3. Transiton and inuer transitien selemmentas onyeri ? —— ‘| thts part outy eating win A> block cement = (for terminal, Gust? 10... [WW Dc Dim CALI 3d 4d Zr CD |b CuD|tne (sa) |-Te Cus) [ra_(40 lay cudea cer) ad Le. (s3).|we (2 | To (12| OD |e 0r5) pe (#1) [aw (4g Ce 6d Ae. (2D | Re (wD) yb (w9) $9.0) fam (0) |Hsles) He (ed), (08) [ka for) fon. Co nie) leyDlznls) * Trausition. eleneurs belovigs fo --d block -oF periodic Table - Transitiou mer) dtom hasan Incomplete d-subshell. appears From..group <3.r0,12.0%..as Along. periods - Bd__- _Scandinun..(2i)o-, ine (30) Hd - Yeriumn..(89) => ctdmium (4a) Sd. - Lauthanum (57) - Merewry (90) without) ~Certum' re luredum - bd = Achiniuns (89) — Copernicium (ue) witeent thorium tt laweurium « General electronst Contiqurarion (n-)d" "ns va oF TransiHou elements Position —— _dbleck. in periodic table - transition elements are placed ; Periods 47 tousHture 3d, 4d, 5d) bd groups 3 told Placed at centre witr g blow ou one side aud Pluk eu ober side,Sf | Bectrinic Coufrquration - [3d begins wit Se (2221) and ends wits 2n(2=30)- Argow, Ay is the noble gas preceediug fhe ad sexless hence Scandium (Z=21) [sex Lav]3d'hs*] “> as trl Why zinc is nor regarded As transition element 2, Zine has complerély Aited (nit)d ovbitatiin ground srare (34° 4s") im Tks common exidattend erare 42+, vewee uot regarded os trausten tle. Cadmium - 4d 7 also wet regarded as transitfou elements . meray - 6a Ell why cepperregarded a8 transition eemeur > és —— | Gpper tm Hee elementary crare kas (3d '°4s') coutanis fryed 3d evbital burin +2 srare (3d D— vere nas party Killed Sd oxbiral | renee FH ts trausitou Element: General electrouic Courrqurateen «fF d-bleck eteuierch « GD | 34 series [ry gat teus® viet “V | Gid| 4d series Tk) 4a 5g : was | Giiy_s& = [xD 46" Copceprla) 5A? bs * (iy) 6h “TR FF" Conperme bd!” 15% ‘| Flectroule Configuration oF chromium and. copper. PUPP TVR ESTP py upeoustis pable judicates tat Hie \eleutouic Cons oF Chromium [2224 Coppey( 2 = 24) in 3d Series GWE, from expecred 0-0 fe observey e7. Cou. Tus corm be explasue cl ou me basi's of He ouep}t of ardaiWoucr Skabiity f Completely and balk Filled Substeel) ,Jf fais tsidue, as the geucral. @C of adecartee 1S : 457. Here all Hae oie eleuneuds are obecrved i Hues 7 vaanner leaving Gr ¢ cu as, extepriou. The expe shed ele: Can +E crs CAV) Sd" U5" insread He : _ leaving Ys party Filled , wis & due mas jue Sel aud 4S - orbitals arein close energ yaud inorder fe gaia owe _ Stability me. task eat fusread of Oceupy jug 4s orbital = skitrs re GA giving Cre CAD 3d 24s! as expen - —fsame wie Cu i ss : : L as __Elemeurs | sym | ape | Expected efectroul observed electrour’ 5 Ne] _Confiqurakten couFiguratlen - ‘ Seandiumy | Sc ler | [Ai 3d'4s? Z = ~_Trrantum. |T..| 92 | Lav) 3d*4s * 2 g —Vanadiuer | y. | 23) [ai.3d34s*. eer concen 7 ~ Chromium [Cr [24 | Cai) 3d" 4s? fad ad Sus! 7 | Mangavese | mn |25 | Lav 3ds¥s* e | Lren re {24 | Car] 3d*4s? = -_ Cobalt @ | 27} Cagad7ys* a -_ wicke] ni |2e Le) Bd*Y4s2 = ;_pper te [wy | Lad ad*ust \ [Av] 34's) S -_ Zine zn [eo] Ca¥) ga" 4st s —s =. = Oxidaprouigpare\9d + 2 LC r 2 ~_Eteraen?s lOater EC | oxtdatio Stare Brerieus | Ourr EC, .| oxvidarim Share. ;— adiys” Bias Fe__|sdta?® lea earu as te es h Ti. 3ad*4o*./ +243) +4 Co Pays | ters eyes > Mi [sd?us* fea tans | wi [od8 46? [re bs e4 = [ oe we 4s a 3 Cy jad" 4s! +r, t2 +3 = 7 F Mn Zn lau? ys® | +0: = : ea FF &—/L oxidation Stare oF Hest fraustrtoy] sevtes as the number of unpaired Clettrores In 3d whole Mancreases » He number oF oxidation crake juwectee | The element whee give te greakest uuimberoh oxtdartern ehdles slot tn ornear te middle ofsertes. 9 PIN. Shows 0:5, From #2 to rT. Physical propertit of ad . Here ail fransttor Creunrcnss arew cha) . Shows, lusture, mallegble, Uigh cwuducttviry , Auch! e, can form alloys Except — 2n,td,HatM yp alt ereer have oue or nore Fypicat merillic structule at auitbieut tenip- This frausttion metals are very hard plow volaHiiny ), eacepr possess biqk meltiug t beliiug petuts 2n,Cdl, AQ Trende tu atomic propertes of mae Firth tromsirien series #, Brome and fous'c rade? shonnis: radit. detrecve. frown leFt te WqUer.ta Praistpie elerrrte P21 wuy te aremic rads decrease from felt be viqur?e A We move acrose tansiHon Series From Jetr te vigus Hee nuclear Onatfe Iuefeone by oue Unt Hine. The last fede” cuters a- peaulHurare (N14 subslell . yewerer dl. orbira!s su an abort art more: etuseeh anol. tereFore dl elechrous sher smaller scree stheck. The vesutt is tet effective UUcleay charge MMereates ax ahoute numbver (Uerttes . Hence Ahowuic wuclif decrease gradually acrots a Hausihien Ser/es from lett W vais.for tonic rad u Hends aa be. sinolied, by ~__ elements le , w qviug Same-O-S - Varlous 0.$ ot pene cletee ~_ with luerealce.pu mutleay ChATge |) Wher -liqher 0-5 the effewive @D ar [0.8 L sane ele. te 2 Mt nin gradual checreasei toute radil aloseved. maalear charge tucreone., 1 nic ee crt - 32pm 9 sane OS vad" deurenre . Cu zi = 78 pm.) ot Fen HF receleas CLakae A Grievadil LcteaN Ae ay wi Nuvear charge is gol Paci} ACTEM. 7 bon Znrcemn bef. ewe. ¢ \P peek Mere AS MUU CAR AAA B Rs |r Oe fea ft 0 fortic pects? fo juurcalge Prova leFh.Po aig We bot for Ahoywe wad tl, ad Mayer Oborye avrors atawic toe rechy ridings Line Lord WAAL, ALU ALE EO 22. tite mall Lont2ariom Eutralples -G of trausivin Cemeuds- are bukermediale between S$ block 4 P blo. BQ ou Ys th Traysitien elements. are less SEPT Htc cest | group t- 2. |In lower 9-5 efeweus -forrm —— loure Compouucts Sal East ae Ae Eee [ue atom oF. elements of Hiirof papas Seren | posses Ailled 4F crbottets The UF orbltal glows povr staedineg effet 0s 4 eS lr Hie Foleuce e = posse W'7k nuclear Atraition Jreater Guountr of energy /S veguiye fo /oureg third transition Sexes , ak er i Ba Aight 0-5: eles rm, — Coa leiths Lourtpouscle x TELS) PLE LL | | err abe ds ala The louization en Healpes oF Hilrd tS As greater tenn | — 2. ws, Sh? 4d 273A. donizatrou eumalpy . ~ Metalite charatrer. | Lew tourzaHow entalpy 2 are respouclole For Vacaur d orbital iq sureroothsuent Nepalis Charaoe” oF The conipe umes oF treat on meres entiolr miag uel pro pexty \ S » The bard Hature oF tese elements sugges Me formatlen of 7 covalent wouds Iu ruem. Thats Is Possible due re presente oF y uupalred (n-l)d electrous tu Kees element. ¥ | Aware : [Ad transite wmeray havesinple, hep.» Cepybee patbieg ae ; ahtelr are Hue ctemctEe nis Hes . ¢ of merals - ; . , ‘ : ; 7 FA 41 travistrtom Ceriea Weirtug polct jncrens es ckeaolity -uphy d.? ‘ Gutigurarten » » Cry 0, W show Liauest melHug. poluk in Hur sates. ’ Ma, Te display anomalous valuesoF. m-P. . y H Abter pals wie iWtrense Arete Nuuthey Me melHug potnr decrease + requiavty.. , , Pha r ewe’ , be 4 | Maquenc™ properties ayo. L ' due pe Me unpatrecl electrors preseut fix Healy a “ Subsravie whica attra due bo appued Hien wun field. >(fara, wath Subpauce why'elr repel tN hnmeg mere Subsrene . Strongly apres ~ Ferrevumguere +Fey) Gop Wi. —. -Ferromaguet{C,., - otis When maqrette Frld Is. applied Ho rhe elena 148 Lup parwe ck electrons align io hue divection of applieo maquenc Med - duc te Hats maquerte Sucesphouity ts enkatted - Formuhe « fy ela(nta) en spin outy Formule « ns hes oF Unpalred. e J fot maquentc Moment expressed ' Bol Magueron (87) Stugle wupaired, « ~ ez TB a]. colour The coleurlof frausiloumeral fous. -relates fo, presennte,oF uupaired A electrous d-d transits — 7 narete of ligands atakled fs ume Wtetal for geometry oF complex formed by jer! fen» El why. do te d- block elenreuts form. coleured Compounds > + Compounds. (Jou) of: A bIOK elects of Hrausitfot efenunt; Are usualy coloured. ‘ + tris ie die fo presetuce OF unpatred electrous.tu Cn-l4 arblidle. Me trausitton Clements, wave Intoupletely Pi'llecf = A orbital. = + The Curvgy required t promore-oue oroier cletrou, = tn h-orbita) tnvelviug acd frausitou fs very fot o S 1 the energy. changes Fev d-d pansies lee ar Hy & visible rauge Sf eleGromaqueH'e peciahon + Therefore the pranaliion elermeth absorb Hee radia on spa visible areq aud appear coloured -- + he.colelir °F fous of d bled elements depeud pou Ma 2 ao OF wupatred elec jr An) orbital Te ap wan 3Same unpalred e- have gatatncoloudesiccrins Me colour of merral fous Is complementary to the radlaHer) abgasbeds: : I A eet + subsraner r ¥ | Catalytic Propernes (AMEE F SS eur Ulead : (Fansitiou uAthdl aur es good) mers! provides a.surbare for fue, reacrene- cxanaple, Mud, +t catatyst for decompositan oF KClOg Mo{ Fe: ued Catalyst: for: manufacture oFaumour'a ; Co-Th alloy ased. lu, syutuesisF Gasoline tu his ther eee proced . Ni ae Caraiyst hydro qeuation oF ethene te eeare ot [40'C x s Goutact process of Industrial producteu oF Saipuric add, sul dphar dtertde laud oxygen from aly reath revercibly wey sou la balyst x pintntcd a ashes bes) — ASo,tog Sutebed . 2505 wu arberhs Cop b Hy Formed by reacthu of CO 4 MeO at Soo’c wink Fe-br Carty Corh,o —U& co tHe.‘ Feremariee of marersialcemapotiis ‘ Tan te when small ateuts oF Hudregeu, Carbou aud Mitrogen are areal In the Interstat spaces $Peryskal lattice , uch compounds ave called nbersitHal covapeueds- _ | steel ¢ CasrLrouv IntersHHal Compounds of carbou. 4. (ran + ~ | Here, duc to preseuce oF Carbon malleabiitty: 4. duchy Bs vedtuce/ |audre tenaerny lereases. : Us. ay ho 6 = | Souse propersies oF--tatersHiHal .Compouucle > 1 |Are hard aud goed toadustors of heat and. electrl a-| their chemical propery ls similar to Huat of parent 3. | thety metttug pours ave Ligher tian pure metal 4. | Density ts lees eau. parent metas ~ yh 5.| meted Cavbides are theutaly jaert aud exenuly awd an diavesee 6. |Hydrids of traustHon Lwteral are used, a8 _pewerhul Fecurticy - ageurs = it = Formariou oF-alfoys e ‘= = | transivou meral formalioy's = a the metals with similay radit aud siuulay Papas readily ie forms alloys. i {Ss & Allows » i & ce ; . _ _ |_Wen-Ferrous alteys a alleys Lave dtova oF crue eles paudewsey | alloys Lave Aton oF frangHhon distribured (A arows oF jron. The perceut-| cleus oruer fuan Fe aud nuxkey of pron ls prove: Henge Ferrous alloys» lwith mou. Hau SHY Clement~ t ie nickdl precl, sraiuless steel, Cheanaiaus shed. 6g brass ~ “orrer * all sree have Rf of arbour “paer. iFa anasiyia Bronze alloy oF .Copper+ HA.— 15 tong ) strong 5 corrosion Fes!s rant — used Pormaklug Hophies, statues yedals » Copra-nickel = alloy 6F Copperaudnickel - used formakiug machin, parts \ok marine sulps,, vocts. Staluless Sted - wed For Coustruchen rFourer fuselage of ultra hia Speed air craFe: Corumon propertes OF d- block elemeuls. .\)" No sey -| Mang mtetdls auol ere \tondpouuds 7% pardauea gq vetse Phystal propertes... svi. 1 AN_traustHo -elemeuss are.lustorus 4 Sutulug u They are hard wit uiple deushy Are good couduttoss Af ledt-4 elechreiry Have high melting artol beiliugspoluts -. Have good tenadty anol malledbliity . Gu form alloys cust trauslHon 4 non-trqausitte vatemeuts Can be used as good cupalysts chentca! properttes\! . |All d= block elements are ue te 2. | they extibl) yarluble valenues (0 forus cobured Comptercs B.| ate gerd weduisuy ageuHt ow Y-| form Msoluble adds f hepatertcid S+| Tron, Cobalt Cy,“Melybdecuum are bigtogitally used— 6. Catalyse Trolepdend rectlors eat ama= + | olfterentes.- : ——Ee ticenents ef Firsprow ditfey Foun aad avd wee ‘powei habitation .L uigher oxtdabiou srates:ju compouvrds: « eqn MO ‘ cgz- Ho (V)-sud WCW) .commpouds are move Shable Har er (Dud tin(wil)-- : Hiqhesr O-S For erenreuts In f°" row > +7 c Pend 99g 2 PB 1 4 ‘ 7 ‘ oi ‘ ¢ | Extractou of meats. > 22.0.9 + . 7 ‘ “_Mimeral_— | A naturally ecoving subskaure from earths cmsk courgiurg © i Inorganic salts; Soltds, siliceous matter ete». € = 4 é € ore - Mineral wutde couratas. Wig, Rerceurage oF smektl and from wulee [. Hie mural Cau be Casily txtraced. are ee. € Metallurgy | commercial atraction OF. metal frous ove . t Ta Aydro merallurg: Elecromerau: meral is extratred by aquety | mefal ts extratred bey 7 f solution of Hs salts ustig -elechroly He, reduuten of : hugh reupransre wiles | sutpable reageuis» | Meier mettitie Lovapeccent < yedudug agehte Ue. E 1 6AM. YUNG Gale et ae= ae steps involved in process. oF Extractton - Eee ee poget (| Couceutration :- atrer miutug Hue ove from me Cartes crust impurities termed as gaugue areremoved From exe. love gets coucettrared « The sand, mud aud oruer Umoauted trnpurities Witte, remain mixed wt ite fH ove cleposit e ere Fs seperated trom gavque by fl h(araute clastificalion Y “a He Maquette sepration lo a tation. = Metals Mineral - Ore. Iron. Haemarire = Fe, 0 Hawatite Maquetite whi Fe: Oy rem buts frou Caen be Limouire 2Fe, 03. SH.0 extracted. Trou pyxtrs Fes Sidevire FeCox Copper: Chateopyrire CuFeSy - |Chaleo pyrite Chalcoctrre Cus S Chaltocite . Caprire Cug0 | Kine. Kine blende ZnS Zine blende. Lrudre ZNO Calamine 2n 60Hacmattre - (2,02 a Extraction oF Tron From Haematite 07e using, blast fumace . Composition oF Haematite ore —_____ | Fe On + Sion FAIZO3 +phosphares: gwgue. iren gs extract from haemalre by bts yeduchion “sing GoKe and limestone. Limestone acts as flux lt cambraes with gangue te fom moiten slag- Exrrauton mvolves following Ireps : 1-|Coucentatou :- - powdered ore —» washed by Hydratt{c - Wgurergaugue are seperdledt ClasstFrep - ore 's coucentared . @- | Roasting :- Cou" ore ts heared in a current -eF air. i conver Sulfur 4 arseutc tmpuxites —~—. oxide here pooats’ Ferous oxide ove Is converted tuto Fe, 0 : Haentibe. | [Arco +02 ——> 2Fese 3-| Reduction (ametting): Step carried outta blasrRemace. + Compuibiun 3 PUR. 7 | Blast Furnace: tall cylindrical. tower > FP Haig Biws Seen I, Bock dlamerer - 5-lom, mh Shade works on - (Commuter Current principle. ot CMorge coms chewen, hor ques Weve “p Hee Fox.AL The charge contting oveaudime sroue bs tAbreduced into Furnace. A blast of prekeated air Js fuwoduced Wp tre Furnace below Mee host, Reactens to dae blast firmace :- There One differedt Lemprabars he blurs Ar top temp = 500K gerne, Max bem)? of furnace = 80008 above tuyers Mrsree ber tone -|zone oF Combustion - Combustion of coke wi'th Oo In alr. Zoue oF Reducton - Reductten oF Fe 03 fe metalic fron. Xone of Slag Formahen — Fermatien of Slag by reattten of garigua arith limestone. Cenvieal reactions baking plac in Ay «zins ef blah fernate. FMT RE TEE FT Pte Zoue oF Combustion :- 5 -l0m Frova bottom het air blown reacts wit colce from charge R= Co charge coming aud racks with 2 1 Fee a fuel halo a reductug agen. u hot gas rich is Co vise upwarok . Zone F Reductim (22-25 m near the top). ) temp around - 400K J 33 Hh lao oF Fe,04 reduced tocpougy iron hy Con “LEP Legeed penta FeO, + 360 ——> Qre)+ 300 9 Haenaspire ud Hee IT0ATS pepe Wa Vex crep_Httats Corto the YORAIVG tag 4 TEE Tron.& Removay # gaugu \can_ Cao t CO pines with gaugue ber form moften (AF of Calerum Silicate aad calcium -aluminadre - ‘Xone oF Fusion (15m ht) height - 5m 2 a? EEL Mn k P. A rinos 4 Ca; (PO,,), present Im Irom ove The speugy Iron corning down in Furnace melt absorbs impurities UKE Cy St, Nin, 4S.» This molten tren CNet at bolton oF furnace. molten frou fs poured tuto moulds The solid blodce arecalled pigs fig fron Contains - 4% Carbon — |@hen pig tren, remelted vun Inte moulds 4 cooled ft Gecomes cast-iron - | REF ing | pure iron can be obtained by eletrrolyHe vetining of Impure Iron: 3 4. 1) Mature OF or Choice of extratron fechnique gererned by biuiry and cost oF reducing &9 eur. cheap Coke seg | Havilabitiy oF Ay drauue power. [Purity of preduct requrred (alue % by Produc. eSamimercal forms oF fron 1 Cast laroug lt Steel. ee ast tron Wroug ut Sel frou 7 —___j Z Hard and_britHe | very sort 1. Netter too kard hor be SFr. -| Cotas 4% Corb 2. Contairs (e535 Hien 8. O-2f2y, O-2¥. Carbon Carbon. Used - makiug B. pipe, 4425 for 38. Used in bullddes DIPS, raanfars Stay bolts, engiue lakrastruchurr, feo automohve ~|. bors t& xivetts Ships , quronie bits AYES) POS, MO CAP OV Efe» Pe 2 Ip. Pars , ureseS 8 |Sunertrausiion (F-block) clemeuts) - LANTHANOLDS and ACTINOIDS -|Elemen!s whore F-orbirals get Hiled up by electton s. are Called - £- block elements - -| tuese elements have t= 14 e7 in Mele f-orbital t owt in Me penuinmate energy level 2 en ie outermost orbital. 4 | properties of F-block elerment- = properttes similar to _d- block elements ~ electrons are added fo P-Subsuel’s F (n= 2)level. =| placed ber cn-i)d ns block element - generate oF La 2 (A-2) ett (a-Dd" ng? general e~ofAc= (n-) P 4 Ca-Dd'ns® Lanthanoids beg)" with afamic Ne. 57 — cud -T/. They are called Rare earth metals :- «4 of difAicuity IN Ext athys them economically in pure formeF Lan taqnetds. ( These metals are soft witha moderate density | Have high mening (1000) b betting potnis (- 3000") ~| Lanthanclds fy metalic stdke are vey deqthive & Feserrible alkali alkaline _earta metals. -| eur? 4 Ub** ave Hre most Stable dipositive metal tary A cerium js exception Whivh Frrms @ Stable +H speve - -|Lanthanolds fave liwer heat of dhemizatien - fic tadi? decreases trom Mipm oF La 4 'Obpm for Lu . 3 Is 15 because 5F orbitals do vot Sleitd “the outer Ss 4 Sp NX [aro effectively ,Jeading ta Increase in offecHre putea’ rge £ decrease in pnie site, Lantranerds Form hydroxides _Of general Arm 3 (04! — > qumare tonic £hasic ___-| Since_fonte Size decreases from Lor hho Lut} fy, partei, | 4 eydroniets bevwases ,=A L_ =| in +3.0+S , many ef Lanthanoits Are Wloured, MesHy green | PINK ¢ yellow + CL ————————————————————————————————————————————— due fo fee? Slieleliug thpeet tre Vadis pluncays + | properties of Lanthanoids 5 = 1: | Soft Metals uume Silvery whire colour | moderate deasive A 7Zqeri Color + briqutness reduces on expesure In ar. : 2: | Good condacthors & yeart electricity . ein demic ahd tonic rad of | autiquoids. 3-|All are non-radioactive except = Promemium Lanteanotd ahnte ¢ tonic rade’ decreases From La fo Lu This fs AnowNn -S Lan te anotd Contra erion « 5.| Binding to water ts commen. 6-| CN are usually Ae gredher tan ¢ Eypiealiy @;F . ~7| Lanthauctds are Strongly favramag netic Gadolinium becomes Ferromagnec below 16° e hi terbium | ‘dy spresium, holmlum erbium , thultun 4 Ylrorbiun become ferromaguertc wt lower temp, * 3-| Magueric and ophical properties ave larglg independent oF Gnviernment-.Electroute ntonkiquiatou : ec ef lantuaneis ts [Xe] AF" 5d°* 687- lauthanoids inyolve gradual Hiding of F-crbital. the energies aF $d and 4F orbitals are very Close, for Lanruanum YF is sliqutty higher ran 5d. : The lanthanum Has ec [xe]es*5d' and mor (Ke 65 4e! Gadolinium (Gd) and lubiam (tw) have 5h eledven te make F-orbritat taait-Filled 4 ull- Pulled which vender Hrern | extra srabiv'tg . Fonizattea tntealples. leutzation entudlpy clecreases from Lf fol (wits some Frregulas vartaHen The successive Loursatton ennalpy fer element Increases as (TEs >Le2> 16) 9) oxidation stare - —| t3 0-5 is Common in elemevits In whith Q € of 8-Subshea {hrm dor F— gubshell are removed the HP elecrousare Strongly screened by inner 554 Fpem_| Thus 4f e~ are not involved in bonding | | D) Qlour.aud spectra. i = = ome Hivalen, lous C ih 34) are Coloured in Solid shire & Lely & tu Sof? . | Goler (Ss pure due to £-F transite, whitch Correspond to nergy in visible reqlon of eletto maguthc spectrum. Fue. brit ~ 4F ® — Green Tm = 4p l® ~ aren Na ET KES rink Er 38 - 4k ~ pinkLL ®) Atomte aud tenic radi (Lanttraueld loutaten ) as we move aloug lauruadued Weve te qyadial dewreare’ 22 Qhouvic & joule padi!) —> tra taauosd Coulda bier Kee gus added tae nuchar charge Intrease, Asicleas Charge lucvecucs dfomrie £ seule rAdiy ole crease. the new @ ~ Wu adoteol Fo scume {nner AP Subs tell. Thus 4 > | C"sluid eau ottr prom the nue ay hharge pooby ow be Hur Aifpurec! notre, Applicaton - «|4s Heey are coloured, Used in grside surtace oF @ televRien Hlba ex Compurer montterts Coated uty UNy parttles . eq +- Mixed Oxide OF eeonpmicns 4 yttrrum reledsed Sa lense red colour. 3. lhe opreeledrontes applitatirs nuke lautsarien fern as tthyve fous i Luminestent material. 44 Nd: VAG laser _— "leedymium doped ytrtum aluminium gBrd x Erbium doped ber amplitrers are significant Aevktes in opt ca— bre Lommunfratters. hanthancids are Used UM hybrid crn, Wiper erltios Apeomanat magnelActinotds fa rock on earth. | Achuerds ave (ess veacHve than lanteanolds . wh ra) wid = Lawrensturn (22103) eq are all radioactive. p man-made Halt Uires of Hronum 4 Voanium are very loug + Hucy ext sh Tt begins at thorium (2 elemenn have Ing Henstires, Uigh melt petup (2 100% liigu bolifug potat. 7 They extiblt range oF oxidaticn No. to t2 tore CaGetGRng Siecle CSee Most stable 0-8 = +3. forte radls decreases cls 0 Move across Serres _Aekinote Con tachi arr properttes of Alchinotds: Appeay silver, White in tolour. Are highly reattye Vaddioattire element. | Axprelence decrease in atomic 4 lonle Yadti' Fron dlfinurn 4.| Usualiy exhibit +3 0-S [because these oxtdes convert heat-energy Frcox but yy, to Lawrenctur — 4ckueid contrackion . Applications | Th(VDoxtde, Thlg with 1% Ced2 used as prajor Source of indoor lightning btlere incandes ten ¢ lamp a eto A Gas to a0 mrense Vght - . keeshal Heat = ———> Ugh aay eagy. Do_biff" & Simbeio of layttienoics £ fetereorols