3d seeies 2 22 23 24 25

Mn
2fe (o
(21-2 o)
4d seues 43
Ru cd
(39 -43) Nb

6d sees .43 74 79
Hf la W Ke 1, AvHa
(s?,72,so)
* lkagition fleueut ghew neov8 rhse d both S le P block element .
lkauihon flemete hove pastlally illad etb ital.
uanihon flements have genval ele ctonic contation
is Cn-) di6-16,nsl-2
cleenk have abiity to fotm Compknea
lvaruihen çlement
Transion £lementt have (alo Compounds .
Txansitin Rlement have (aalyte opeuti'se ,
ilectoniL (ontijuaation Cr & Cu.
:24
LAr], s2, 94' expecked eleconic contiurahien
-CAY], 4s I8Js obtesved ehetonic contig watim
u29 tnpekd elecktoni'e congigntio
CA],4s, ad electonie coiyaten
obseved
 HoMeootk
cleckenie Configuatiom
(K.6s2 4d
Y =39
4d2
22 CAr), 45 ,3d?
2

Vn 23 : LAYJ, 4s, 3d3 Nb = 4l - Ckr). 652, 4d

Mo = 42 - Ckr), 532, 4d9
(r -24 = CA), 4s
(s2 ,3d4
Mn :9s CA), s?, 3d5 CKr), G5'; 445
446
Fe =26 - CAr) , 4s2,Bd.
Rh = 4s Ckr, 5s2 , 44
4at
CA), ye, 3d?
Pd = 46
N =28

u CA), 4s,3d
2d9 Chr),5s2
CAr). 4s, 2J 6s2

La =54 =

Hp 92 =(e), &s,5d
Ta 3 - (e, 6s, 51 5
W14 Cxe), 6s',S
Ke = 7S Cxe), 6s' , 5d5
Cxe), 6s, 6J

CxeJ, Gs
)
549
6s2
H
 mpsetat Panb
Phyaical propefties] -.
have. high Tenseil tain, have hlgh theral
J kaiten Metak
&eleckical ronducti ui'th and posses tustey.
all fhave. frave Metalie shuchure
2)J Excogpt %n, CA, Ha lutan .
veydltong 2 lo0 valatiu'ty
txcopt Zn, Hg Cd. d-electons.
) They have high elthing paint cue to qucaLns. g
Mbee
nmbes
to the
Vlena. electon gttongex is the. brndng
5) Greatev Hhe
0f Aato mzation

1t is te. nininom amo uat energy hec ded to bteak. the

bends vesent in maleude to torm atom
the d- obital ineases
ed electeon in
B the numbek. c Uupai algo ineeases,
ato ization
enthalpy
enizetton eathaply -: t is the minimum amont encqy
neoded etemoye
toemove Mot loosely Bound electon ton
utevcmot hell r ea geseous ctom.
he ehex% Aequixed to Saemove 13t electeon = 4st ionzcti on
Jeoquiseed to
The. eneeay seoqwseed to semove enthpy
ord ionzat'on
2nd eleeon
ethalpy
la enetg. e0qused to Jeemove
3rd elator - 3rd oweaton
grd 1¬ >nd
1E ehfhary.
to
olecton.trm podtiay
haxqed wpecu .
 shich of the fallooing
V 2+
v2t and Zn2t
V- 23 CAJ , 452, BJ3

y2t CA) 46°, 34

V2. CAr),9s0, 342

Zn 30 [Ar], 45 2,310
CAN, 4s , ad l
Zndt & CAr) ,4s , 2d

lhe 3'd7 vtue is maximum eoe 2n high eneg4

hcded to wermoe ad an electon eom 3d0 Atable
stbital.

) Oocidatin Strte f Tvanstton element

0 tloch elements shos vvdable taution gtate

V fe (6
42 t2
42 42 +2 +2 +2
+2
+3 t3
t3 43 +3 t3
+4 +2
t4 +4
45
45
t6

ghow Valable
tOldh gthe qatocing eaniten dement doed not

enly element owich. whnos 1 type Axldatiorn

tate +3
and aieu ging electtong it aChives
3
Nebel taloos! -

2+
 0y Cr oducing aget e tant is ocideesg agent.
(r2+ ozid C 2+
(R-A)
My3t Mh2t
(o:n)
Mn3tAud Mn2t
( r 3+
( )Cr2+ (oA)
CRA
2s [Ar , 4s2, 3d5
Mn
Cr 24 - CAr] ,4s22d4 Mo3te LAr) , s o ,
d4
. . Cr2t CA ,4s2,2d CAr,4s0,
Mo 2
Cr3t - [Ar] , 4s°,3d3 1 eg

ation to Guomium Cy 3+
cnud
t e t cndexgo d3
achive wtable elect ovc Contation
) oheke as
se! undew ao xadschon to 14n2t
Mn3t it
ee achive dtabe d conuxathon
Atomic Size
naug e and vctning
Htonie eize dopende on Nucleeve,
valeding eHect.
ow'c suadlus c atondc Madids d Block elemenk
r - plotk element is smalle c CoTnpee to s- lok elerentt

3d seies , he. Pend atomic N3e is u feltoos

dc to Gu Atonlo eadis decusascs
Ma to Ni Hadfus eemoins consturt
Ou to 2a
Cu AtofeHadius Lnwedtel
OCatalytic Propectiea ' hey have vaialle
tecause
Block element act as catalytiu
catalyhia
d
ttate and number of Unp aiud electon ih
Coubinaton
d oebital
ale done Example.
fot ing
(ataly s Pyoces.

th he hydegenation
Nichel

Habee ocess for the

fe
uon manu7acture o Amonia

Cu h the dehydro genathon

Coppex of aleohols

Osoalds uoceas or the

Pt
yntheui's Niteic acd
Platinum
n the pou'm eusathÝn
Titovmteta Of Maletle
"Unloede

Vaua dium
s Magneie Paoputy!
a-lock element vhao magnet'e uopeety due to Unp ased
eleceon
substanus are
On the buis 4d Upaod electtars
Dimag nehe wubstance.
clasitied
y Binay net'e substane 2 Patamagntie tubttane.

bstane e Speetes noh ubstne se spec's olich

do not pestes Unp awa d hane l to 3 numbe of unpu'ud
eletors
elettons
They Ue n ot atttacted
ohen placed in the magnthc
field.
4- Beene, Watn
3) Foeomag net'c yubitance.
Mubstan ceA db ped'es aolwd osses foue ot
han tow Unpaad electons
7y get skongly at atked in the magnahe ield.

Calaun Paopetise
- d.dleck elenients foem Calouwe (omp ound decause
have Unp aied ele ctend rsrent i'n d- cebital.
Thoye t ansttien elenmen t olvch do not ave
olecttou, do not fosm celaue unpad
As the unbee d unpued ele ctens in Ceanes Hee
cnd the inteuity colow alo inoesey
 8eme enumple.
fudooing ae

Example Ccelo we Eumple (alowe

3+
Veile
talouxleus Valet
Mn3 t
4t þuxple (r2t 8lue
Mn2t nk
TË3+ Blue Yellono

8luc Green
Co34 Blue,Pink
freen N2t Lueen
V2+ Vailet Blue

Calauler.
Aloy formatin (
-Aloy is ho mogeneous vnixtwe in dobid fotm containin g
Gt moye metak
A tleck eement oem allny due to fhees en ce 4 onpared
dlecton and empty spaa reuent in he'r custal wtute
Theer aMe oeme example ef alloy ou fullnas
tainles stel yuld (8 (axat) Brass Buone
fe = 747.
Sn = lo-2s

Lovau Belmetal lhun Metal Duxalmin

Cu 88 Al
Ni 361
20
Mn
M9
Msch Metal
Ce - 25 + fet
(einageudy
tunthanides 54.
Ay=93 Cue
 Atlays ae fotmed se made i cadee to enhan ce the
[opexhise l'ke dwabiety, slen thl tate , neuistanca to
the cotion.
CoMpOWD. -
foRMATo N 0f ZN TERST1.S1AL
otm intou tital compsund
Tseani tion meal fotm nih forms by
oue th¡e compounds
ntoutital (ompound
apping &mall cto ns ike H, c N juide eupty et
Intoahtal wpacu nhuent in ystal teuctwe of
ansiti on metal.
lyoportise 0f IntosHtal (onpourds
"They ue Non- hoichiouetuc compunds
They donot Contaih ion'c ot (ovalent bond
Theie oudation tate are not consilaxiable
They be Come hard to Compare to parent metal
They have uigh meling pant (ompate to p ent metal
They ae chemicaUy tnet
They etain theie (on ductuity.
TC, Mn 4N, feAe VH
 chuomate dodium chyomite
dte
t7O, CO, Nag 8.feCOyt 4.
edium into Chuomite
Gte (onvevsind dlp1- )
ate.. chuom
fcellos wtaeps peupared
3in i5 +
KCre04
Tetahedal
Crs0 Cro2
2
Pofassiom Cr07: K2
ion mat dcto Crnoy,
2-)-d'chuomak/
Patasiom Oy: CrK,
comate
lan J-/ro, ChOMate
agent oxidig kong auact
The. KalO
i) n
t6 is Crtae 0xrlation
dichuomae Patasim Crg07 ke
Metal Cidis
of
- Tansition
 m
2) kp 2 Convexglon of dodium chuomale iuto vodiu
d'chso mate.
2. NazrO4 +2 H
odiom diehomate.

3) ep 3 (onvexsion wod'on dcuoM a-ke nto Potasiom

'chOM dte diclronafe
NaCr, Oq t 2kcd KelraO4
Patausiorn dichyomate
Cauange caau)
* Chstondte & Dieomate ons ae Paterton vexhble
both ions aue pH dep endent
audit

Chouate Oicouate.

(0 kzCr0g acte as ooidant betee in aod'e nedlom

Cr2092 t 14 H
KaC r,04 4elloaing vpeuèa
3Io. t 6e ( -to o)
ioddo io dune

35 + GH t6e
eC-2 to 0)
Hydxosen ulphn
tulplude
35n2+ 3.5n4t + Ce+2to t4)
 6.fet 6. fe 3 - 6e +2 to t 8 )

feuous feuc
on lon

(ukong oxiling agnt) in oegone

Ouciitihg g agent labuatey
u quinauy sttandaud ineference
Volunekeic talysis.

CPatasivm funaguet)
t ace u wkong ondsing agunt.
e amot black talau, olmet walid ystal
Oauk puyple

dHuctre
Nteuctuxe Pox manganate ion.
Manganet ton
( Mno)

Mn Mn

Teeahedal
Tetahedeal
(geen ) Cpuple)
(fomagutic) (oiangnetie)
 Prup arathon
Aabuotay Mehad. feom Mn by addihion d
pupared
abrotay kMn0G is
In
fevao diulyha te ton

Manganee Pero zodivlphale delph ate

jon fu magnale
lon

(omexcfal Mehod
fused k6H, E
Manguate
Pyuelusite
8leceolth£
2
on.
culkabine puman ganak
m
md

acidie,alhaline 0
arde wubstaNces in
KMAO4 eddises
neutkal mediom evfdises fouensing
tolinoing peies-'
Mediom kMno4
ikelt undego ueduchon.
’ Mn
Otn Audic onedium
Coo
+ 10 e
 feic
Ceyoua iom.
+ 10e
nlteate
nteile

) l01 612 l0e

iodde ibdne
e) 2

Mulf'de
{) so So,2

Nu lp hte dutphate
2) n Akatine OR Neu tral edi'om
(Mnot to Mals)
(Mnt to Mn4t)

iodide Loclate on

5203
2 Manganee Manganae
dionlde
Thissul fate avlate
 Use d KMnOy
oudant
) kMnoy fo dav tgamic labotatay & Silk
dot dleacking uoo, coton
neot

f Bleck Element.
sesies kan hemde se'u 2
fBloch tongst of 2
Actiide seiet
of I4-4 elements.
fach seies onsis t
aled innee tansition elements
FBleck lements ae c
Jeckeonic configuraton 5,64,H=5d!
athereise 6d| °
lanthanide Cxe], 4f, 5d , Gs
egeies

Acinide CRn 6f,6d.73

seees 89,91,92,13,96, 103
40 &
cthercoise 6do
=Cxe ) ,4f,sd Gs2
Pm < bI 6d6s2
Cxe] , 4$,
Tm G9
,6s

La
3+
CKe], 4f° 50, 6so

Pm t 6do 6s o
Cxel
Cxe], f
A.
7s2
Ac 3t

Th: 90

TA'34

fm loo
»6db 7s2
 Lanthanide seues
Cxe)
5d 6s"
La Cxe ,4f°, s', 6 Ce3+ =
6s 2
(e Cxe) 4f
2

pr Lxe] Cxe)
2
P 3+
4f
Cxe) |Smt Cxe)
£,3t Cxe)
tet sd 6
Cxe] fsd°6s 2 Cxe)
T, 3t= Cxe

Dy
34 Cxe]
t = Cxe]
2 HO
Dy . [x) Cxe] yf"5d 64
Ho Cxe qf"Gd'6s
2
Tmt Cxe) 4f6d'6s
Cxe] tf SJ'6s Cxe)
Cxe]
Yb: Cxe]
 Ainide Sexies
Ac-s9 T63+
Th -90=
g03 Pa3-4
6

fa.91 CR) 5 Gd'7s U3+ = CRn]

U-92 =CRn) Np t CRn)
bd 7so
An 34 [Rn)
Am.95 = [Rn
Cm- 96 = (Rn) 5f 6 7 LRn)
Bk-97 - CR) [Rn)
Sf6
d7s°
CRn)
Es-99 = CR) Sf" G4'75
647s 2

No 3+ CRn) Gd7s

No-102
 Krpoctise of Lanthanides
pewod
*

heet & elechiuity.

hanhánicdee ae qcod con ductoe
Tluy have. tuFh mceting pelat and aste Wolt metalt
vih ihany nolute. Calou
* then. thiy onpe to ciit theise. buigetnes locasaseu and
Cala4 beomes dull

hanthe náid (onteacticn

.Th uadual deease in he ato m'e oe lonie dije
Zathtnide cknaente 4oith incLé aL e. in atomle nunbee.

(aua g kanthenatl Contaction w

- pose thildinq etject ae dtueing ect o tf atbital
Nucleae chauge incCeaes
Nucleau chauge is invesly uopticnal to atone size.
(oasequncsA of lanthenotd Conteachion'
foematien d chemical thoins due to fanthenoid cortta ctiom
Hue. age HÆ ,To,w, Re olecuo eues cnd becomes equal t
I, Nb, Me,e Hespecively.
Theuefore hw's elemenh have. dimila phytital and chumital
puopeety Ir nd knoon ou the. name chen'al hoins
Nb Mo
Ya Re
- Decxase in the hastity o (anthanaid hydonwde
om La (ow) to u (oH), baiely oecaases due to
acrease ato héÝ N»e And tncesase in Co- vcle nt
ch auacee.

lectontgetiniy naaes fom la to tu

3)
|Ohielotin State oldation atate that i's 2
h) (oammon
0 antanevd clonent
Enplain eu

4f, ,6s2
6so e o u [xe], qe, sd, Gs!
tu t - Cxe] , yr?, 6°. k

uet tundeugas ldation into uu 3t henee acts al uodueing

agont.
o &ast bah Sd eGs oebitale ase empty so t is bettee to
tap hom empty Atather than having lectons.
ohy Y8*t du qood uductant.
 nwnbir.
aldge icut atone
oe the deceae
in qeadual The
ContactiA Actenoid
anthonides (0aci)
theu actine mee. ake.
Tuy
natwee inchive, edi'oa cenent ele Au.
otbital sftato
nteod asce.
electons) (alana. citedutiating
electon The -
guop 3uom cuginate tPuopectise
-
Wevel Actened
dulfidos. Lnsg
Lan S oith
iteudes Lan oith
.(abides lan 3k172
(2Ln cocbon wih (9)
oxide, hydu kan. H2(+
oH) n Ha(noith
o
halide hanum Aan bgen
X,halLn with Ln
hated H2acids with 2)
odes Lan. Og
Lng
elements Aanthanide 4
.
¥(auues
Sf oebital
poo dhieldiag tect Hos de cecaue n dye.
chae and
Znae ue. in nucdeae
henar
Conttachon à mene al (ompau to lan
Actenad
the exteot'on o 5f obitali u moie
becate
Cenkachon Becauc
the eyace than tat
amic Numbce moe than t00
70PAC nomenclatuee
0 - nl 0 08 - Unniloctum
2 19 - Unun ennium
2 - Bi
Unguadoctium
4- quad
(o0- UiInilum
6 - pemt (5) | Uaunuuum
6 Hex
7- Nept
Oct
4 - Enn
Oxidati on State f Actenoid Element.
Ac e 42 Es

Md 43

No
t3
Np +3,t4, t5, t6 yt7

Am 43, t 4, ts, t6

m t3, +4
+3,t4
 Uneneh
k o
The oocodation otate. c Atenoied element
hence, less i pottar.
and
vdatila cony
8ishngu'sh Between lanthenaida & hcenaid
lanhenoid Mctenoidy
07 oiginades tuom tird eop 7h peiod.
ebitel
e 14 invalves 6£
T# inveves 4f otbitaly
3) Al ae sadib a chve
xcst Pm, all ane hon
Udubachive
4) Heleneield aue mote Weactive
anthencuèls ae lest wecctive
|5 Acenautls have mete Complor
$) danthenoi'd have less romplex
oming abibty
More (nttChon is ocCur.

) Qenally Hhy whit situaty in 7) Heeally they aue dank in

Calaur telat,
ebital

D They do not form o0 Cations 9) hey do dorm

 Ppletatins od D&F Block element
mateial
* Lron & sleel aee inpotaKt Comstuchien
men t ndus tey and hateory
t Ti0 ond Mn Og wed in pi
in duuty uprctvey 0& Block elemenk ue as
he compownd
or o
Catalyst fo VeOs - foe Conctact pocess. Cis sou)
eimethyl alormirium, Tra,

et poly mexiiaton alkyne

ontfcancee
d
(OMPOUn0S Of PlATINUm ( ai Platin) ue
du.