d-andf-block INORGANIC CHE MISTRT

RANSTTION ELEMEN T
The ¬lement whic h
have peavtically titecl d- 8ubshell in qround State or

is called
patticlar oxicdation siatt, Trans tion Eleneni

NON-TRANSI TION ELEMENT

lemend which have fu!fillecd d- subshell in qDund stutg ov
partiukiY oxiclatlon_stcife is called Nm- Trcansition Elemen

Sue hy Go, Ag and Au are ca|led Transition Elernend athough the

a have fulfiled d-subshell.?

An
% C, Ag.Au Shouws 11 and t2 oxidation stale, +2 oxidatHon
State acheive dS confiquration ohich haue parHally fAled
hece the are transition Elemen
Ques why Zn Cd and Hq is Called nen-1ransition Element7

Z 3d4 Zn=3d1°
Ans
cd 4d s? cd 4d
H sd
Sidss i d aten
Ground staBe stale
and in +2 6xidation
Zn. cd and Hq a r e fullfiled in ground state
Stde hence, it is called nan-transitiom Element.

ATOMIC AND IONIC RADI I|

In the first 4vansitin senes Sc to C vadii deczease because effe tiu
Dudeaichayoe incxecses. From CY to Cu the¥aeles radu is egua!
because effectiue ouycear charge ig equgl to the Silyi Effed rl the.
end of the senes Cu to Zn the mdù nCreae becaus fuilfi!l &
9ubshet have maximym elethromic repulsion.
 Hf and ZY ate simitar in size.
Quea: o hy
Lathenoid contyrtion.
Due to

ELEMENT OxJ DATION STATE

Sc
T +2 3 4
V
+2,+3,+4,5
e
+2+ + , +5 (
Mn 4 + 8 +4 +5 +6 (1)
fe
CO t 2 +3 +4
Ni
Cu
+3.4
+1
Zn

transiton elemen4 Shous voiable oidaHon State ?

w
Due to comparable Enerq of ns and (n-1)d subshel. d- block
Element shows loweroidation State when ns orbital tate
part in bonding and it shous heiaher oxdatjon State weree
ns and (n-1)d Subchell botth take prt in bondin9.

Hrancition senes does not s hows

which Efernent in the fist
voiable ojdation ctae .

A Seandium (Se)
senes aximum
Ques ohid Element in the first iran rhon
Oxudahtrn State ?

An Mangenese (Mn)
h e lower oridation of d- block rnefal form itm'ccompound but
ln higher oxidat iom stte it form courilent eompen1nd
In

state dblock metal are. more Staple in dJ5,and

Tbe oidation
dconfigtration
O - oxidaton state
In metal carbonyl the d-blotk metal shous

CNIO.Fe(co)s])
(C)
6ues w r i t e the compou nd of cromium and Manqenese havin
Same oxidation no.

Ans: KMhO4
KaCrO7

sterte. wth Oxyqen

bd oxid ++
Mo shows t 7 oxidartion
ues moe eledrDneYatUe
(F) Flouine aHhough F is
state with
than oxugen bamd
Becauue (o) oxygen has tendency
fom mul4iple to
A muitipje band.
no fendeny to fom
but Flouine te) haue
+3
MDs
and Mn is oxideinq ace
Oxidieinq e,
is reduing agent
ues uhy Cr a

hoave d+ confiqurcati an.

both

2oxicaiom C3+
+ ee©
(ad) (3d3
Cy has edra Stability
Reduing -cenficuraion
eni

Redu M n2
Mn3e.
(3ds)
(4) Halffilled
SubshelA have
extra stability.
 [MAGNETIC PROPERTY
nature clue
The most of the 4ransition metral a r e paramag neic in tu

unpived d - e l e c r e n . I n the Ciysi trcnsitien seies

Mnt has the.
ncrture
highest maqnetic moment.
Lnis a cliamagoeBic in due to

Full filled d-orbital.

he spin only maqnetic is culetaked by JVn (n+2 Bm;, n = n o .

ofunpaire Elechran .

M Vn(nt2 Bm

Sc 3d' )
T* d 1 h:2
V 2 2c3 A JIS
3d4 1 1 1 1 1 n: 4
C = Vas
Ma ad 1111111 n= S
= N24
Fe2 3d 111
Co
N i 2 * Bd uihhna 2

Cu" 3d hLL1u111 n :
39 1
ac 1u nzo
Z*

CoLOUR|
tMost of the tveansition metal shoes colou7 due to the presence
of Incomplete (n-1)d subshell. Under the intHene of appoahin9
iaand, the d- orbital of central metal ion do noi emain Regeneraie , they
splitinto two set of Energ oth the absovptin of Enery from ight
there is exitatien of Elechan {ron the d-orbiral ot lotoey enerq to
d-orbita of higher ener this called d-d- 4ransition.
(OR
The transtion metal ion shouss colbur due o intomplele d-subshe i}
that is unpaird d-elechun (dd-
4ransHion).
 CT:(Hj
22 4s2

3CAY1 ad

3d
d-dransiHan.

Note
Zn*, cda, Ha", Co",Ag Au
(3d', 4d. sd'") is colourless becu
to die fuu}lned subshet.heve is nan -

exitatton of £ledm
(no d-divancition)
s T C Ma it ( 34°) dut to Empty subshell there
ho d-l 4ransit ion i-e. colouess (whiie)
COMPLEx foRMATION|

centra Co-ovcdinate
met atim/ jon

*
Tyansition metal (d-block) have high 4endeny totom complex
Rer on kompler formation = charge of catiem t. charqe d ensi t
Sige of catien

dueto hiqh charqe desity of m etal ion

d- ovbital
u e to vacant

CoCNHe] CralcN).] ,[Ni (co)]

 CATALYTIC PROPERTY
transrHion mekal shous Catalytc property
Most of the

Reasen (D. Because of there xai1ble valencejes, iransitHon

ad
metal fovm unstable iniermecljate compound
neo Path wth lower acHiiafon Enegy
Prouide a

fos the reation .

7ansition metal proude Sarface areq

a larqe
were the reatant adsorb adhouq!thoue
tome closer to one anotther and fau 1atng tne
reaciom to comptete.

ccatatyst

Ere8
Procluc
Psocvess of raction
7

the manufatue of NHa. (Hobbex Proces)

fe ue as catdlqst in
of Vamspati oid.
Ni- catalyst used for Hydrogerction
V,Os-catalyt use fov manufatkyre of Haso4. (contact-pvocess)
HNOa (ostoald process)
P t catalst use for manufacure of
-
 1ONIZATION ENERGY
vealue of Cy and Cu ae exceptiomaly
The second ionization Enerqy
han thase Of Nanbouxing Element
bigher
NK Cu Zn
VCMn
C CA]ad 2U Ar] 3d'°y
2 Cu [AY] 3d°
110451 ohich iS
iS
C ohich
is because h e elechronic eonfiqurution
of C
this 3d° (faul filled) that
half *lled) and Co*ohich is
3d eleron iz to be vemoved {om v e r Stable
Contiqurctien
an

is veny high this is beca

The third ior.ization Energy of_Mn stable cofigurattonD
3eledchron t o be removed rom
a
the
d-subchell
(Mn)- 3d) i.e half fitled
third member (Sd) Series has
()In qroup the first ionization Enerqy of
Lanthenoic Coniractionn.
a
member (4d) this îs due
than second
higher 5 a r e doble.
o r nert

ion+aaten energy the

member of
Due to high noble metal.
unde ordinany
condition i-e
PL Au Aa*
Siqnificance of ionization Energy|

IE,+TE +TEzt IE4.

E+ 1E2
(Ni44)
11.29 xIo3 kJmol
Ni - 2.49A1O KT molr1 (Ni*) (Pt*)
9-36 x1o3KJ mol2
Pl 2-66 x1o KJmol' (P!)

Lower the va lue of ibniaten Enevqy in a pasttCulay oxi dation State,

morehe Stableluty it Ni2 is more table. than Pt2tand PL
moye Stab (e than N4
 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIAL

M caq +e

Mcs

Meg) OH Sublimation Enersg4

M(s)
Step -
M e I-E (ionization Ene)
Me)
Step-0T

+(aq)
Ma) M raq) , AHHydration. Enerr«

AH Sub t A H.Hycr.t I-E|

Total Enerqy
oxidaion
value total Enemy ehanqe for partiuy4r
of
Te SmaleY the oidaion
ull be the Stabitity of that
State in (aq
Solution qeater
is nm o r e neqati ve
ecdrode potential hat
more is the stabiity.
State Tbe lower the
the Nedvode
reductien potenta of
stundard
bxidation state.
ina pastiaday

ElermenH

T 1-63
- 1-8

C - 0-91

- 1 16
Mn
-0.44
fe
Co 0 . 20

Ni - 0 25
Co +0 3+
Zn -0.76
 I is ebideint that ther is no regwer trend in the E (m*/m) Abis
due to iregsulay vation ot ionization Energy and Sublimotien E e

T e ualue of_E for Mp, Zn and Ni are more neqative than expecdec
This is due to Extrastability of haf flkd d-subhed (a5) in Mn2t
compleieky filled (d°) in Zn.The bigh vatue of nickle can be aHibufel
t high Hyelvchfon Egy.

Ques The E m*/m) value of copper i positiue (to 34) wbat

the Teason for this?

Aws Copper has high Enttoalpy of Atmisation and low hycsation EnergY

u why E vaue for the Mns/mn* couple much more postive than
fom CTat/cat o r fe3/F
that ?
Ans Ma 3d54s thivd ionbatiom Energy of Ma uil be large th
E value on Mn3t / Mo2* uill be more positive

MELTNG AND BOILING POINT

OIn the d-block W (tungustan) has the highest melting point the mettia
point of Zn, Cd and Ha are. louw beccuse H bas no unpared Eledron.

V (Varadium) in the first transition has the hi9hest melting and boilin
Mo has 3d Lohich has stable ronfiquatton and these eledron beld by tHe
nudeus and Eletha) ave not alailake for the bondinga
 f-BLCK -I
of -blxk Element iTneriga(n-)f
OThe Genevas Elecronic configunetten
Cn-1)d n s
on of Lathenoid
Series is Xe sd'6,
Tbe gereral
configuxati
Electronic
&eres (Rn 56 d 7s2
The eiedronic. configur1tien of Atinod
raled Transurenic Element
I n Actinoid senes NP to Lv a r e

OxIDATION STATE
cxidation State for the lamthenod is (t3), |he oxidation sterte.
The cornrmon
also exhibited by sorme of the ENement. 7hee
of +2 & t4 a r e
Oxidation state are only stuble n thoce case were 4f 4f, 1f"

to m o r e Smbe. oxidatim
oxicdaHion state tend to revert
+2 ancd +4 b"ion a r e
bq loose o Y qatn
an electron. Eu
tate of +3

Aood redudng 9ent

while Ceane T6aTe good oxidisinq oxidisina
gent

LANTHENOID CONTRACTION|
Tn lanthenoid seies,there is a vegtar deereae

In the atomic. a s wet

as ioni. vodia of i valent ior as-the otomi no.
atom ox ion is known as
incveases fYom Sc to w . This decrease in size af
due ta poo Shielding Effect of f-Etechom
Lonttenoid contrahan , ths i

Codradim
Concequeme of Lathenoid

OZT ancd f have simil in >13 CeloH)3

basic than La(oH)3
od
woH)3 s less
 AeTTNOID CONTRACTION
In Actnoicd sevies there ts a vequar derease m the radi of tivalent ion
the atomic no. Incveases rom h to L This decreaje in ige
s due to poox sheilding ffett of 5f Elecdron.
comrotHon.
is known as Acinoid
This decmse in size of atom ox
jo

Differeme byu Actinoid and Lanthnoid

Acinoid
Lathenoid|

4f seies 0 A is the sf- senes

0H i the -

except Promethium atl the ream All the actinoid re Tadioadive

Temaning lathenoid are
noon

Tadlicaive stde
It shows uaiety of oxidodicn
l n t h e n o i d shonc +2 +3,t4 2 3 , t 4 , +5,t6, T7
oxidaticn stale,
a s Uo, t o
not form Oxo ien I fovmg oxoions suth
OIt do
6TH haue high tendenc to form
compBey
haue less tencencyto fosm
OA
Com plex
Oxtcde.
Oxide. and hycoxide
bycoxide of Actinoid are
o{
hroxide d loninenoid
OCkide ad more basic.
ave les basic

SIMLARITY
stale
Elernent of both sevies shous maaBy mainly +9 oxidation
OThe jn nature
ore eledropocthve
T h e kremend of bott seies
decreaues
both series atomíc and imic a radii
In
Electre) are prarmigneHc
carti) rth nfored
cattn of Lathenoicd dnd Actenoid ave coloured
Most of the

T h e cotion hvinq same

no. of inpaled Electoo have the s a m e
absorpticn pecfurm.
 d- Block
(Rea dtion of

Kr0

Areperdtie

into Socium chromate

shpL conversien of CEyom ide ore

8Na, CrO4t+2Fe+8Coa
4FeO C203t 8Naa COg +702
dlichromate.
sodium chromate into soclium
sfep2 conJeisiom of
t H2o
t Na, Cr,O; t Na^sO
Cr04 HsO4
2. Na
sodium dichyomate into potascium di chromate
Sep-3 conuersiom of
t 2Na C
NanC7O7 + 2KC} K2 C07

chemicalpropesties
2
+ 20H- 2 CO4 + H20
CT (oronge)
yetloo)
C 1 O i + H20
2C04+ 2H
t4H20 +3[o]
KSO4+ CrS043
> 2C%+ 4H0 + 3[o]
CrO+ 6H

Oxidaion Reaion

Cr07+ 14H 61 2C3+ 7Ha0 3T2

O
CT0+14H+ 6Fe2". 2C"+ 7 Had t 5 f
2+
4H + 3 So-
C r O + 6H3 s03
3S
2C>3 4 7Ha0 +
C0 +9H+ 3HS
2 C 3 3 s o + H20
C710+ 3 s0 + 2 H
2 Cr+4 HO + 3 NO
CrOt+ 9H+ 2 No
2C" + H,0 r 3 Sn
C r 0 + 14 H+ 3Sn + 3SO+ 3S
Hao
CrO+ 8H2 S103 2 CY 4
 C7O, Cl2.
Test
Chromi lchloicde
This is the p*k
Test to7 chloide ion

K CrO1 + 6H3GO4 t 4NaCl 2 1SO4 + 4NattsO4t 2C0C

+3 HaOD Red qeu

Aiclified K»C7,07 Teatt with bydsogen pevoxide to give a deep Blue

solutom due to the formrtion of Cr Os

KCrO? t HaSO4 t+ * HiOz 2 C»O5+ KiSO4 + 5H20

MnO-
PrepaTation
2MnO+ 4 k0H + O2 2H20
2K MoO4 t

2K2Mn4 + Cl 2 KMnO4 + 2 KC.

PYOperttes
OTn Acidic medium.
*2 MaO4 + 6 H+ to fe >2Mn 6H,0 + 1o Fe
8H20.
2MnO4"+16 H+ joI"- 2 Mnt+ 5I2 +
58.
2MO4+ 6H+ 5HS 2Mn+ 8 HaOt
2 Mn+ 4H 5 sO4
2 Mn0f+ SO, + 2t0
5
2Mn+ 3 H20t 5NO3
2 MnO4+ 6H®+ SNO
mmmnmP
+8M20
* 10ocO2-
2 MnO4+6HD+ 5 C o0H 2Mn
coo H 502
2Mn+ 8Hz0t
2Mn0q"t 6H+ 5 HO2
20H°t+ 102
2Mnd +
Mmm
 HC no4 ased
volumetne analysis HNO3 qnd qve
6Ares
ehy ip

nitmc aid (HNO3) iself strong oxiclising

gen*
As
Hat is
KMoO4 Tead vith Hc| to pmduce chlonne gas
HC itself oxtellse into C.l2