DEF Block lemenis ®
Anttoduction
*# D-block / Transition elements
— Grp 3-\2
—~ metals which have ‘incomplete
nevttal ator or In their ‘ons:
ExcepHon - Zn. cd. Hq oF Grp -12 have
An ground and common oxidation states:
the end members oF 3a: liad 1 5d series
, they are Stodied along with
aA svubshells either in
ie E-<a
— Bein
respectively
a- block elements:
— series :
3a series - Sc to 20 ;
Hransition metals as their
hia “ -— ¥ to Cd
cher - properties are
5A “ -~ La+ HF to Hg iy '
ansitonal blw s & Pp Ddlock
6a " ~ Ac +RE TOCN elements :
«x F-block | Inner Transihond Gernents.-
— placed at bottorn of periodic table.
>» 2 series.
Lf series | Lanthanoids ‘ Ce +0 Lv
a pAchnoidsS | Th-L¥
— SWATHY STUDY PLANET
“Transition Elements r 6)
—T. Position “im Periodic Table
+ blo S- & p- block elements
~_ hy rows = zad.iha Bd, 6d
W. Electronic Configuration
1-10 1-2 ishere (N-1) > penvilimmate ‘shell (inner )
~~ (n-Nd Ns
rn => Limate -shell (ovtermoest)
~> a orbitals protrude to the periphery of an atom (more
SO vhey are more iWwflvenced by
than $ & Pp orbitals) .
s Affect 4he Btoms Around ‘Ib.
+e surroundings as well a
oO
+ E.c OF Zn, Ca 1 HQ .Cn = (n-‘N\d' ns"
-> Exception:
edve tO very little energy
or bitals
e Yo & comple rely
AFF blo (n-Nd & nS
filed orbitals — relatively rmore stable
ad As*
Cr — 3d° s' and not
3d°% us?
gy — adit hs’ and nor
Ww . 6ienerol “Proper hes
a) Physica! proper Hes
»% Meiallic properties - Highs Tensile Strength
~ duchiity « malieaboitiky + \ustrous
~ High thermal & electric conductivity
—One or more metallic str/. at norroal
temp (excephions ~ 2n- ca, HQ: Mn)
— Hard . \ovw NGIOUN Ig (exceplions - 2 .<d.g)
Lv
weal. interatomic metallic
SWATHY STUDY PLANET |
eh ie...)
sigh mp & bp. OF
—Kigh mp -“involverment Of Greater no of ©€@ from (n-1) )
“nN addition to Ns ©c@ “in the “interatomic
metallic banding
~ Vise to max: value ak AS and Fall requiarly as
aloric No “Increases
Exception: Mn. Te
high atornsahon enthalpy (enthalpy change when a comp's bond
are broken & Cornponent's ators are
— max: at middle of Seperated Anto “individual atoms)
each series ‘indicates
that \ unpaired ©? per a orbital
favours strong interatomic “interaclHon.
- Greater the no oF valence e©, Stronger bond.
- igh AgyH ‘mpties high bp -So metals with high AotH
are noble in their yeactons.
~rnetals of 4d & Sd series = high MarH than 3d Seres. |
|
Hy Variation in atomic and Yoriic dizes |
% IONS oF Same cnarge An a Series Show pro gressive Lin
radivs with T atornic HO -
Reason :
e when new e@ enters d- orbital , Nuclear charge % by 1.
- smuelding @f fect nek @lectrostaHc AtHracHon blw nuclear
of d e@ charge €, oukermost eS . :
So radius +- Cionic rad\tus)
»% Atomic vodius + 3d< Wd 5d (comparision oF corresponding
‘| elements of 2 series)
Lanthanaid
: Conhuclions - , |
{ siete SNATHY STUDY PLANRBT
Lanthandid Contraction : |
+> intervention OF HF orbitals chich ‘must be Hi\lecl before
4+he 5d series of elements bein. So. there is regular J
An atomic Yadii
— dove to this Ld & Sd series have similar radii - Physical
a chemical properties.
— shielding of one LF eG Z Shielding of one d e® by
by another ° another
As nucieor Charge si along Series , there is requiar Lin
Size of Entre Lf” orbitals.
*v°%% metallic radivs +7 im atomic mass > t In density -
Hence from Ti to Cv Ahere is * ‘in density
P=m
Vv
Smelding Effect a size \
eF$- nuclear Charge.
For S&-Mn - ENC y SE
For Fe-Ni - ENC SSE
For w & 2n - Se VENC
iin) Tomisation Entiral pi es
* As nuc\eor char qe * from bt % R . there ts TD AW.
\ ; i
waon an Ai along transition serves < non transi on
4 The variation WW 4) q &Cries-
oo
x L Ain? generally *, bot magnitude oF Tin TD & Ww MH
For Successive elements “IS higher along a series:
Reason : I
avease wn nuclear charge 'S partly cancelled bY
agelding eFfeck OF Inner ch orbital.
Stet STUDY PLANET
* —Trreg vlar trend Wn XZ AIH oF 3d series = removal of Pe
alters the relative energies OF ys and 3d orbitals. eo
* =e TY from Se to Zn and eC are added 40 3d orblals
wich shield 4s eS Reducing atomic radii. So AVH FF onl
Slightly along 2d series: =
«TT MH tas ENCT. Tone a e@ can't shield another
aA ee effeclively Fag airechod
Ai rFexs |
Exception }
= Me2* > Fe** » d° €-c So BIH \ess. Tor Fe.
of Fest
Mn2* —+ Mrs + eS (\€s)
3a 2d4
te" ee fe>**+ e®P
3a®& 2d°
« 2 terms responsible For Valve oF AH:
> ottrackon of each ef 4+ouards nuclevs
—> repulsion blu e©
=> exdnange enexgy - resp
energy state - |
= proportional +p total 2 OF possible
pairs of WE! spins 19 degenerate
onsible For stabilisahom or
ori tals \
«When sro ry +, Ttonisatton become & aif Aculk -
Exception 2°
-Mnt , cr? @& BD OH of Mn* gtrt
Mn* — 3d?hs'
(r+ ~ 2da® (more stable)
— SWATHY ‘STUDY PLANET
—* Cr, Cv > unusually high lev Valves of T Ai ©
IA.
Cr* — 3da% ( stable) Cut - 3d'° (stable).
% Zn bas low WY OH becavse 2n* has
3q'0 dis' :
lases | e@. m Casil
i)
* Gienerally mM AH WS high
* For CorNi. Zn W Ss aif Aaulk +0 ger
ww MW 1S very high:
+2 oxi-State as
w) Oxidation States °
on OF Oxi: states are due to filed
incom pretely
~¥ Varah
A - orbitals -
% lement Sn middle hove greatest no of oxi: Stakes:
Ex. Mn = *2 ko + + on aation states.
+ Blements Wm *he extremes have lesser OX: stat es
— they have too Few e© to lose (share ( Sc, Ti)
_s 4o0 many 4 eG i-e Fewer available
. Ccv,Zn)
orbitals +o share e® with
=~ Max: valve oF oxi: state for O transi Hon erment
io cormpounds with Ou. F-
es =» Cornplex Compound eonen the
x Lower On aatton atat
E,W - charack ar.
ligand has 7 -bonding
ex: Ni(cOly, & Fe(Ccals-
5 and vanadium a\so has
Oxi: stake OF Ni, Fe =O.
« Plosphory variable Oxidahon
Stakes
Reason «
Phosphorus —“iner} pair ef Feck
Vanadium — para pation of d ef.
; SWATHY!' STUDY PLANET
* Moo* g WS*
are more Stable than cr&*. So - Crét Syn
Mm \ ‘
Form of dichromate ‘nm acidic medium 8 o& strong endiamna
agenr shan Mods & N02: @
”
Tn transition cements oxi Skates differ b ony °
Ex’ ye* yet, yr ee ‘q Yo
# Tn lower oxi Stake => Tonic Compounds
Righer " =» Covalent ‘i (Fazon's Role)
Vv) Trends “in m2*)]m. Standard electrode porental
«4 co has *ve ES dave to its In ability to liberate 42
From aads-
Only NOs & hor conc~H2S04, reacks win Cu,
Go has high Aatrm H+ low Ayuda H -
= Rest of the elements -— ~ve ES yalues ave 0 A Sn
Aiw (2) + MH) -
a Mn, Nia 2n — more negaiive A -
Reason:
Mn2? 2/2 filled (34°)
Nir => highest -—vVe Byyd He.
an>t 33a" Fe
mM3t{m?7 Standard Electrode PokenHals
5 stability oF S¢** (noble gas E-C)
> +
VV) Trends in tne
%\ow valve For Sc
op tte? oe
( 2d!)
(34°
# Highest ya\ve tor Zn = yemoval oF e© From stable 3d'°.
SINATHY STUDY BLANET
* low valve for v > Stability OF Wer: ®
* High valve for Mn 4 Mn?** 4s stable Cd5) |
Louw on n Fe > extra stability OF Fe3* (45)
vi) Trends ‘in stability of higher oni: stokes:
~ Stable halides OF 3d series
— highesl Ox) DO An Tix ») VFS. CrFe-
—~ Mndsk & no other metal except Mn has tri halide
woe)
except Fex3 & CoF3.
rn only ‘in VE5. Rest give oxohalides VOXs.
= ability of F tO stabilise Migher oxi - Stake
+ higher \atHice energy C Cof 3)
+ bon a enthalpy (vEs. CrFe)
— f\vorides are instable nm lower oxi: Stales.
Ex VX2 TX =Cl, By, I |
— (v?* halides except iadide are Known -
Co*tahy + Cv2T2 +o.
> Many ei compounds are Unstable in AQG- SO\-
2cu0t —» (v2*~ Cu
moore stable — bigh -Vve Ahyd H-
& OxNAES
-5 highest oxi: shake no in oxides ccincicdles with arp no
Gore 262 03 YO M207.
—» Fe202 Chighest oxide of Fe) thovgy (Fedy)*~ forms in
a\Raline medium bob readily decomposes to Fer20s
&, 02.
SNATHY 'STUPY PLANET
—_ abiity or oRYQen \o fOr Molliple bands VO noehats Verlag
\y +O stabilise Woh OX. Shake. 4)
Highest Mn Fluoride = Mink,
* " oxide - Mad 4. Celrahedrally gorvoordhed bya
— oxocalions stab\ises*
“\ ly
* ar at ‘tal |
«VT as Voa* ~V ‘ as VoO** 7 Vy AS rio**,
viii) Cherm Reac hyity and E©& valves
*% 3A elements are more reatve & are axidiseak boyy
\M Ht (except Co)
* \ tendency to form divalent cations > doe to &“valvey
for M2*/M-
# *5%n AiHCZ) +A\\" (BY) accoonts for \ess -Vve Eo Values
% n> & Co2* => Strongés|- oxiclising agent
a, VAT, OS Strong redvang agent.
) Magnetic “Froper Hes
* When B ‘is applied to a Svlostance 4
+ Diamagnenc : repe\ied by BR
— Pararagne lic : attracted 8
—> Ferromagnetic : strongly arlracted by B
xe Transition metal ions are rooshy paramagnetic Adve to te
“presence fol g unpaired eS.
a Magnetic moment 4s calcolaled bsing he Spin only
formula -
wy =In (n +2) where n = ho of unpaired e8,
WU => mepnede rooment Ain Bobr Magneton (3m)
SWATHY STUDY PLANET
* yy T as mH Ty patamagnelc patare T,
Xeaach Upalred @¢ Oo
ed ¢ —
\ nae magne We rarmnent asouakod
wilh is Spln and orb <
} Orbilal Angular Toned baer,
¥) Formation oF coloured “ions
GQ
# When e& trom lower energy A orbital excises Yo higher
anergy A oavbilal , energy OY excdlalian Corres _— rae
pot Nh qn\ absorbed. J -
* colovr absorbed “Ye co
. > Mple rye. 4. :
j ntary 10 Colour Obternied,
» Aepends on malore of Wgands -
wu 3c3%. BA° = po e© to cavse transition |
Znat: 3d'0 — Folly Ried a& orbita\ ' <Plouriens.
ep eer OF Ccorpplex compounds
* metal 10ns bind a pomber OF Anians or Neutral molecule
ging complex sped es
Ex:
\Fec ene |. | Feccn) ay ; | CotnH 3) | _ Lrrciy | “"
x transinon roetals Forms moan complex corp: ave Yo
sroal\er Size ar metal ions high ionic Gnarges & aA orbitals
For ood Forroa lon -
#) Cataly*ic “Proper es
2 to wner dbility to aplopt revitiple oxi skates they
% Ov
prope Has
exinibik cot al" c
e ea {ues eOD for bonding.
ee 2a Berries U>
* Ave %° nar ari)
a EX”
— Yanadiurn Oxide (contact process )
—» Tinely dwided Fe (Haber's * )
_s wicke) Ccoralyne Wu drogena tion)
SWATHY STUDY PLANET
—~ Fest catalyses reac: blu I- & 820g 27 ©)
237 +S$208 7 —@ Ta +280477
le,
Ste ** 430" —» Bhe*"4 Ta
2Fett +$2037° > 2 Pet * 42801, >
xii) Formation oF inrershal compounds
x intershhal Compounds are Formed when &roa\) atoms
liWe H.C, N- are tapped ‘inside crystal layices OFM
*% Ex:
—
—-
1c. 3 1 Fe
mire Mou N eC3H.VHo«, 1 WAYY-
% Hop Soi chyOmetric
x» Onernically Anerk
x hard Wsome borides approach diamond
ae hi gh Mp +han pure metals
x metallic conduchvity As retrained.
10 harclness )
x) Alloy Formation
x end OF Metals prepared by raixing the components .
x ommogen cove Sod sol +ype Alloys Rave atorns OF One
roe ial distripured Sy another:
#* transition merals can easi\y Form the alcove stated
alloys ave tO <irmilor radii -
=k Nara nigh WP °
* Ferrovs aloye - Chrormivm .» Vanadium , Yungsten, Mo.™MIn
ave veed tor variety oF Steels And 83.
P\lous oF transition metals + Hon transihon metals
—> Grass (tu4 20)
_s Bronze (vu+ Tin)
SWATHY STUDY PLANET
Inner Transition Elements @
T- Lanthanoids
* last ©? goes “nto the LF orbitals -
)) Electronic Configuration
"V4 n-t ae" ins~ (F-block e\ement)
—> (n-2)F
m4 By! 652
~> For Lanthanoids m=6 .S0 E-C te lik
i) Atomic. and Tonic Sizes
~s overall decrease iW atomic & s0Mic radii Hom La to le
iS dve +0 Lantlhancid Conwachon -
—> due to imperfect Shielding oF One eF by Snivee
OF One HF ef by another < shielding OF One
A ee by anothe
_» smelding
—» ,F orbitals must be Yilled before 5A orbitals
resviting an qracvual bin atomic radii.
Shi elding effect -
—»> Contraction &
Consequences Of Lonthancid Contraction *
Identical radii OF Zr (\6Opm) and HF (54pm) -
% Similar radii & pry: prop - of nd €& 6d transi Hon
6eries-
a Serta —_ SINATHY STUpy BATE Tagilll
i) Oxidation Slates @)
3
* La?*, ln?" comp - are predominant -
* occa sionally 2 & +4.
* dve to extra Stabilily of erophy
fF SUbshell there is some veer Soapieareiy filled
irrequiarity
* cet can be Formed by e |
- being cap -str ‘
\k reverts to cers. q malar os
o
* Ecett/ce3t =i th Vv Cor very Slow).
x Pr;Nd-tb. dy shou) + Stake in oxides (M02).
* Ev** — strong redvang agent so vy Changes to Ev >t.
«x Sarmorium — +2 & 3 Oxi - skates -
« ¥p"? — FY £-¢
—reductan -
iw) General characterisHcs
SW erY ewormiye soft metals
x ~Yarnishes rapidly iw air
. ae
x hordens as atomic Oo b .
* MP: (1000 — 1200 K) | Excephon ~ Sarmanum (1623 x) |
% Giood conductors of heat & elecriayy -
* Density changes smoothly [ exception - Evu-¥
Jan shanoids ~colovred in Solid & ag sol.
L— dve to Ff eQ
b, Sm. Tm |
x» Trivalent
a 037, v3" - colourless -
x Lonthancid ions excepr F° tupe (1a3* ; ceh*) & 4
+upe (Yb?*, 13") | — pararnagnetic .
isk Ai — 600 RI/mol
gna AW — 1200 RI}rno\ -
SINATHY STUDY PLANET
* abnormally ‘ow valve of ard AWW OF La.le Gid - GC)
' rd : =
x 25d AIH exchange enthalpy ivoparks a \eve\ OF
Stabil
Nety a1) ernp hy iYao £€, comp letely FAiiied orbitals
* Uses:
— produchon OF alloy steels For plakes and pipes.
Ex Mischmetall — used in Ma —based oMoy bo
produce bollets 1 Shel and Vighter Mink -
_~ qb]. Lan hanci cd meral + 5/- Fert
traces OF S§-C ,ca,P\-
—» Individual Lo oxides -—vused as P in ‘TY &Ureeh)
& Fivoresan 4 2x Faces -
+ Lathonoids —catalysrs in perroleum cracking -
Somme applications of d- §& F- block elements
*Fe — construc Hon
icles — removal oF inppuri Hes
—yeducton of iron OX
_saddition OF C and alloying roetals CCr »MorN}).
* T1i0> pigment industry
dry py cells —Z
indusity -
u® coin $ ~colNi a\\ou |
mMno02 —
x Zn »Nil€Ed - Br
x op—l - Cainage meials
ae carolysts :
_» 205 (oxidation of 802)
+> Tidy + A\(CH3)3 — Zieg\er catalyst +o produce
polythene
—> Fe codalyst ( Haber's process)
— Ni 1 ( Hydrogenation of fab)
SINATIWY STUDY PLANET ==
—> Pacha - Wacker's process (Oxidation of ethyne to ethanal)
* Agtr a Photographic Industry )
% Ni Complexs - Polymerisatton of alkynes »penzene..__.
SIWATHY STUDY PLANET
