V,dya ma ndir Cl asses Biology

Control & Coordination

Introduction : Control is the power of restrain and regulation by which something can be started, slowed
down, cxpcdiatcd or stopped. Coordination (L. co- joint, ordinatus-rcgulatcd) is orderl y or harmonious working of
different but interrelated parts so as to perfo nn one or more activities very smooth ly.

Coordination in Plants :
Plants show movement in response to external stimuli and exihibit growth movement which arc as followin g:

(A} Troplc !TIO'lenents IBIN.stlc lTOYelTlel'Cs

(Dff<tional) (--.lirtttlon•Q

(i) Phototropism (i) Nyctinasty

(Ii) Geotropism (ii ) Thigmonasty
(iii) Chcmotropism (iii ) Scismonasty
(il l Thigmotropism (Haptotropi sm) (h) Photonasty
!•I Hydrotropism

(A) Tropi c Movements : They a rc directional growth movement of curva ture in which the directi on of
movement is determined by the dircciion of stimulus
(i) Phototrop ism (Heliotropism) : It is di recti onal growth movement of curvature which occurs in
response to unidirectional exposure to ligh1.

NJHlylmaM
c.i!~ivu~ _-~~..~~
r----~-------1[-.;;t; ':!•··~·~~·
(ii) Geotropism : It is directional growth movement of curvature which occurs in response to force of
gravity.

I PosltlYee., . Root
M3Hlj+i
(Iii) Chemotropism : It is direc tional grow th moveme nt of curvature that occurs in res ponse to a
chemical stimulus.
e.g. Movement of pollen tubes and fun gal hyphac.

(iv) Hydrotropism : II is a directi onal growth movement of cu rvature which occurs in re sponse to
unilatera l stimulus of water.
e.g. Root of seedlings.
(v) Thigmotropism (Haptotropism) : It is directional growth movement of curvature which occurs in
response to stim ulus of contact.
e.g. - Tendrils, haustoria of Cuscu1a.

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Biology V1dya mand 1r Classe s

(8) Nastic movements : The movement of plant pans in response 10 an externa l stimulus in which the direction
of response is no! determined by the dircclion of stimulus is called Nastic movement.
(i) Nyctinasty : Sleep movements • Due to day and night.
e.g. Daily movement of flowers, leaves, stomata.

(ii) Th igmonasty or Haptonasty : The non directional movement of planl pan in response to the touch.
e.g. Tentacles of insectivorous plants.

(iii) Seismonasty : The turgor changes occur in lhin- walled cells of pul vi nous, causing fo lding and
drooping of lhc compound leaves.
e.g. Mimosa pudica (Touch me not plant)

(iv) Photonasty : The non directional movement of plant part in response to light.
e.g. Dandelion flower

Chemical Coordination in Plants : The function of contro l and coordination in plants is performed by
certain growth regulators, which arc also referred 10 as planl hormones or phytohormones. The phylohormonc is
an organic substance produced naturally in plants, contro lling growth and other functions at a site remote ils
place of production and active in minute amounts.

Auxins : Auxins arc plant-growth promoting hormones produced from the root and shoot tips of the plant body.
Auxins promote cell division, cell elongation, root formation, respiration, protein synlhcsis, apical dominance and
enhance physiological and rcproduc1ivc activities.

Auxins cause parthcnocarpy, a phenomenon in which seedless fruits arc formed without pollinalion.

Gibberellins : Hundred gibbcrc llins have been identified from different plant groups.
The hormone has been named after the fungus, Gibberel/a fujik11roi.

Gibbcrellins stimulate cell division, Siem elongation, seed germination and flowering, and bring about increase in size
of fruit s.

They break dormancy of buds and seeds by counteracting the effec1 of abscisic acid.

Cytokinins : Cytokinins promote cytokincsis, i.e ., cell division.

They cause differentiation of cells and lissues, cell elongation: delay senescence, break dormancy. regulate nutrient
transport, enhance chloroplast development. and increase resistance 10 disease.
They help in lateral growth of plants. hence overcomes apica l dominance.
It also helps in opening of stomata.

Ethylene : It is a gaseous hormone which is produced in the ce lls of higher plants and induces fruit ripening.
Ethyl ene inhibits longitudinal growth. It retards flowering in many plants, causes faster abscission of leaves and
flowers .

It is found in large quantit ies in ripening frui1. II helps to break dormancy.

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ftttidfTI T TEXttlT

Abscisic Acid (Stres s Hormone) : It is a naturally occurring growth lnhibilor in plants. It counteracts the
growth promoting activities of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.
Abscisic acid causes faster abscission of leaves and flowers , induces dormancy of seeds. tubers and bulbs,
retards transcription, causes closure of stomata and retards growth.

Coordination in Animals : There are two modes of control and coordination, chemical and nervous .
(i) Nervous System and (ii) Endocrine System.

Nervous System :
The basic structural and functional unit of nervous system is neuron.
Neuron (nerve cell) is the longest of human body (up to 100 cm)
Nervous Syst em

Central nervous System (CNS) PerlpheralNervousSystem(PNS)

hin Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nenous

Recei ves and Concb:-ts signalsto Conlrols vohnuy
JITOC CSSCS 5Cl1SOI')' andfromlhcbrain.
information. initi, 1u Cc:drols ttlkll
rcspon1es, stcrcs, .cti,il ics
111Cl11'WiCijlCDCTalU Svnl,athetlc Parasympathetic
lhotJilht8 1ndcmotim11 Division Division
MFight or Flighl" .. Rest or Digest"

Neuron is made up of :
(i) Cell body (ii) Cell process (axon and dcndron)

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Structure al• mudpolar neuron

Class 10

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Bloloav V1dyam and 1r Classes

( i) Cell Body or Cyton or Soma or Perikaryon :

It is broad, rounded, pyriform or stellate part of the neuron that contains a central nucleus, abundant
cytoplasm and va rious ce ll organelles except ccntrioles.

Because of the absence of ccntriole, neurons cannot divide. Injured neurons arc either replaced or
repaired.
Cytoplasm of cell body is also called neuroplasm. Nucleus is large with a prominent nucleolus.

Special structures present in cell body of a neuron arc sma ll ribosome containing Nissl granules
and fine fibrils called neurofibrils.
Cell body maintains the neuron through its metabolic activity and growth.

(ii) Cell Process :

(a) A•on :

It is a long fibre-like cytoplasmic process that carries impulses away from the cell body.
Axon is branched terminally. The term inal branches are called telodendria or terminal
arborisations.

Axon termin1 ls may end in muscle fibres. gl:inds. othtr structures or form S)'fl:l JUil!i" with
dcnd ri1cs of other neurons.
Aiwn 11:rm inals are oftl'n knob-like {synaptic knob!i o r boutonO.
Allon il; .:-o,•l·rcJ by one 01 1wo shcath!i. The shcathcJ :non i1 l"allcJ nave fibre .
A nun1 bc1 ofni:n.·e fibres are joincJ 10 fom1 a nl·n ·c .

Thc cd l memb1ane covcrin~ th.:- axon i11 l' allcJ :nolemm1 .

Cytoplalirn of uon is 1crm;.•J :u uop lu m. It fach Niu l i;ranulcs. Ncuro fibr il!i arc prescn1.
The 11inglc sheath ptl' ic nl over lhc uon is maJc of Schwinn eclls. It i11 c:11l cd ncurolcmrna or
ncu rik-rn1n:11 . If two. a layer of insulating myclin or fat 01ccun; ~twccn ncurolcmma :anJ uon .
The two 1ypcs of nerve fibre s arc rc11pc1c1i,·d)' called nonmyclinatcd and myclinaicJ .
Myeli na 1cJ fib1~11 arc mccc l·ffii:icnt in tnniimiuion of impuh:c1 than DOnm yclinatcJ lib1e11.
At internl 11 the y bear UM1ydin111cd arc:u called nc>1k 1 o f R1nvier.

(b) Dendron :

They arc fine short anJ branched protop lumic ptOCl' HU o f I.he ce ll bod)' that pick up
i4:n.uit ions lphy1ic1I. n1cchanical. ckcu ica l. chemical) anJ tnnsmit the san1c 10 the cdl b<xly.
Dendrites contai n Ni11sl gnnul,:,1 and ncurofibrih,.

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- Cl as!". 10 51ff51udyC:-.lor1111H&_,_
V1dyamand1r Classes Biology

Difference between Axon and Dendron :

- ~, s~
Numbe:T Either absent or one Ei ther iibscnt or one. mos tly
Diameltt Uniform Na n- wiifonn
Branching Gena-ally unbranched Branched
Tcnni nal knobs Present Absent
f[elodcndria)
Nissrs granu le Absc,u Present

Myelin sbcath Present Absent

Direction of m.TVe impulse Ay,-ay from cyton Tow.mis cyton

Types of Neurons on the basis of Polarity :

,\polar nt•11nu1s - Neurons ofhydu and amacrinc edit ofrc1in1 have no definite cell proccu. Thc1c types
of neuron ore known as apolar neuron .
l nr11re11s. which ha"c only one neurile and arc found usually in cmbr)•on ic stage.
Pu11do-1ulp11l1r 1tur,uu re semble unipolar newou becau1c I t ingle projection ell.lends from som1 and
la1cr gcu branched in10 1wo distinct nructurcs t li kc a bipo li.r cdl) . The)' arc present in the doru l rool
ganglion of lhe 11pi11111 I cord.

Balle Ne•• 1)"JMS

Apolsnniron BlfN>btMUnlll P~brlk'llnlll llnipubrnl.'\lron

Typnd--onlasisofpdaity

Blpolu 111,uni, nt whii:h have 1wo pro.:ctKi. one axon and another J cndron. and arc found in olfaclory
epithelium and retina of C)'C. internal car.
\lulflpol1r n• uroni. which ha ve m11ny pro.:ene11 ari1ing from ce ll body: ou1 of them, one 4longcn acts Han
uon and the remaining as dcndron11. Mullipo lar neurons arc found in brain and spinal cord .

5111...,_,.,,l'IIIE. _ _ Cla ss 10• 11

Blolo1Y V1dyamand1r Cla sses

Types of Neurons on the basis of Function :

(i) sensory (receptor) neurons, (ii) motor (effector) neurons, and (iii) relaying (connector) neurons.

(i) Sensory (Receptor) Neurons : These often occur in sense organs, and receive stimuli by their dendrites.
The sensory neurons transmit impulses towards the central nervous system (brai n and spina l cord) through
their axons.
(ii) Motor (Effector) Neurons : The dendrites of these neurons synapse with axons of sensory neurons in
centra l nervous system. They transmit impulses from centra l nervous system towards effectors (muscles or
glands). The later respond to stimuli.
(ii i ) Relaying (connector) Neurons : These occur in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). These
serve as link s between sensory and motor neurons for distant transmission of nerve impulses.

Synapse : The neurons arc not connected. There occurs a very minute gap between tcnninal portion of axon
of one neuron and the dendron of other neuron. This minute gap is ca lled synapse . Axon tcnninal is expanded to
from presynaptic knob. On the ot her hand, the dendrite tcnninal forms post-sy naptic depression . In between
the two, lies a narrow fluid filled space called synaptic cleft Impulses travel across the neurons only in one
direction, i.e., from axon of one neuron to dcndron of other neuron through a synapse.Synapse is the junction
between two adjacent neurons i.e . bet wen the axon ending of one neuron and dendrites of the next.

- A,mo

S ynaptic
vesicles

Pre-synaptic
m<mb=,
Synaptic cleft

Post-synaptic
m<mb=,
]1
Rc:cq,tors

Nerve Impulse: It is an electro-chemical information (signal) passing through neuron.

Neu rotransmitters or Neurohormones : Chem ical substances which either transmit or inhibit the message from
one neuron to another.

Stimulatory : Stimulates impulse at synapse. e.g.-Acetyl choline(Ach), Nor-epinephrine

Inhibitory : Inhibits impulse at synapse. e.g. - GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric acid), Dopamine

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V1dyama nd1r Classes Blolocv

Centra l Nervous System (CNS) : CNS consi1s of 1hc brain and 1hc spinal cord .

.
C=bru

I
'

! Mid
JL,1ind
Spinaloord - - - -' UJ
Diqram showlrc saptal seclon of the human brain

(A) Human Brain : The brain is the most important part of the centra l nervous system. II is a highly complex
structure which controls the entire physiologic al processes of the body. The human brain is a whitish,
bilaterall y symmetrical structure. weighing 1200-1400 grams and is placed well prolcctcd inside the cranial
cavity or brain box of the skull. It is covered from outside by three membranes called meninges. The outermost
tough membrane is duramatc r. the middle thin and delicate membrane is arachnoid and the innermost
highly vascular membrane is piamatcr. The space between meninges arc filled with the ccrebrospinal fluid .
The inside hollow cavities of the brain arc called ventricles. Ventricles too. arc fill ed with cercbrospinal
fluid . This fluid protects the brain aganist externa l shocks and mechanical injury. Al the sa me time, it also
helps in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between nervous ti ssues and blood.
The human brain is divisible into three parts· Forcbrain or Prosenccphalon, Midbrain or Mescncephalon
and Hindbrain or Rhombcncephalon.

ForeBtKI HS\d&ain

Olfactory1Dbes(21
Dimceph~lon Cerebellum
Cerebrum Medu b0blonga1a
42Cerel,Qlhern is phe,eo)

Cerebnoll'!dundes

Forebrain : It is the largest part of the brain, constituting 415th of the brain. The forebrain includes olfactory
Jobe, cerebrum and dienccphalon.
Olfactory Lobe : These arc paired, poorly developed structures having the sense of smell.

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BIOIOIY V1dyamand1r Cla sses

Cerebrum (Cerebral Hem isphere) :

It is highly developed in man and constitutes abou1 213rd of the brain.

It is divided into right and Jefl halves. The two halves arc separated by a deep median groove.
Large bundles of nerves called corpus callosum connect both halves of the cerebrum.The surface of
the cerebrum shows many fo lds and grooves called gyri and sulci, which increase the surface area to
accommodate large number of nerve cells.
Three deep sulci in eac h hemisphere divide the hemisphere into four lobes :
Mo1orare-.isinvolvedwiththc Central suk:us (Rolando)
rorurolofvoluntarymusdes

Fronlallobe ~

Motor
s ~harea•
{Broca'sarea)
-- ---<l~~
(SylviusJ - - - ---,-
Latcral
sukus
Auditoryan:a

Dlaa;rammatlc repruentatfon of human b~ln 1howln1 the position of the main lobes •nd the major•,y,
association and motor areas end centres and their spedlc: activities

It is highly deve loped in man

{i) Occipital lobe (region of visual reception),
(ii) Tempora l lobe (region of auditory reception),
(iii) Frontal lobe (region of muscular activities) and
(h) Parietal lobe (region of touch. smell , temperature and conscious assoc iation).
The surface of the cerebrum is called conex or grey matter. which contains neurons. Beneath the
cortex is white matter made up of mcdullatcd nerve fibres.

Diencephalon : It is a small rhomboida l lobe of fore brain having the centre of hunger. thi rst. etc.
Two pans of dicncephalon arc :
I. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus.

Mid Brain : The midbrain is a small portion of the brain consisting of optic lobes, which arc the centre of
vision. A group of nerve present in the midbrain connect the forcbra in with the hindbrain .

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V1dyamand1r Cl asses Blolo9Y

Hind Brain : It is the posterior, small pan of brain. It is differen1ia1ed into cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

~ ~ ~- Arborvitae

Superior cerebellar peduncle -'-"-.:.....,.e...-,

Middle ccrcbc\lar peduncle Ccrcbcllarnuck:us
lnfcriorccrcbcllarpcdunclc Ccrc:bcllarwncx
Posterior lobe

Asactttal section throu1h thevermls showln1 the lntemal 011anlzation of the cerebellum•
the locations of the thl'ff Cflftlellar peduncles

Cerebellum : It is the largest pan of 1he hindbrain and lies below the cerebrum. II is formed of two lateral
lobes called cerebellar hemispheres, in between which lies the median strip called vcrmis. Cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movements. It also controls the body posture and equilibrium.

Medulla Oblongata : It is a triangular structure which form the brain stem. It continues posteriorly into
the spinal cord. It controls involuntary functions such as heart beat, breathing movement and blood
pressure by controlling contraction and relaxation of blood vessels. It is also a regulatory centre for
swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Cavities of Brain (Ventricles) : Human brain is hollow. Hollow pan of brain is called ventricle. In brain,
4 ventricles arc present. Ventricles arc filled with a fluid called cercbrospinal fluid .

(B) Spinal Cord : It is a downward continuation of the medulla oblongata, which lies in the vertebral column.

Function of spinal cord :

(i) Spinal cord regulates and conducts the reflex action.
(ii) It acts as bridge between brain & organs of the body.
(iii) It also provides relay path for the impulses coming from brain.

Reflex Actions :
"Marshal Hall' first observed the reflex actions.
Reflex actions arc spontaneous, automatic, involuntary, mechanical responses produced by specific
stimulating receptors .
Reflex actions arc completed very quickly as compared to normal action.
The path of completion of reflex action is called "reflex arc".

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Blolosv 1m;:;;,,;;,;.;;;;w11
A typical reflex action has the following pathway:

What happens in Reflex Actions?

In reflex action, fine tips (dendrites) of receptors (sensory neurons) quickl y relay a message (electric impulse)
via sensory nerves to the spinal cord. The spinal cord then sends information (impulse) v ia motor nerves to
effectors (muscles or glands). The path taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called reflex arc. Thus, reflex
actions generally involve spinal cord for quick respo nse to specific stimulus. However, information input
also goes on to reach the brain where thinking process occurs.

Reflex Arc : The path taken by nerve impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc.

It consists of Five Parts :

( I) Receptor : It is a specific group of cells or organ, the neurons of which recei ve a stimulus and set up a
sensory impulse.
(ii) Sensory (Afferent) Nerve : It carries sensory impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system.
(iii) A Portion of Central Nervous System : It is spinal cord or brain. It s neurons analyse and interpret th e
sensory impulse and set up an appropriate motor impulse. According, reflexes arc 1crmcd spinal reflexes or
cerebral reflexes.
(iv) Motor {Efferent) Nerve : It carries motor impulses from the central nervous system to specific effectors
(muscle fibres or gland cells).
(v) Effector : It may be muscle fibre s or gland ce ll s. Herc. impulse terminates and response occ urs as per
instructions received from central nervous system.

16 Self Study CoulH l'ur lmEE • Modlcal Entrance

V1dyamand1r Classes Biology

Significance of Reflex Action :

It checks overloading and overtaxing of brain.
It results in quick response to otherwise harmful stimuli without the process ing done by coordinating
centres of central nervous system.
It has a survival va lue.

Examples :
Watering in mouth on sight of food
Closing of eyes when flashed with strong light.
Withdrawal of hand when pinched with a needle.
Blinking of eyelids, gut peri sta lsis, yawning, sneezing, coughing.

Involuntary Action :In voluntary muscular actions are performed by the animal without its will. These occur
automatically and the animal has no choice in it. Such actions arc meant for controlling and coordinating the
functioning of internal organs. Many of these involuntary action s arc diaphragm during normal respiration,
perista ltic movements in the oesophag us, sa li vation , vomiting, movement of the internal viscera etc. arc all
involuntary actions and are controlled by hind brain .

Voluntary Actions : Voluntary muscular actions arc performed by the animal with its will . In each voluntary
action, the animal exercises its situation. For instance, on seeing a snake in rhc way. one may run away on first
occas ion or call for help on second occasion or try to kill it to save himself on the third occasion. All such
actions arc voluntary actions that are controlled by cerebellum part of hind brain. Similarly, walking in a straight
line, riding a bicycle, picking up a pencil arc also voluntary actions controlled by cerebellum . This part of the
brain is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintains the posture and balance o f the body.

Peripheral Nervous System :

All the nerves arising from brain and spinal cord arc included in peripheral nervous system.
PNS consists of two sets of nerves:

{A) Cran lat Nerves :

Nerves arising from brain arc called cranial nerves.
Nerves may be sensory, mo1or or mixed.

> 12 pairs of cranial nerves arc fo und in reptiles, birds and mammals but amphibians and fishes have only
lOpairs.

{8) Spina l Nerves :

Nerves arising from spinal cord.
Each spinal nerve is mixed type and arises from the roots of the horns of grey matter of the sp inal cord.
In human only 3 I pairs of spi nal nerves arc found .

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Blolo1Y V1dya ma nd1r Cl asses

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) :

All the nerves arising from brai
The autonomic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system which contro ls activities
ins ide the body that arc normally involuntary.
ANS plays an imponant role in mai ntaining the constant environment. ( Homeostasis)
There arc the two divisions of the ANS :
(a) Sympathetic nervous system (b) Parasympathetic Nervous system

(a) Sympathetic Nervous System :

SNS is related with those such visceral reactions. which increase the protection of body in adverse
atmospheric conditions.

(b) Paras ympathetic Nervous System :

PNS is related with those reactions in which energy is conserved.
In this way, ANS controls the activ ities o f visceral organs do uble side i.e . antagonistic to
each other.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (C .S . F.) :

This fluid is clear and a lkaline in nature jusl like lymph.
C. S.F is present in ventricle of brain, subaraehnoid space between arachnoid and piamctcr and spina l cord.
It acls as shock absorbing medium.
Broca's area: It is motor speech area, present in front al lobe of cerebrum. If it get destroyed lhe animal
becomes unable to speak.
In human bra in more than JOO billion neurons are present .
In mammals the speed of nerve impulse is I 00-1 30 m/sec.
White matter: It is composed o fmedull atcd nerve fibres.
Gray matter : It is composed of cytons and non medullatcd nerve fibres.

Endocrine System: Glands made up of specialised 1issues called

e ndocrine g lands. are found in our body. The special chemic al
substances ·hormones' arc secreted by these glands which catalyse
and control various biological process.
Hormones are the chemica l messengers which arc secrc1ed by spec ial
g lands and they work at particular site and they are specific in 1he
nature.
1"eJ\·- +)-i- Adrc11o11I
These glands secrete hormones direc1ly to the blood so these glands
arc also called ductless glands. These glands are located in different
Te!ilis
parts of our body. O ur main endocrine glands are as fo llows. (inm;i lc)

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V1dyamand1r Classes Biolon

Pituitary Gland : The pituitary is a small gland weighing about 500 mg. It hangs from a part of diancep
halon called hypothalamus in brain. The pituitary is most important endocrine gland, as it secretes number of
hormones that not only regulate the various functions of the body but also controls the activities of other
endocrine glands. Thus it is often called as master gland.
Pituitary gland is divided into 3 lobes- anterior lobe , intermediate lobe and posterior lobes . First two lobes
constitute the adenohypophysis while the third lobe is also called neurohypophysis.
Adenohypophysis comprises about 75% part of pituitary gland.
(a) Somatatropic hormone (5TH) or Growth hormone (GH) : It promotes the growth of long bones
and muscles during early life.
{b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) : It controls the growth and function of the thyroid gland.

(c) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) : It controls the growth and function of outer part i.e. cortex
of adrenal gland.
{d) Prolactln (Pl) or Mammotroph in hormone or Leuteotrophic hormone (LTH) : It controls the
production of milk in the mammary gland.
(e) FSH (Follicular stimulating hormone) : It is a gonadotrophic hormone i.e. it influences the
gonads, testes in male and ovaries in the female. In males, FSH acts on the testes and influences the
production of sperm . In females. it acts on the ovary and causes ovum to mature .
{f) LH (Luteiniz lng hormone) : It is also gonadotrophic hormone. In male, it influences the leydig in the
testes to sec rete the male hormone, 1estos1erone. In fem ales, LH acts on the mature Grnfian follicle of
ovary and causes it to rupture to release ovum i.e. ovulation.

Hormone of the Intermediate lobe : II is associated with the growth and development of mclanocytcs
in man which give colour to the skin.

Hormones of Posterior Lobe :

(a) Oxytodn (Pitocin) : It is also called ·•birth hormone· and "milk ejecting hormone··.
(b) Vasopressin or Antid iuretic Hormone (ADH) : It influences cer1ain areas of 1hc nephron, so that
water may be reabsorbed and brought back to the blood. In this way, the volume of urine is reduced.

Adrenal Glands : There are two adrenal glands one on the top of each kidney. Internally the adrenal gland
is divisible into an outer cortex and inner medulla.

Cortex : This part sc<:retes following three hormones.

(a) Mineralcorticoids : It acts on kidney and promotes absorption of Na • and water to blood and
excretionofK ·.

(b) Glucocort icolds : Th ese affect carbohydrate metabolism . It stimul ates the liver to syn the s ize
carbohydrates from non- carbohydrates such as amino acids and proteins.
(c) Sex Cortlcolds : Development of external sex characters.

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 Addison's Syndrome : This disease is caused by the deficiency of mincralcorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Its symptoms include low blood sugar, low plasma Na · , high plasma K·, bronze like pigmentation of skin.

Cushing Syndrome : II is caused by excess of glucocorticoids. It is characterised by high blood sugar,

riseinplasmaNa+.
Fall in plasma K•. high blood pressure, obesity etc .

Medulla : The medulla of the adrenal glands secretes two hormones:

(I) Norepinephrine or noradrenalin (2) Epinephrine or adrenaline
These hormone s are secreted at the time of stress, emotional disturbance or when the individual is
threatened by a dangerous situation. These hormones increase heart beats, constricts all blood vessels
except those that supply blood to heart muscles and skeletal muscles. These also increase blood pressure
and the rate of respiration. Thus changes caused by these hormones prepare the body to react during
an emergency. Thus it is also called the emergency hormone.
Adrenaline can also be called fight, fright and flight hormone because there is surge of adrenaline when
a person is fighting , is frightened or is running fast .

Thyroid Gland : The thyroid gland consists of two lobes joined together by an isthmus. It is s ituated in
the lower part of the neck and when enlarged ii forms goitre. Two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland arc:
(i) Thyroxine : It is the principal hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and its main role is to increase
the metabolic rate of the organs and tissue s of the whole body. 60% of thyrox ine consists of iodine ,
an element which is essential for the enable it to synthesize its hormone. The basal mc1abolic rate (B.M .R.)
is increased in hyperthyroidism and reduced in hypothyroidism.
(ii) Calcitonin : This hormone lowers the calcium level in two ways:
(A) By inhibiting renal tubular calcium rcabsorption
(H) By inhibiting bone calcium reabsorption

- - - ; , , . . , _ Vocal cord

90

- Class 10
Seti Study Course for llll£E & Medical Entrance
 Parathyroid Gland : These arc small ovoid pea shaped glands. They lie
on the posterior surface of the th yroid gland. Usually there arc two pairs of
parathyroid glands, a superior pair and an inferior pair. The parathyroid
secretion, parathonnonc has two main functions:
(i) It regulates the balance between the calcium in bones and in extracellular
tissue fluid , thus affecting the amount of calcium in the blood.
(ii) It also controls the excretion of phosphates in the urine .
probably by reducing tubular rcabsorption of phosphorus by the kidney
tubule.

Pancreas : Pancreas is the hetcrocrinc g land in the human body. It acts as exocrine as well as endocrine gland.
It acts as exocrine as it secretes pancreatic juice which if poured into the duodenum with the help o f pancreatic duct.
The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is in the fonn of clumps of secretory cells known as the islets of Langerhans.
The islet cells are of three types-alpha, beta and delta.
Insulin is secreted by the beta cells and like other hormones, passes directl y into 1he blood. Insulin is required
to convert g lucose into g lycogen (glycogencsis) and store it in liver. Deficiency of insulin due to defect in
islets of Langerhans results in diabetes me llitus, a condition in which blood glucose is high and is passed
in the urine.
The alpha ce lls of pancreas secrete g lucagon, the metabolic effects of which are opposite to those of
insulin. It causes the breakdown of liver glycogen, thereby releas ing g lucose into the blood stream.
> The third hormone somatostatin is secreted by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is able to inhibit
th e secretion of many hormones. As it inhibits the release of growth hormone of pituitary gland, it is
also known as growth hormone re lease inhibiting honnonc (G HRIH ).

Thymus : This gland is present in the newborn child, close to the heart.

~ l{glMd
It gradually becomes smaller with advancing years and in the ad ult it is
atrophi ed. The thymus secretes a hormone named th ymosin and produces
lymphocytes known as T-lymphocytes. The latter produce an1ibodies.

Ei·,11":F
Pituitary GrOWlh H(lfTll(ll'IC Cm1rolsgrow1h

Pituitary Others Cm1rolsothcrendotrmc:glands

Th)Toid Th)ToxiOC Cm1rols gi:neral meiaboli;;m

Parath)TOlll Parallw:itmonc Cm1rols calciim le\'tl in blood

Paocreas(islelllofl.a19=r1!-e111) Insulin Cm1rolsbloodglucosclc\~l

Atk'cnal Atk'cmlilll;' Call!il:S c~c11crner1. inn-eases blood pre5SUl"c. hcanbra1 and respira1ion rate .

Tc stiJ Testosterone Promotes de\"tlopmclll of SC'cll'l(Dry sexual dianiclcN in males

Q\-ary Ocstr~n Promotesde\"tlopmclllofSC'corw.bry11exuald1anic1eNinfemalcs

Self Study Course for IITJEE & Medical Entrance ;wu+ 91

 BloloBY f&iii,,t\,j.5;;;;;44
PRACTICE EXERCISE

LEVEL· I I QUESTIONS BASED ON NCERT

I. A plant placed near a window bends outward because 9. Which of 1hc following process occurs only in
(A) its tip is able to obtain more light animals:
( B) its tip is able to receive necessary warmth (A) Honnonal control (8 ) Respiration
(q the auxin content on the shaded side is higher (C) Nervous control (0) Nut rition
than that on the lighter side and as a result Io. Which hormone when secreted increases bean beats:
the shaded side elongate more than the cells on (A) Insulin (B) Adrenalin
the illuminated side and the tip bends outward. tC) Cortisone (D) Testosterone
(I>) its tip is able to get more oxygen
11 . Which of the fo llowing is not a hormone secreted by
2. Phototropic and gcotropic movements in plants have ovary?
been traced to be linked with (A) Estrogens ( B) Relaxin
(A) enzymes (8 ) s1arc h (C) Progesterone (D ) Glucagon
(C) gibberellins ( D) auxins
12 . Deficiency of which hormones leads into Dwarfism :
3. Phototropic movements of roots and stems are due (A) Thyroxin (8 )Growth Hormones
to: (C) Adrena lin (DJ Insulin
(A) action of gravity 1J . Spina l cord mediates:
(8 ) effectoflight (A) Rcflexaction
(C) differential hormonal effect (8 ) Stimulus
(D) effectofwater (C) Growth movement
4. Bending of growing shoot towards sunlight is called (DJ None of the above
(A) thigmotropism ( B) hydrotropism 14. Which of the following is not a human hormone?
(C) photonasty (I>) phototropism (A) Insulin (R) Thyroxin
;_ Thigmotropism is best exhibited by; (C) Oestrogen (DJ Cytokinin
(A) tendrils (8) stem apex IS . Which gland is located in the neck?
(C) rootapcx {D) lcafapcx (A) Pituitary (8 ) Thyroid
.. Which cell stops dividing after birth?
(A) Glial cells (8 ) Epithelium
(C) Adrenalin {D) Pineal
16. Ce ntra l nervous system in mammals consists of
(C) Liver (D) Neuron and
7. The gland whose hormones affects the functions of (A) Brain, Spinal cord
many other endocrine glands is : (8 ) Brain, Neurons
(A) thyroid gland ( B) pituitary gland (C) Spinal cord, Neurons
(C) pancreas (D) parathyroid (D) Nervous, Neurons
8. A man sudden ly secs a tiger. His heartbeat goes up, 17. _ _ _ arc fibres that transmit an impulse away
blood prcssue increases, etc. Which hormone is from the cell body carrying it 10 another neuron or to
released at this time in his body : an effect or muscle/gland.
(A) Parathormone (8 ) Adrenaline (A) Dendrites (B) Axons
(C) Corticoid ( I>) Thyroxine (C) Cranial Nerves (D) Neurons

92 Class 10 5eff Study COurse"" lmEE • Medlcol Entrance

 V1 d ya m and 1r Cla sse s
Biology
I H. Which hormone is released in human body to bring it
20 . Which part of the brain maintains posture,
in fright or night mode?
equilibrium, coordinates voluntary movement intiated
(A) Thrombin (8 ) Adrenalin
by the cerebrum ?
(C) Thyroxin (D ) Growth hormone
(A) Cerebrum ( 8) Cerebellum
19 . If the roots of the plant spread in the wides area (C) Medulla (I)) Spinalcord
for search of water then what type of movement thi s
will be:
(A) Gcotropic (8) 1-lygrotropic
(C) Hydrotropie ( D) Autotropic

LEVEL· II I FOUNDATION
I. Apical dominance means: 7. Mimosa (touch me not plant) shows :
(A) Su press ion of growth of apical bud by axillary (A )Thigmotropism movement
buds ( 8) Chemotactic movement
(8 ) Supression of growth of axillary buds by the (C) Thigmonasty
presence of apical bud ( D) Seismonasty
(C) Stimulation of growth of axillary buds by removal
of apical bud 8. Leaming, abstract thinking, memory and behaviour of
(I>) Inhibition of growth of axillary buds by removal a person arc governed by :
of apical bud (A) cerebellum (8 ) cerebrum
(C) thalamus ( D) medulla
2. Which of the following is not natural occuring plant
hormone: 9. The cerebellum is concerned with :
(A) 2,4-D ( B ) Cytokinin ( A) coordination of muscular movements
(C) Gibbrellin (D) I.A.A (B) memorization offacts
J. Parthcnocarpy is the production of: (C) perception
(A ) Fruits with pollination (D) regulation of the working of the heart and lungs
( B ) Fruits without fertili zation
IO . The following arc not the functions of medulla of
(C) Seeds with fertilization
the brain:
(D) Only seeds and no fruits
(A) control of voluntary actions, memory and
.a. Gibberellin was first extracted from: judgement
(A) Gibbere/Ja ( 8 ) Ge/Jidium (8) respiration and coughing
(C) Gracillaria (0) Aspergi/111s
(C) circulation and heart beat
5. Which of the following breaks the dormancy of ( D ) swallowing and vomiting
seeds?
11 . Grey matter ofthe brain contains:
(A) IAA ( H) GA
(A) cell bodies
(CJ Ethylene (D) All of the above
.. Abscisic acid induces :
(A) Shoot elongation
(8 ) cell bodies with processes
(C) cell bodies with processes and a large number of
synapses
(B) Cell elongation and cell wall formation (D) sensory and motor nerve cells
(CJ Cell division
(0 ) Leaffallanddormancy

Self Study Course ,.,.. lmEE & M«llcal Entrance iMIIP 93

 H101ogy

12. Hearing is controlled by: 17. LHandFSHarecailed :

(A) temporal lobes ( B ) Occipital lobe (A) anti stress hormones

0 ) parictallobc (8 ) gonadotropic hormones

(C) front al lobes (
(CJ emergency hormone
IJ . A very high level of calcium in the blood suggest (0 ) ncurohormones
malfunction of the :
18. FSH is to estrogen as LH is to :
(Al parathyroid (BJ thyroid
(A) vasopressin ( 8) testosterone
(C) thymus ( D) adrenal gland
(C) progesterone (D) LTI-1
14 . Production of ADH, mon itor of temperature and
19 . Failure of insulin production results in:
blood pressure, is mainly controlled by :
(A) addison's disease
(A) cerebellum ( B) cerebrum
( B ) cushing's disease
(C) hypothalamu s (D ) medulla
(C) diabetes insipidus
I 5. Islets of Langerhans produce : (D) diabetes mellitus
(A) insu lin and secretin
20 . Diabetes is due to:
(8 )glucagon and adrenaline
(A) Honnonal deficiency
(C) insulin and glucagon
( H)Sodium deficiency
( D) ACTH and noradrenaline
((1 Iodine deficiency
16. A gorilla like man with huge hand and legs. This is
(D) Enzyme deficiency
due to th e abnormal secretion of :
(A) pituitary FSH ( 8 ) pituitary LH
CC) pituitary GH ( 0 ) thyroid

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

[1 Mark)
Name the functional junction between two neuron. 4. Give difference between endocrine and exocrine gland?

2. Name the bony structure that houses brain. 5. Name master gland of the body, why is it called so?

J. Name the largest part offorcbrain?

[2 Marks)

6. Draw a neat labe led diagram of nerve cell. 9. Draw a diagram for reflex arc.

7. What is CSF? What is its function? JO. Name the gland, whose sec retion is controlled
by iodine also na me the di sease cau sed due to
8. What is reflex action?
deficiency of iodine.

[3 Marks)
11. What is the main function performed by Gibberlins? 14 . Brain is covered by a membranou s st ructure (three
in number) . Name the structure and also name the
12 . Give difference between chemical co-ordination and
fluid it is filled with and give its fun ction also.
neural co-ordination?
15. Expand ADH . From where is it sec reted and give
13 . Name the part of the brain. which controls bod y
its function.
posture and where it is situated .

94

• Class 10 Self Study Course far 1mEE a -lcal Entnnao

 V1dyam a nd1r Cla sses Blolosv

(5 Marks]
16. How docs tendril coi l around a rigid support s? 20 . Givcreason :
Explain? (a) Name the honnone, which is also called fright
and flight hormone also write dow n its function.
17. An alcoholic person is not able to stablisc or control
(b) Which disease is caused due to decrease in
himself. What cou ld be the reason behind it?
secretion of insulin honnone.
1H. Draw the structure ofa neuron and explain its function . (c) Name the honnoncs responsible for developing
19 . Mention one function for eac h of these hormones: secondary sexual organs in human males and
(11) Thyroxin (b) Insulin females.

(c) Adrena line (d) What are hetero-crine glands? Give example.
(d) Growth honnone
(t') Where docs calcitonin honnone is secreted from .
(r ) Testosterone

PREVIOUS YEAR NEET QUESTIONS

Name of a gaseous plant honnone is : 7. Given below is an incomplete table abo ut certain
(WBJEE 20091 hormones, their source glands and one major effect of
(A ) ! AA (8 ) Gibberellin each on the body in humans. Identify the correct
(C) Ethylene ( I>) Abscisic acid option for the three blanks A , B and C.
2. Which of the PGR induces parthenocarpy in tomatoes? [C 8SE20II[
IAFMC2009J Glu d Sca-irtio• Effttton Bod,·
Maintenance of
(A) Auxin (B) Gibbercllin Ocs1rogrn secondary sexual
(C) Cytokinin (I>) Ethylene characters
Alpha ~ f--
Raises blood
3. Leaf absciss ion is caused by: oflslc:tsof
suga r level
Langerh ans
l~IHT CET,.... O,'1:r HD'l:tioa
An~rior
1B> C )·tokinin lndl to
pituitary
lD) Gibbcl\:llin ~ - -J _ -~ f f l

A C
-4. A hormo ne de layi ng KM11ccncr i, :
Ill Placenta G lucagon Cakitonin
l"HT CET lM9j Ill Omy G l~agon Gro wth honnonc
t \ ) Auxin t8 > C )1o kinin ,n Placenta ln11u lin Vasopru11i n
(0 E1hylcnc l D ) Gibbcn.·llin
tu} Ova,y ln11ulin Cald tonin
~. A pka l dominance is causc.J by :
IOJEE Jtltl
*· The hu1n 11n hi ndb rai n eomp ri11es three- pam. o ne of
which i11 : (CBS£AIP~tT-21UI
I \) Au:1.in fBI C)1okinin
CA I s pina l co,.J (8) corpus callosum
CCI E1hylcn(' ID) Gibbcrdl in
(CJ c..."fc-bcllwn CD) hypo1ha l.smu1
ft. The ncf\'C c-~-n11e11 whic h coru ro l the bo.Jy tc m~ra1u re ,. The follow ing is the IIC- he mc li howi ng the pa th of
:m.J the- urge for ea lifti are eon1ai neJ in : reOc-:1. lltt. 1,.1,._-ntify the.J ifTerc-nt lahl.-lling_s A. B. C. D. E.
IAIP1'1TC'Pn)21101 Finlhl• reOcxa n:-.
( \ ) Ccn.i>cllum I Rt Thalanws IKCIT-l0ll l

-
(C) H ypo1h•lam us tD) Pon1

w,._,c:-.1armu•-- Cl ass 10
•
 UIUIUl5J

(C) hCG, hPL, progcstogcns, prolactin

(D) hCG, progestogens, estrogens. glucocorticoids

IS. In some plants. the female gamete develops into

embryo without fertilization. This phenomenon is
known as: (NEET-2019]
(A) A-Stimulus , 8-Effcctor. C-Motor nerve , (A) Autogamy ( H) Parthcnocarpy
D-Scnsory nerve, E-Rcccptor, F-Rcsponsc (C) Syngamy (D) Parthenogenesis
(H) A-Stimulus, 8-Rcccptor, C-Motor nerve,
D-Scnsory nerve, E-Effector, F-Response 16. Which part of the brain is responsible for

(C) A-Stimulus, B-Effector, C-scnsory nerve, thennoregula1ion? INEET 2019]

(A) Cerebrum (8) Hypothalamus
D-Motor nerve, E-Rcccptor, F-Response
(C) Corpus callosum (D) Medulla oblongata
{D) A-Stimulus, 8-Rcceptor, C-Sensory nerve ,
D-Motor nerve, E-Effcctor. F-Response 17. Name lhe plant growth regulator which upon spraying
on sugarcane crop, increases the length of stem,
I 0. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:
thus increasing the yield of sugarcane crop.
INEET20IJI
(NEET-2020I
{A) Vasoprcssin {H) Progesterone
(A) Gibbcrellin (H) Ethylene
(C) FSH (D) Oxytocin
(C) Abscisic acid (D) Cytokinin
II . GnRH, a hypothalamic hormone , needed in
18. Match the fol1owing columns and select the correct
reproduction, acts on : INEET20l7I
option . (NEET-2020)
(A) anterior pituitary gland and stimulates
Column I Column II
secretion ofll-1 and FSH
(a) Pituitary gland (i) Grave's disease
(8 ) posterior pituitary gland and st imulates
(b) Thyroid gland (ii) Diabctesmellitus
secretion of oxytocin and FSH
(C) Adrena l gland {iii) Diabetes insipidus
{q posterior pituitary gland and sti mulates
(d ) Pancreas (iv) Addison's disease
secretion ofLH and rclaxin
(A) (a)-(iii),(b)-(ii).(c)-(i),(d)-(iv)
(0 ) anterior pituitary gland and stimulates
( 8 ) (a)-(iii),(b)-(i),(c)-(iv),(d)-(ii)
secretion ofLH and oxytocin
(C) (a)-(ii). (b)-(i),(c)-(iv).(d)-(iii)
12. Fruit and leaf drop at early stages can be prevented (D) (a)-(iv),(b)-(iii),(c)-{i),(d)-(ii)
by the application of : INEET 20171
19. Chronic auto immune disorder affecting neuro
(A) Cytokinins (B) Ethylene
muscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and
(C) Auxins (0 ) Gibbcrcllic acid
paralysis of skeletal muscle is called as:
IJ. Receptor sites for neurotransmitters are present on : INEET-20211
INHT20l71 (A) Arthritis (B) Muscular dystrophy
(A) pre-synaptic membrane (Q Myasthcnia gravis (D) Gout
(8 ) tips of axons
20. Which of these is not an important components of
(C) post-synaptic membrane
(D) membranes of synaptic vesicles initiation of parturition in humans? JNEET-2021I
(A) Increase in estrogen and progesterone ratio
14. Hormones secreted by the placenta to maintain (H) Synthesis of prostaglandins
pregnancy arc (NEET-2018I
(Q Release ofOxytocin
(A) hCG, hPL, estrogens, rclaxin. oxytocin (D) Release ofprolactin
(8) hCG, hPL , progestogcns, estrogens

96 Self Study Course for IITJEE & Medical Entrance

&tl::il:\.54414 Bio logy

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES

EXERCISE BASED ON NCERT

.
1.

15. B
C
D ..
2.

16. A
D
C
3.
10. B
17. B
B 4.
11. D
18. B
D s.
12. B
A 6.
13.A
D 7.
14. D
B

19. C 20. 8

.
FOUNDATION EXERCISE

..
1. B
..
2. A 3. B .. A s. B D 7. D
B A 10. A 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. C
15. C 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. A

PREVIOUS YEAR NEET QUESTIONS

C 3. ,.
..
1. 2. A A 4. B 5. A C 7. B
B. C B 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. B
15. 0 16. 8 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. D