d- block elements es ee * General eleclonic Configuration » (n-4) 4) gee nse N= 4,554, F Trick +0. Yemembey elements . 3d Series : Sciewe Teacher Vinita Cripa’in| Manos, | fore Co Niyay Cu yada ay Gi) Ww) (9) (Hin) “ CFe) (C2) ob ()) 2 “de Series Yaari Zoro Wibhao Wome Toe fuk Reh Padai ange ey asl ) @) (1) (He re). (ew (he) (ra) 3) ag is wi 3 Warna chman Osman Irfan fide ber Hogi 5 i / f dss ky ) ay) ty 2c Ge) te dy Li) Yn “ae Serieg © rar j Akele RD. ts . be: Hair het ts ty pe) Loviy go gf tO 04) Co egy Com cc) fi Gor & i Eledyonic Configuration” (“ricks) . for—ad A . ge ‘leelions, > 4) 9 are absent Z nt nam 8 ey Ry ake roid anny of . “S60 p Sd ” —>, -'@! | absent. General trends th fropertles © Momic. (ionic Fadi eta ey . \ * The - atomic radii of d- elemests ae intermediake b/o those of g & p- block. i Sto atomic size in a deries clecreate ith increase In atomic meh bit the decveate in atomic vadiul becomoe Smaller after midday. f+ end. ofeach period, the. is. Slight Incranse M Hhye akon Vadis: ay NM Fe, to Me ® Tonicabisn ehthalhy : oki akno. > thy LE, of d-black cloments Qe Greater than p- block elomente . but leer than pe block -elemen fs. Jonigation enthalpies nGteage- along a given Hasition Series. due 4p. incréaged Me u of “Ze can ‘ . 7 a . on moving. doon the see LE alto ‘increase doom the an med’ beries . LE, of sd Dad Wad series, But inv gla WS been Loew in the values af re of add) Ad Sorigg. 2n, cd and to of the 3d, 4d and Sd transition © Series haye higher ‘Act LES because they have’ Stable €lechmn Confiquraticn + (nt) ql ng ° Le.-2 Of cu and cr Ore mach higher because: Cr* (345). and Cu* (3d) both have Stable elechm Config. 2, °« * Oxidakion slates — * Maximum oxidation state exhibited by bransitio Zny Ia very low and Lif. because zn'Gdl)* A has Stabli electron Configuration. | Mn has very “high 3rd 1E. beens mutt (28°) bar 1h very , gable electron config, ' ser fad) LE 3 of Go if Very Small because for 1S very dtable eledvon Config. Se Tonigalion enthalpy: imereases down the S14 3d. j |< Steady: ineyease: Ad 4h : . . step) intrease. tt tae to high value of Zeff) eltence Pt, Au, eg are highly. active Shes ave Koon “ab m2 noble metals. Lesser the S-£ of @ mela atyi Ii : gyeatyis the stability of tts corbowndi 4 . Ky Peele exsizts bit KyNi Ce does not “because (tuteeterty) of Pt Z Gy Asta) of Ni KWidg exsists but ko Pt OYE des not? because ( 4)442) of FES (a3) of Ni, a block elements show yaviable oxidation state becaute both ng & (n-)d elects partici pate in the Poymation of chanical bonding. Oxidation states of transitfon Clements ave Related. tO. their electronic. configuration. © Minimum ‘oxidation stale. exhibited «by hansition “elements 16 equal to number of ms elechons. i n elements 15 equal to the Sum of ns-elecrms & the no. af, unaired d-elechns which participate tn bond formation. * $n general te weacimum Oxidation Stall. increases ith the increase 7) ic. number. # The elonents ab exhibit highest mumber of oxidation states ave placed in the muddle of the transition deries, |3 the fiz ition Sories fom Se to Mn, the total number : o Yh fi at amsiion 5d: ite indicale’ ta highant Oridatio dtate. Here aye’ the amples: > stable. x0 ets Th +2, +3,F4), NT? 42,1874 4,8] adi 4s* ? 2Gy'as') (4242) pela to fra], My —> +2 to FZ S4gh ads ; ods. : oS Mn There is ay abrupt decreate In. the’ Stability of hight Sxidabion States fm for fe—> zn) fo-7(42. 643), co Cry 43), NCQ, CuCd, +9), 2nC+2) * Smbortant informations , hy Rud, 0604, On. of Ru & Os = 4g i + The stability of He oxidation sfatet of certain Honsition elements dependt on the nahi of Seventy » Ast ‘members of all - Series’ do wot Siw -voviable - Oxidation Atgbe- : : An ion ( ne) Yabsing a ay de contig. MOSF Stoblo- oe oo f * Stabilo higher ovidoin siar increase from 0p to Om IN A Group : ‘ "Bada, cd (ad's) and tig (ses) ave not” Considered at fransitiay elements. becaitce unlike framsitiny » Clements, thay aliders: have Combletely filled (n-#)d orbitals, Cu iS" considered as transition elements because CuM(3d 4s"). hag inConpletely filled-d orbital. aGuestion = dnaner zone 9. What.is transition elameyit 2 i Why is copper Consideved’ to be a Hansition element ? Ans-> Transition clement; The elements tn which atoms in their round stale. Or in ny Slable oxidation sta! Contain incompletely -filfed d- dubshell ave Kusdn as frantitioy elawents , General elechonic. Confiquyaion Gia att @ Cusrardgd’ 4s! _ ae : . bital, ‘Cu’ can alom hag compllaly filled 3d ovbilas Bee th D at cont od istales, Sn +4. ona ea") Cut as alto Complebely filled 34 arth te ue However, in ite +2-oxidabion stake (fete dali NT ot on has incombletely filled gd orbitals Got accion Hence copper. is Considered +0 be a: transi g “en oy: i] ‘Transition elements form, colowved romana ii] Tramsifion elements act as 900d cotalyst. Ni) Gyanei on’ eloments form alloys - ; () Trancition elements have incempletely filled d-orbital. fn their penultimate ‘nelifin-1 Due, +0 the ingombletely / filled’ (np d- orbitals Of the, dransition metal ints ie ded traneitim takes place by absorption of Specitic Frequencies. frown visible veqion. ener Ane Colour Of the Compound ig: always’ Com lementary "+0 the Color OF AL. cows ligt absorbed. Oy ii) Fraustinn eloments ¢ Some, of. their combos act as good catalyst good tnfalyet because 4] “Transition cloments toe diffwort oxidation Ales. 1 Empty A- Orbital 16 present. dl. Greater surface atta, ") Transition metal form alloys due to theiy due to heiy Comparable alte. Size cuel tac have Aimilarticg Im thoi propedties.aT ale ave coloured where ae V4" salte are Colour lees. CPE is move Stable. thaw NiAY bul N42 ie tnero Stable than pt i OF Both cyt2 & Mat? are dt species, bud cyte je shrongly Reducing here as Mur ig Shnyly oxidising Ang — > >i) Tar, [Ar] ad! Ti» Lanad® ae Ti" has. One elechon in ad Subshell whereas Ti4* has no Clechon in ad Subshell Sherefore hid trancition’ takes place T8* but in Tt ded wansition is not possible . $0, 444 Salts ave colwuylec’ bul T)44 Salts Are Coloured . tt) The gum Of fist fous ionicadion enthalpies Gita, 184414) is ais Y APE Ahan Ni Dhereas the Sum of first. hoo inicadjon Stable gp Clit) i¢ lees foe Nj than PE. Heuco ev) ig mare. Tham Ni) here a Miu fe mon table than PLC " y Cr" ig mire - chable Ahan Cr, clue tor halffilled tag Orbital. Sherfore Cr24 ye ailily changes into cy3* amd’ behaves i Qs a sheng reducing agen, On the other hand, Ma?" ic more Stable’ that wns gitetd bale filic A- orbital. Hence Mn3t Neadily Changes to M2 and acts as a Ahrong oxidising 5 gent. : g. Explain by (i) Hydrated Cusdg ie blue Wheyeas auliyctrous CuSd4 is white? UID Cus is black & QO ie ved though Cut has no unpaired he lecleng . 8) bn the Presenee Of ligands Chere 20) the d-orbitale of uC) undergo. Splitting. into toy ‘and @ bet of. orbitale having Slightly ‘different energize. $0 dd transition takes Place in Mdvaled cucdy $+ abserbe ParHcwlas wavelength, Misible’ Region '& the Com Plementacy- Wlour hich jz tramsmitted ie blue. On the other hand’ m cae of a Cusd4, al the d-orbitals have the same energy as they od Not undergo spiiting in absence Of ligands, 80 no A- hansitin is possible” W thae it appenad white. A Cur has dl? electron configuration. Hence ded Waneitia Will mot be possible. Hewes Cu je colourless. Gut \ ( eS |In case of cue & CuO the s° & OF tons present’ can Ss trangles their zlechong to tha vacant orbitals of Cu* ion Cit is Known as charge tvansfer). Hence Cus ama Cuz 0 are Coloured. © Exblain Ohy: i Plain he «iy Cut im can be steadily Converted tO Cut ton in Agued soln. re Cut galls ave Colourlese but cut! Sabts are Coloured. i WW Co? je more paramagnetic than cu?* MS of c + . ) , cut(adl4e") —> qytt (24%48") adore, table than cut because it has fully filled Cane pees its aqueous so!" cut tis converted’ nto higher, Becatse the ydyation enthalpy (Alla) of Cutt is much in og, siege cu fit laugely exceeds the tad 14. 0f cu, Howe hy EN (4G) ig mare Stable than But (a4) Ge adie? 7 Cuts 341 49° Sei ton has Completely filled d' dvet iki 0 letely filed d'.drbital.Heuce dd Wansition CRON does ot face pace. Maen br et ion as ) filled YB orbital. 0, dd Nantition of elechen S Place, by absorb m4 wavel isi : ar A itesult Ct Salto ace ine ihe from visible Region, wy ® coloured. cs whens Cutt (alte | Crs Cad adt ' Car yan nda iy ae tives unbaived elechons whyce + un) f ab Cathet only one 1 aired elechon. Hence magnetic nignent of Cot ee 1 ' uh = VaA5 Ba : S oe eaten ofcut = Va am Te bm, 2 Moyo fon : i famaguele than Cut The S.R.p, of cu ie, co. at Nee 008 cu My =40°34v fay Mla gat have al Give s.e.p? metals aye ag ote 24st, the & yaidsetir ane Crey : | hat : Matt [Mans — jeoy fel [Pes ert ert: gay mn?* sas thSV Le ep2ta ite, Stability of G2 in acid boll ag empared 10 that af cst gy YY The ease with which Won Can bo oxi Similar process for ether chromium or ne veal fed Ra in Ans—> of] Hi = Maher the sep of g tom easier it 1 40 be redueti sa Sreoter is ite OxIcusing fonder, From tho «values af yedite Hon Potential it jg evi dent thoi Ho lability of 3 in acid ott ie More tan that Of ast buck less cyt Tricks "SRP Oxidising sn Ft fes = Stati iy ert So —> [av] 3d'402 i “Se ha& incompletely filled 34 orbital and So ihe Considered to be a frameition element. Se exhibits Only +s Oxidation stale, Whee they, aw nd d-elechons and hewco d-A trancitim Ades uot 4ake place. As a result Sc does not form Coloured ins. . Slain hy: i) the enthalpies of atomisakin of transition Clements “ave high. i li) The €° value Por the {at Couple. 1s higher +han that for cyt cy 2+ : . ) Se(z=21) does not exhibit yayiable oxidatim states & Yet it ie weqawdes % transition element.F Ans—> i] Ww! Cad ad! Mis diffieul 10 Onidico. Wnt (ad!) 10 Ma! (444) berauee Mot has move Stable electric Contiquiahion with half fitted ce Orbital. Heme £° yabire of MiP py fe move positive. On the Other hamd due to Stable eleclonic Configuration of CN GP, halfsfitled ton orbital) , cx"(30?) Can easily bo Converted 10° Cy tt! ig thence GRP Of Cr ert system 1S much ess {ham Ma?" |glt System t . 20° sily be Fo" (54%, atl filled a4 orbital), fe% (24°) can casi : Soicthe at Fo ion, once S.A? OF Fe [Felt Ayatem | 1S much Wr sham sda? [oy Austom | WY Ses Fay) ad! 452 on | has incompletely filled sd -Ovbital & 40 tf Ie Considered, | +0 be a trameition Clement. Dive. to the. presence of on Me d- Clechm, So exhibits Only +4 Ovidation Stabs , a—lalgssium dichromate & Permanqanae Ktts Oy ad | \ & Com : Reparation « ‘the steps aye as batoee. W Preparalion of Na, cg, foto + Na,00,+ 0, ~ W) Na WD NO C04 —> Was e650, Nas crag’ + ts > Naycvogt Fe,0; + 00,4 (Soluble) Cinsoluble) %— 4 > Nacr03 + Na,so4 tH,0 w) NOx (09 —> Kew 0, (Soluble) Cfoluble) Nas Gy 07 + Oke Koln 0, + 2Nad | Intereowersion 0 Chromede_& Aichyenate: fon | Sf ptt of the So" decreacoe thew’ Yellow coloured chromate fons Gemevts ‘nto Orarye coloured dicuyomate im, Whereas el of the Sol ineveases clichromate ion converts into | Chyomate tou, i hat ncn = acid ~ Ati = Q2CrO, ven 2H CVO, ae 0; + Hed o an a 3 ook TL an acid je added-to: a chromate Sol, dichvomate is formed, ] 2Cr0g +2ut Cy 07 + H20 chromate) Qichromadz) Lt a bate ie added to a dichyomate 40! Chromate, is formed. CG OF: +254 > 2CrOF FAO . shuctuvest chyomate . Oe =o, I I eis » oF a Yai ZW. 0 oo : shuctuve * of dlichyomate uae a : : cro ey | a lL aa a No eC oO - 7 oO mii Ot :=. P. Both in. cvOj= and CrO= ios Gr(vi) has A? but both ave colourful — hy ? 7) ‘tg . CrOF ion ts yellow and M07 ie orange. But tha is not due to ded transition, Yellow Coloyy of Cr0g & ovange Colow af (h0F ave due to change fransfey af trom. O- atom to cy atom, 2 Ko40, acts as strong osidlising agent.in acid mediu, HOF Hyt+ce 5 Gefy Dey th, tu,0 © EZ tay ° Write the chomieal eqn of alinven of KyQy0z by the help of jon-elechon method. (iv this case Jou should " vewrembey folloaing tricks ), Reagent froduet iy ‘ t3. \ fe™*: fe3t7,, us! [ | ' a Sal | Sy2t Gyat : Has $ NO,” ty 8 NQF 7 Soy S105 SOF 4 : Chromy| chloride test This ig a very importantant tet +o identify Cl 1OMs. The chlorides of Ag, Hg Pb8 Ln do not Yepond +o this tock "Method: Avon, achhevicle dabt is Aoated with Odd 100/604, ee Of chromy! ehlovide CCr0,c1,) 16 formed, Slew vabour ts Orang o- yed In Colour. 4 Nac] + KO, +6HS0, —>4Nathsoy WKHSO4 + “ 20. el, 43420 (ovange- re 4) &8 the vabowrs thyougy Nash dol! Q dol” NQ) C04 ic Obtained which jc roan in Calone Cr0,cl, +2NapH —> Na : tt of iy atonct eet a , @ yetoy 9 b 0 btvoy) ix fp, ; NA, exo, ae (tocra i deed. 1 sg “uhat 4 F4, co), tb —s Peron | + 20% Cone, a. Yellow vith weg Pens whew 4eidified So)0 4 dichromade in veacts 2 a 0 me iN CrO¢ becomes aapiin 2 eronide (Croc) is formed. As a Yesult Sol? HOF iyo, put CrOs ig a Very. unetable oy ‘ . Coy 4H gradu Converts into CO ions. Hence, blup ain bound . $+ Gradwally 04 + ane) Os), to the dein the ON, of ‘ey > 240s + Hyp rit MT OL the Sol” fades aday CT BA +6 O71 i. a2 oe ON. of fer in CrOg'is = +6 vin. a ° Write the heating effect: G03 ary KHnd4 Iisa Kho TAK 04 420,03 +307 DKMnD, —Z—> KeMndg + MMO + O27 Shuctuve of muapz ion ‘ Ae gn a: { Page ide heeboes 4 Mn “of Ma 1. WW INo / ( A Ol wie us ao Kung acts “as a very ‘paiderfal oxidising agent in acidic medium af wel! of alkaline medium. In the acidic medium: ee , MnO, + 8's —> Myth +426 B= +'S2v Ty tha basic mediumReactions of Kmn04 in acide mediuwn Reagents Product i : a © Smp reaction S04 CO 4 F5a St Bp a = Cree” of chlorine af So SOF room ‘temP, ) ths s 20). On Nor Nox ‘ug dale sie’ Salt. Reaction of KMnog in alkaline medium t — Tor S05 soe Mn'* —> myo, £° of CF (in Ht) = 4:33V EP of Mads Cin His sev £° of ony Cin gu) = 1:93 E° tes oxidlisi Tes oiicing fos : Sn tho quantitative volumehic analysis Kuls.0) is veered OVEY Nay Cr, O7, Because NA,C40 4a delquescent b j¢ not wed a primaiy standard dol On he otherhamal KeCto, 1S wot a deliquescent ubstantee . Keind4 gradually disgoriahs 40 form KMida in the Presence of Uigit” Hteuco, if is Kept in clack coped bots ,9. Exblan Oly tt ‘ Q) i stton eloments With 44 eleckonie configuration @72 hot lable. ay ah, the 2d-Sories Mn exhibits tho bighact mumber. of Oxidadien a. {) Transition elewents have high atomisalion enthalpy (Ata) 4s-> i) Fansition clement Dith al elocunic. Cofiguralion have a very Strong tendency 40 ee. clochons & aligin the Ateble election eontiguyaky d Aa @ msult Trane” elements Ces, Se >[Aej4gad') with A cleetranic Configuration ate very ungtuste anh negdil wilerqn Oxidakion oy Aispropertioalon takin J z Wy 17 ode > 09 Ge oe i 3ds Ase . 4 Ly | Gn the ad- dorieg Mn exhibits the highest number of Oxidation state. Mn Can donate -9. 4s'elechons aud attains +9! ocidabion state. Since there is litle diflerenco tn energy betdeon the 42 & 3d ates, & & Kosult tre atom cau lose OHe OF mare wsbabred cits. Thus “Mn! Ye yy tah I the highest tn somber in’ ade transition devia ") he transi tiny elements have unpaired eleclvons in thoty (n-i)d orbital Hence they can form metallic bonds. With incvease fy tho “number of Lmpaired dlechons the strength of the metallic. boud increases, AS a result the transitions elements have high abomisakicay enthalby ha ig fy (4a). 9. Exblain hy > | ry Iansition _ elements form tnterctftfa! compounds. Mn combounds ave mote Stable than fe . 10) Vransition elements aye metallte soliel. $n a metallic Solid the atoms are auanjed in a thyec—climensional pattern where +e atoms occupy tho Jabi@ positims. Even in @ closet possible “Packing, there are: Some Spaces between tha atoms in the Crystal lattice which vemain. vaccart. Shese “enty unoceupled ¢paces Gre Called interettHal sitet. Small atom Vike H,8,¢,n etc. are Sometimes, trapped nthe void space. domctines’ Huey get. bonded to +he transition metal Aron), Tomy at GW) Mwt2—> [Ard.2d5, fe'*—> [Ar] 3 i mnt® js 3d5 System which js highly stable due $e the fil pel. SO, Mae has least tendency halt-filled Aubs' hand, Fe2* is 3d° Ly stun gridiged 40 ud On the other bane te ee hia after losing dhe elect if chard m2 ik ML Sate has sable 3dS eleohoni Conjiguradion, Houce Con exhibit +2, +3,44 15,547 : oxidation tate, Ans