Runge-Kutta method of ath oder dy -x Se TE 0G od to find the value of y at x = 0.2 taking h = 0.2. . 1.16787 Solve the problem of above exercise to find y at x = 0.4 taking h + 0.2. ss 1.2925.role sahystty to = 3 [01891 + 2 (0-1795) + 2 (0-1793) + 0-1688] = 0-1792 Hence y (0-4) =y; +k = 1-196 + 0-1792 = 13752. Example 31-18. Apply Runge-Kutta method to find an approximate value of y for x =02in steps of 0-1, if dy/dx = x+y’, given that y = 1, where x =0. (V.7.U,, 2006 ; Osmania, 2002 ; Madras, 2000) Sol. Here we take i = 0-1 and carry out the calculations in two steps. Step I. x9=0,y9=1,h=01 é ky = Af (€o,¥0) = 01 F 0, 1) =0:1000 si hey = hf (eo + 3h, yo + HED = O1F (008, 11) =0-1152 kg =hf (0+ 3h, 90 +H) =0-1F (005, 11-1152) =0-1168 eg = hf (eo + hy Yo + hg) =0-1f 0-1, 11168) = 01847 f= Mhy + Dhg + 2ky + ha) -= 10-1000 + 02304 + 0:2336 + 0-1347) =0-1165 giving (0-1) = + 8 = 1-1165. StepIL. xy =29+h=0-1,y,=1-1165,h=01 ‘ ky =hf @yy)=0-1f 01, 11165) =0-1347 he = hf (a1 + 3h, 1 + $e) = 01 f (0-15, 1.1838) =0-1551 hg =hf 1 +h, 91 + Yea) = 0-1 f (0-15, 1-194) =0-1576 y= hf Ge +h, yo + hg) = 0-1 f (0-2, 1:1576) = 0-1823 b ha Nby +2hy + Bhgt hy) =0-1571 Hence (0-2) =91 + & = 12736. 1. Use Runge’s method to approximate y when x=14, given that y=12 when x=1 and dy/dz=324y7, Give taal ae Y= 2ay/y?+s)andy=1 atz=0; find fe = 01, 02,08, 04nd OF 00 a Using Runge-Kutta ‘method of order 4, compute y(2) and (4) from seater, (0)= 1, 18 heOL Rofak, 209; Bhopal 2? 4. Use Runge-Kutta method to find y when x = 1-2 in steps of 0-1, given that > dy/dx=2? +? and y(1)=15 5. Using Runge-Kutta method of order 4, find 0.2 fr th equation = ate. 1O= 1 Take =0% wr. _ |