Science Reviewer

I.TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Volcanoes – are natural opening in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases, and ashes are ejected.

3 basic parts:

 Base
 Slope
 Summit –(crater/opening is located)

TERMS

 Crater – funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption.
(Taal Volcano has 47 crater)
 Caldera – a volcanic crater that is formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses following an explosive eruption.
 Magma – molten rocks inside the earth
 Lava – magma that has been ejected out of a volcano. An Italian word which means to slide.

TYPES OF VOLCANO (shape)

 Shield Volcano – formed by the accumulation of lava oozes out from the volcano. Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a broad,
slightly doomed structure that resembles warrior’s shield is formed.
Ex. Mauna Loa in Hawaii

 Cinder Cone – this is built from ejected lava fragments. They have a steep slope, wide crater, and most abundant of the three
major volcanoes. Aka: Scoria Cone (has one central vent)
Ex. Pariutin in Mexico

 Composite Volcano – aka stratovolcano. This is large, nearly perfect sloped structure formed from the alternate solidification
of both lava and pyroclastic deposits.
Ex. Mayon Volcano

TYPES OF VOLCANO (eruption)

 Phreatic/Hydrothermal – is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water.

 Phreatomagmatic – it is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma.

 Strombolian – it is a period weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava.

 Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra.

 Plinian – it is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics. (like what happened to Mt. Pinatubo)

TYPES OF VOLCANO (record of eruption)

 Active Volcano – has had at least one record of eruption during the past 10,000 years.

 Inactive Volcano – also called sleeping volcanoes. It is one that could erupt but not erupted for more than 10,000 years; Have not
erupted for years but could still erupt.

 Extinct Volcano – haven’t erupted during the past 10,000 years. A volcano that shows no any evidence of erupting again.

How does MAGMA form?

- Melting of mantle and crust can form magma. Magma can push through holes or crack in the crust causing volcanic eruption.

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How are volcanoes formed?

- Magma can rise when pieces of tectonic plates slowly move away from each other. Magma also rises when tectonic plates move
towards each other.

Process of volcanic eruption:

- As magma is continuously heated. It goes up.

- As magma rises, gas bubbles are developed and pressure inside the volcano increases due to trapped bubbles within it.
- When pressure exceeds the strength of overlying rocks, fracturing occurs resting in a further drop in pressure.
- Enhanced or even more gas bubbles are formed. Then, magma is ejected out as lava..
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II.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 GEO – means “Earth”; THERME – means “heat”

 Heat that is stored deep within the earth that originates from the melted magma and the decay of radioactive substances.

1.Geothermal power plants – heat from within the earth changes water into steam (water in the gas phase). Which turns steam turbines
that generate electricity.

Steps:

1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When water reaches the surface the drop in the pressure causes the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam, with it condenses back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again.

III.FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE

Weather – condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time.

Climate – general pattern of weather in a certain area over a long period of time.

Temperature – it is the degrees of hotness or coldness of a place.

Wind – Movement of air in the atmosphere.

Air Pressure – force caused by the weight of air in the earth’s surface

Humidity – it is the amount of water vapor in the air

The earth’s tilt – is 23.5

Factor affecting climate:

1. Latitude – distance (in degrees) to the north and south from the equator. An imaginary lie that is parallel to the equator.

2. Altitude –height above sea level.

 Temperature decreases as the altitude increases.

3. Bodies of water

 Land heats and cools faster than the sea. Coastal areas have lower temperatures than inland areas.
 Places that are ar from the bodies of water have extreme climates.

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4. Topography

 Windward
 Leeward – (rain shadow)

5. Ocean Currents

 Warm currents – from the equator towards poles carry warm water.
 Cold currents – from the poles toward the equator carry cold water.
 Ocean currents that bring along cold water to inland makes the climate cold. On the other hand, ocean currents that take along
warm water to coastal area makes the climate warm.

Climate Change

 A natural phenomenon and has been occurring since the earth came into being.
 It is a change in the average weather of a given area or region.

Global Warming

 An increase in the temperature of earth’s atmosphere.

Greenhouse Gasses – retain heat and keep the earth warmer.

IV. CONSTELLATION

Characteristics of a STAR

 Brightness
- large star shines brighter than a small star; a hot star shines brighter than a cool star.
- A star’s apparent brightness is the brightness you see from earth. A hot large star that is far from earth does not look very bright.
- A star’s absolute brightness is the brightness the star would if all stars were the same distance from earth.

 Color & Temperature – BLUE = hottest; RED = coolest

 Size – the more massive a star is the hotter its surface

 Mass – stars have a life cycle that depends on the initial mass of the star.

During summer in the Philippines, the constellations of Orion and Taurus are not visible at night. They will be visible again as the cold season
begins.

“Constellations are not seen of certain months”

The revolution is responsible for the fact that we can see different parts of the sky at different parts of the year.

As the Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the bright light of the sun in the previous months will appear in the
sky.

Some constellations appear and disappear in the night sky throughout the year due to the revolution of the earth.

The constellation appears to move across night sky from east to west. Daily change of position = due to the rotation of Earth on its axis from
west to east