D- Block

Sand P blbck elemeds are known as vepsesentative elements

D lock of periodie table contains 4he elermels of group
D-block elernes avr olso knotun ac tvansitiou elewMevts
Drfinition : eements wich have incowplele d-abshell eitbes in netal
Zn, cd. H9 - Rseudo- tansition elements
Reason: fully f1le d d- sulbshell
a. why Se (z= 21) is a ransiion elernent whi le z (z- 3) is not
Reoso n: Zn covwpletely fitled
d- 5ulbshell
Se incoMplele d-subshell
Q. opper atem has ompletey fiiled d orbitals (9d 34') in
Stote.Then hew it is a transiton its ground
element?
Reason: Cowwon oxidatiou state ot coppes is +2 ,
in which it as 3d
ovnfiquatiou .
Element Sc T V
+3 +2 +2 +2
lommon 0.s. t3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +2 +2 t2

S. Ag otorm has Completely filled d orbitals (yd0) in ts

state. Dut Ag is a transtHen element. groung
Reason: Aq*: Ag f2 5ilvex (i1) {luoxide
Ag3: Ag, (s0s), Silvex 11) pexslfate
Electroni onigurotiom: h-)d ns2 n’pxiod nuwber
* Thee are d semics, Note:
Þ) e axe filled in hs ixst
3d Series: Se (z:21) to Za (3o) then in 3d acodivg
to Ausoau Rule.
4d series : Y (z"3a) to Ca lzh3)
Sd series ; La (z51)
(0) e axe xewoved fiyst
to Hg (z80) from 46 then fxom
6 d Seics: Ac 3d.
(i)Shel before valevce shell
is kuown as penuliwate
3d+ Se Mn Fe Co
shell
Ru Rh

W Re Ir Au
Sd ’La Hf Ta
Nde: Flements having ns' Contigurotion ave
Mo Ru Rh Aq
me tei Ye- veport aaj angi

,PdCk-)5ydo

Auf bau Rule or (n)Rule is only vo'd for vnfilled orbita.

that why durng mol last electren is Te moved Ps frn
valevce ultiwote shell

General Propeaties of Tansition Metalsi

1. Atomic mdii or Atomic Gize:

Zett dominates
r dowivates
halt filled : loose pockiv
Order of size in 3Yd joup : 3d< 4d < 5d
Ovder of sie in yth j2th gpuup:3d< 4d 5d 34, Jsie
Reason : lavthavoid contacion Jn 5d sexies, e ave
in filled Lsite
f-ovbitols which have pooY Sie ldivg ( Zesf, size J)
eg. Z (lso pm ) n4 H+ (IS9 a) alwost sawe size
(4d) chemical (5d) due to lautlanoid coutractiou
twins
2 Melting Point:
Tiranstion metals ame Very mch havdex avd less p
* These metals have high Boiling avd meltivg poiutsvolatile
Reason: Due to involvemevt of qreotex uo. of e fow (n1)d
in additiou to ns e in iutevatomic metallk od.
Meltng pojit depends on ß) No. of valeuce e"
iH acking efficency
() Atowik wass

x Maximu m m.p. d- blo ck

order of Mp In
Tongsten (w) Highest Mo tw
uth -1oth jruup’ 3d< 4d< 5d
order of Mip in
dip - tMu Te Re
Order of p (0th
 3. Density: Cusou. 5Hio Bloe vitio)

So densty 11

Density wcveases don the roup 4 Hi0’ liqand

4. Enthaly of Ateomi sotion: IHa0’ H-bowded
Trancin elements Non - transtion elements
Reaso n: they have higher vo. of volevce e which lead to sAOYage
* OrdeY stovg wetallic bouding
in a group : 5ds 4d> 3d

e m. M bond tormation
tendency incveases down the 9rosP.
Nete
Zn : lowest valv of euthalpy of atowisation
: Hiqest value of evntbalpy of atowisatioM
5. Ionization enthalpy:.
- Þrder of IE in 3d: 5c< VLCsTiS Mu<NiKCuKCo fe <Zn

elements is MOYe than due to lanthanoid

Contraction
54 >d >y

Au Net:
* The lowest Gmmon
0.s. of these lemen
is +2
IE. txtept (Bavdium)
Fe t2 M,t

. Second IE is
unusually high for Cr and Cu
Rea son: Hdlf led and fully filled d-sulbshell.

6 Oxidotion State:
Rqnte of o.s X to X+Y
X= no. e in ns oYbital
Y= Mo. of umpored e iu (u-)d ovoilal
. Mn : 3d Ys 2
 O.S Mn ct )
Amng 3d Series elemcns higheit as (ta)
d-blork clements highest 0-s -’Ru and
Anonj
Wh9 Ca, N and Zn generally do not show oxidotbn state
6
Jreoter {han + 2 9
Reoson: Because they have hiqh volue of thivd ionisatou evtalpy.

4. Mn shows highest number of ditHont Oxidati on stotes.

Reo sm: As it Vas axiuw no. oj unpaived
i Alete: Sc ’ +2
does not ex'st
R, lo +5

* Ti() is more stable than t Cn) ox Tii1)

Stabliy Gf higher oxidation state decveases on moUing left to
nght qfter Mn

Stalility of highte 0S ivMeases doun the go up.

Staoility incvease s
due to incxease in wetollic poweY
Therefoe rlvD) in cid ic mediu rmiS stxon oA
ie Ct° i6 an OA
Low oxidation states qre tound wth T-acd iqands
fe (co)s, NiCco),
. Why uCr2 Teducnf agent amd Mnt3 is
Reason 0xidton) in natun
sdieta ostable
Mnt (3d5) ie Hal flled stable
B. why E ( ) value for atz i's posiie
Reo son. Hiqh valve o J¬ avd lou (+034v)
valye of AHydvatio ?
Cus AsH (3 ) 1¬+I¬, AHayd

Nede e: AHya (m) is bhest for; u, Ni

loewest for : Mn
 stabiliy of highe 0xidaion states:

qood RA
Cut is unstable
q9ueous med'ym and und ego
dispxoportiouation veacion
Rea son: Hqu ydvatiou enthalpy
Orde of sta bi)ity : (in agueous med'um)

fe (vI) Stableto alkaline medium ouly

but decomposes qdily to fe,oz and o,
* Hig her Os. af Mostable with oxyqen more than that
with fluosive
Kea sem:. Becavse oxyge wakes multiple bods
with oygen: Mn,0,
witth fluonhe: Mufy
* Order of oxidian pourr of Vo,, (r02- and
Vo< C,0 <Mno Tiska nfactox zyada Mnoy
Uska oxidislv poweY
Alote: Ex Cept all 3d metals are Yeative ano oxidrsel

Gt HCt No veactiou
ZntH ’Znc, t He

Q. Conpare the reduig power of

fe* (3d4)
4. Magnetie Prupties:
l= fncCn+2) B.M B19 -* Bohr magneon
J |73 , 2
n’ o. of vwpaired e 2 2.%423
’Haquetic mowMent
. Mat : N35 5.42

8. Fovmation of olour ec Tons:

d. dlo coloUx less [vo d-d transition
When an Unpaivedelectson frem a lower energ y
is excited to ig he enogy state fd- oxbita) the enerI7
Cxcitation Conresomds to the tzäfvequevcy of Ight absortacl.
Frequeny of light that is absorbed is d etermfn ed by
(is Natuve of ligand
(6) 5ize of mebl îon
(0i) Oxidation slate of metal
Reason fer Colour R
A d- d transithion : d' to d
J,V
d0 and d ’ No d-d tyausition G

lomple mefay Glours

3 Charge toqnstfe:
kMnoy . KC,d4 + oloured due to LMCT
(a)Violet (a') Ovange

oiange Yed Yellow

O PoJan'sation:
Charetter a Glour deeper
< AgB AgI
wite Pale yellow Deep ye llow
Gt3 Mn: Light pink oY coloUsless
Gveen
: Blue
9. Formation of ompest compou nds : A chemical
Rea son:
) Small size of metal iou
(iy Hiqh iovic chaxqes
Gi)Availobility of d-oxbitals f boud forwaton
J.
lo. Catalytic Propeties:
Catalyst ot a sakd surface invo lve the tornattn of bonds
betwecn reactant molecule and atoms of the Surfece of
Catalyst
Reasom fr showin 1 Catolytic properties
() adopt multiple xidaton state
(i) con fovm cowpleres
Examples:
Name of Pro(ess Catalyst ured
Contact pro (ecs
Haber's pro ess fe (feaOs
Cat olytie hy dagenation
nanufacturinj of polyBhrar Zieglay - wata
Vegetabe oil thee Ni

Wacke's pro lesS PAcla lCula

folymem'sqtion of alkync Ni
Deacon's procesS CUCle
*o Ostwald's proes
Adamis catalyst

F 3+ Catolyses reaction betseen

-2

e13 + J, t fe t2

+ SaO fe t3 + S0
SsO,-pexoxidioulphate ion
h. Formotion of Tndertitial
* Non- stoichimete
Compounts
(ormpounds . in ceuhich Small atoms such as
H, C, N are tapped in sete 4he Canystal latice c of mtals.
Neithr iouic Covaleut
7hey have hiqher mciting Ant han pure meta ls.
They vey hard c.[Niß has havdness cquivelent -to diawovd
They tain thei'r Conducivity
The) chemitally inext
l2.
Allog Formatin :
Homogentossolic BolutioM
* Metals that tom alloy should bave siwiarvadius (within IS.
of each other)
Stelstavnless steel fe. Cr, V, w, Mo, Mn
orass Cu- Zn heman Silver Cu, Ni, Zn
Gell me fal Cu-Sn
hun mctal Cu, Sn, Zn

Sore mprtant Compoundc Of Trmtition Elemets

Oxides of Metal:
Sc does not fom Oxides twith gemeral formu MO
which qre joic.
re tw Oyidec in which the O-S. of mmeta
is used egual to its goup num ber

MoOa iS Covalen
Oxides in higher are aidic & in lower ).s. are
bassc.
amphoteie
Acidlic Basic Basic
acdie

Amphoteic Basic Acidie

Vo H+
Uot2
Qlkeli Vo
 ota ssim Mw, O, do, wot exist
Dichnmote (Kc0,): Cu,o yed cotovved
Bodeau mixt. coppex sulphte
FeC0, oy feo.0, + 0, nd liwMe
(hyowite ove basic ockie

Na,Co, Cyella) 40,

otivm chvowte

Na,,0, (oange)
Acidie
Melim badivm dichowale Solub:hy:
K,,0, + Nacl

Stuctnes: C,o;?
Chommote ion Djchemote im

&o

Hybridiaetion Tetxahedkal Tetrahedral

DHrent tJpe of 2
(r-0 bonds

Al) (-o bonds Yes

qre cqual 2

126
bod ange (one)
(olour Yellow Orauge
LMCT LMCT
Reason r tyour

No. of pn -gr bonds 2

wth Ha0, : slable iu etheY qud pytidiue in ag. medium

+ H,0 K,SOu
ehroim
pentaoxide C8lve)

Chramy/ chloride test:loaly fox cl lous]

KHSO t NbHu
Ovovge -yed
Vapouy
 Note:
Sodium and potassium
but KO2 dichsmale are qood oxidising ogeut
is used ag
primavy stavdad in vol. aualysis
24*+ TH0
Some vearhions -
() T , +3 (in audi men)
(à) Fe2t fet
USe S:
(t*) H, S S () Na,CH, Or is
(v) in natue, thus
(vi) No,- No3 Ka(Ya 0, is used as 1°
+ No veatou stavdard in voumetxic
(Vii) CoNo xeactiou analysis.
(Ö) Used oas
(ix) Sz0 oxidisiva
) So, ogent.
Ht
Note:
Basic
(oang
CO, and COa eaist in egul:bny at p 4

KMaa, (Potassivm Pes wowgauate ):

Mop:
+ Ko +o>/kN, Ha0
Pysowsite
Polassiuw wavgade
+7 (Dork qreen)
Viole/ Puple (Dispropoxtiovaton )
prepgroion methvd:
Muo t So
Rvox odi sulpkale Rvpte
%) (om merial mthod:
electelytic
oxidation lu alkaline
meclim
Nole: kKMo, xidises uater ot C | 6ut sH|) kM,oy is
Used Gnalysis.
Reafm: Slow vate of veactiou
KMnoy is less soluble iu walex

struete:

(Monganatejow) feuwmangauate
Mu
Mno

tHybrid'sation : sp'/d's

Dittemut ype of
bonds :

A} , o bond, Yes Yes

Strutne Tetvahedkol Tetrohedal

(lour (Reum): Gyeen Bixple

No. of pT-dr bonds: 2

magnetie be havour; Pavawaqwetie (Diawaquetic

Oridiany power;

’Mno

acidis k M a o y 3 MnO,
n5 Mnt2

Mn
t a y olbne
 Ma0, in oidie mrchum . Iint, in hesle rned'um

(aiy Cz, (o,

are ame

(i1) S i o ; o

Tiet A
S 3

Law of equívalen(e:
Calowel

Ca (oH),. 2Cuco; Azuite

fesor

No
Black and wite hotoqraphy ’ Hypo solutiou
Feutow's wcqent
fe 5cu t
 f-bjock Elemtnt S_nwes tsausitou eleweut)
*The f -block Consists of two serits | Lauthanoids and Activotds
The Lathanoids: hroyp-3
O Electsnit
Conti guration.
G7eneralEC-beJ6s5d yf Lo t3
Ce
+4

’ not oosexved
f7. f" vepeats diawaguetic
5d!
52

oaseared
Cxe] 6s? i's CoMmOn in
all and iemainin es qe illed
f- ovbilals in
Atomic No. Name Symbol. Tiek Ln ty
68 Ceriurn Cem hf'Sd'
59 Broseodymium
60
Neodymirn
6| Aromethiun Pm.
62 Samqriym Sm
63 Europium
t64 hadolin'ym Gd
Terbiurm
Dysprasi uon Dy
He
&rbjam

70 Ytterbium
* 71 Ludtium

Atomic and Tmic Sizr:

iday
aa jaeg

reason: alf filled, toose packinq

Nots: La ntha oid (ontration is ageliable for Mand M3
ionic size of
Lantha jd tcfion:Gradual decxease iu atowic ad
lanthanoids with incvease u atowic MUwibes
due to pseY sheilding
 Bosic Noture of bydro}ides

Decveases frm l t to ght

Rea san: Size . ENÍ. Pasik Natuve
Reoctions
Ln,Os
Bun Tno, H
Heote
unth wtth
IHeote

(27431
halegen)
Ln& PLnto), 4 H2
’ Most Gmmrn O.s. of all the lanthanyjds is +3

() F

OA RA
Pr, Nd,Tb. Dy +4 0-S only in Mo,
54
Sm 2

# (e+ an be used as an alytical gemt in mectum.

Reasom: De to slow eacton of Cet* with watey
* Almost all trivalent nthjds qr colouyed
Excpt La, .+3) Lu+3
Reason e tYansi tion
Uses. tyace at.
. Mischmetal: Ln t Fe l+ + + Al+ a
2*
q4. 5y.
3x

5x
ihe AcHnoids
Gemoral electonie
f : not dosevved
f" ond f : vepeats
lRn)s is Cowwou in all
Thaniwm (90) Tbd
31, 92,43,94,lo3: d'
’ Rert all are d

Atomtc No. Name Symbel Tntk

90 Thorum
4) Brotactiniurn Pa not oosehved
92 Uronium 5f 6d'
93 Neptunirm
94 Phton'n Pu
Americium A
5f?6d'
46 Cutum
Berkeliurm
98 Glifonium
Einstonim 5f " 6dT
99 Es
(00 Fermum
(01 Mendelevium Md
T62 No beliu m No
lo 3 LawTenm L

+ Actiooids an show vaviable OS.

Reason: due to low enexqy gap belween 5f, 6d and 3
maimym S: + !

Size, Acinids lanthands

Achinoids Lonthanr'ds fa,u. Np. Cn, La
Actinoidl9
od'
Lantgnoids

Actinaid Cortraction) lathanoid Coitacton trenitHon Costortn

Canthanbids are non adocdie estept -Pome thium
(P)
(z6)
Acnids are xadioacive (eRtt
 Exten of bmd
Rrason: 5 ave vol as buxied as L4{ oxloitals
Choractstics:

S.

wite vitxiol znso, . tH20 Red vtxiol 6Dy TH0

Nete ’ci) Bue
vitiol epsom sali

Botth
are tgren aud wite] isomoxphous Gem ditiol
L fe so. 7H20
’tuture

Hydogen bmdd ustr moleles - l

’ oordmate bonded
ucrtor malealles - 4
c#) Ht synthete element- Techisivm
(Te)

lonthanojds Actineidl s

(ii,