the J «$+ block lemenrs - the. elements 79 sahich ‘the outermost ‘A’ Orb Pilled ave Called Ye block clement®. ip the gsoupx > 0 12 of the iFal2 ave progre satvely d-block elementg Ave placed Pesiodic table, The clementg in which the outesmost ‘oskitala filled are called f-block elements: a =) £-biocis clementg ave placed Sererately ‘9, +000 | pesfoda arte” | bottom of the pevicdic 4able, | | ave propneasively = d-biock elements ave Caljed teansition densi toheweiag F-biock clement? ave called innes-teansiiion Clement? @-d-block elewients# consiats of four clisfevenk Berieg of Clements. Se @ 3d Sevie [1 4yaNSition Series [se (z=81) +0 Zn (z= 30] (i 4d sexied Joh peansition Sevieg | (HD 5d series/aed LY (2=39) t0 od (z=49)] ; i eve [3° transitén, Seoiex [La (zs¥), HP (z= 42) bo () Gel sextes | 4t transition Sevis, [ac (22891) RE (z Se = = lo: @ the 48 & SP desieg of f- Liber element are Cuble=ayy PeBpectively catied ; ly led a8 Lanthanoidg & Actinoid,g % Transition clement 12 the one havin in i's Ground State /i States. 9 completely A2oabitalg in any one of i'g Common oxidation | | > sour te elermene ie, ZN, Gd & He Ase Dot xegarded ag | PanSitior elements because they OutermoSt J? ovbitale Ase completely fitted in Ground State and also in thers Common oxidation Stateg "Scanned with Camscanner Scanned with CamScanner— caw, | ag- olen) mi "s a athe Transition Elements (S70: 13) 9g ave placed [2 berweeh S-block & P-bioey, & ) yr G “block element? ave PI viene in the periodic table onic configuration of d-biock, element OC athe ocitesmoat Geneval_elect or elements if (n-1)d ng a ea + 1 3) 4 5 6 tt e q+ lo Wes} 2S jar aR a3 a4 ae cra fas, fad ao 3d | sc | Ti |v Cy | Mn | Fe | Co 7 ca 20 3a'4s* [ad 4s” |aa%as |sj8qa!-[3d%49* [aaae™ |aa*ag® |acias” \aa! Ge! [go's + [39 ac al 4a 43 44 4s 46 ae 48 ad | Y | ze) nb | Mo | Te | Ru |r| Pd | Ag [od 4a 'ss*|4d*s8"|adt se! |ad%ss! | 4d°ss*|4d'ss'| ad°es! |ad“as° laa “sa! _|aa'Ss*| s+ #43 ea 45 Ea eF 4E 47 BO sd Ga | Hf | Ta W | Re | O8 |Ir | PE JAG | He sd's* | sa’es” |sa%es* |5a%ss*| s5ee”|5a%es"|sd*ee” | 5d ee! |sdes! |sd%es*| - eq 104. 10S log lor J 103 109 No wt oe 6d [ac | Re | ob |se | bh jus foe | pg Rg | |auub = [6a!28* leas” |ea*ys* | ca*ne*teaPag?| ea®ae"] edl?a*]e'a”[cal@4s! [ed as*| z Sea = * Cre ca hove Configuwations oliPPerent than expected. — Thi2 12 because hatft- Filed & completely Fitted d-osbitals - 7 Gre Zaid to he move Stabie. - 7 Few ements have Anomalous electwnic configusation. THiS because of Nucleas— electoon E clectwn -electwn forced. 4. Sc (z=al) iga ¥eansitior element but: zn (Z=30) i2 nots Why? ans Se hag incompletely filled 3d orbital? in 8 gxound Stale (3a'). fence IETR @ transition element. On the other hand zn , 5 Completely Filed 3d osbital? in i#!2 gound State ag well Qs 9 thets“commngr) Oxichaticn Mates (aq). Hence it te a ° ern Bransttion element. | " * : uo 1 Siler alom had Completely Lied d-ork Prund Stare. How can you 2ay As. Ag’ hag fi 7 ‘Rcormpletely fitted Ye State (4q FHalg (4q'°) in ies that ita q transition clement. orbitals in +2 Oxidation q ne )+ Hence Iti segarded aga +trangition element. Scanned with CamScannereral Poopertic of tzanZition Clement wopenticS Of elementg » Physical paopertie? (i) Teansition Glement® exhibit metallic properties Such a8 high tengile s¥ength, ductility, Matleability , high thesmal ¢ electoical Conductivity &- Metallic lusts. Gi) they ave Vesy much havd €- heave low volatility. Gi) They hove high Melting pointe & Boiling rons. 8. Atomic ionic dadii Alomic ionic tadit of Avansiiion element? Aecveases ACvORF the Sexie? ie from left to ight of the pesiodic table. nthe deereare in atomic Eionic vadii 12 due to Inceeage in. effective nucleas Charge] poor Shlelcting effect. A& Cae zuIe the electooStatic fosce of QHeaction blo Ahe bucleud- & OLHesmox- Clectvon® inaeares, elects Cloud Sheinks and atomic & ionic. ig qreates than she vadit of Badii decreases. x the vad? of the vadit of element? of 4d Serie? Covse8ponding elementg of 3d Series. HoWeve element 2 of Sd erte9 19 Vistuany Same ax thatrof the CormeS ponding Clements of 4d Seviea. this 13 because of Lanthaneid capisaction . * Ks Lanthanoid conteaction aren she Aradual clecrease ip cHomic & tonic sadii fsom La to hu i8 known a8 lapthancid conmtoacion. Ti Causes due to the itnperfect- ghieiding of one 44 electson by another jo the Fame SubZhelt, consequences of Lanthanoid Contvaction 4deSd metals have almost Stinilay vadit due to lartheneid, 4. Conrtachon. | : ta: Zw EHP have Smilax radii due to lanthanvid Contzaction. Basic Stvength decreases from ha (oll, +o Lacon), . 0 Sebercte lanthancids due to lanthanoid Eig Aiphoalt + * contvacHan - 4. Ble ctoonegarivity tnexeases fsom La to bu Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneratomisation 7 Ang; Transition ° : elecirong ip theiy atoms vesultg in Stvonger meranic bonding. Hence they PoRVed® highes egthalprest oF Hot zation, Y @® Lovization enthalpied the ionization enthalpy of taangition Clements incaeci8eS ACv088 the este? due to increase In Nuclear charge . =the ientzation enthaly of Sd serfeg elements. 18 higher than that of ad & 4d Sevie® clement2. It 18 dueto greater ef fective Nucleas charge becactte of poor-shielding effect of 4f electsong In Sd-Seriek element? . Excpevimenially f+ 19 Pound thar Fiost LE < Second T-E < Thisd T-E tthe second ionization enthalpy 8 maximum fox Cv e CU. Beectas iE IQ Vesy difficult to vemove the electron fom stable 38d? Cost) & ad! Ccxit) ion the thisd fonizetion enthaipy 18 maxtmum for Mn & zn. Because iti Very difficuir to semove the election fsom Stable 3d5 (m8) & 3d? (zn) ions. @ Oxidation State? % Taan8ition elemenys Show yasiable Oxidetion States due tothe involvement of bork ns & Cn-)d electoons in bonding . . il els te Cs why clo the teansition elements exhibit higher enthalpteg a 6 [3 elements Comaing large bum bes of Urata, Toangition elements exhibit lower oxidation. State Wher only NS electzong Are involved in bonding exhibit higher oxidation Stote2 When both ng g~ Ch-I)d electzon2 ave involved, Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner‘Oxidation Statree OF 3cl- teangitior Elemente se [ti fv [ow [mn|re fo. [ni [cu +2 |] +2 a +a ]ta]+a | ta | +o +3) / 43: [+3 [+3 | +3 [43 | 43. /43 +4) 44 [44 [44 [+4 [#4 [+4 +5 | +5] 45 +6] +6] +6 +4 27 The elements Which ase found at the middle of the Sexi have greater number of oxidation State? . Eg: Mn exhibits ai the oxidation States from +a to +4 =ycthe element® attioo extseme ends hows lessen number- of oxidation Stated £g: ScCextweme left clement) show only +3 oxidation state. Zn (extreme Tight element) Show? only +9" oxiclation State. 4. which “element of 3d-gexies shows Inaximun pumbex of Onidation Statee ? Ans: Manganese (Mn) 2. Name Q 3d Seaieg Clement Ahich doeg Hot Rhow vasiable Oxidation Stateg ? Ans: Scandium. (Se) ev Zine (zn) 3. Trangition elements Show Vasiahie Oxidation Stater. Give veazon. Due to the Involvement of both N8 & (N-))d electoons in bonding. : 4 Osmium (02) & Ruthenium (Ru) ShowS +8 oxidation State. Ans; ~ Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner"© crends fo the WE] See eee BS: AM transition element except CueHy have negative F : eduction potential Hence they undergo oxidation (acts os seducing agent®) & Mbevale H, ga% foom dilute acids, wy ‘eu’ does Not act ag reducing agent Since its seduction Potential is positive. 2 - ~» ‘cu’ had +ve reduction potential because of itis high “enthauy of oiomisation ‘1010 hydeaction ‘dy’ does nor libesate H_, 3a% foom dilute adds bec auge 12 1 protected by formation of oxide layer - ® Toansilion clement? having tmove Negative E’vdlues acts a8 Stoonges geducing agents % 2 Transition elements having wove positive E valuce ads ap Stoonges oxidizing agents, oO Tend? in the rt] MF crandasal Electoode potential ® & Eo ,, 18 Veoy low. thi2 13 becauge de has stable 8e"/se* ! hoble gaz Configuration (3eap6)-Hence ft doe Dot peduced to Sct a * & efggr 2 Ye high. “this 1s becaure Zn (ad1) 2 Zn ian + . 10 readily converted into zit 20 attain Stable 3d Configuration. * Batted ig Veoy high» Thid is beccuze Mi’ Gd") zectaces s ‘ do Mitt to ablain Stable 3d” configuration. o 3+ a = . * Kole 1B Vesy low. Because Fe hewing 3d" contigusation 4 Fh ig more Stable than Fe howing 3° Condiguscrtion Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerA EDS EUs BEES OCOD: LISTS, Y Transition Blement® exhibit higher cxldation grates only ty theis oxides er tiuovider. It i% becqute of Sman ize e- high electoonegahurty of oxygen ¢-Pluozine. =) Fluorine Stabilize? highes oxidation state either due to higher lattice energy oF higher bone ehthalry « =) oxygen alz0 Stabilizeg higher exicletion Hater due to iv'g abivay OF fostning muttiple bonds with Metalz. ** Cua iQ move Stable than Cues dlue to move Negative hydsation enthalry of cult than cut. Chemical Reacttoly €_E° valugg Chemical reactivity of drankition Sleme ot? decseaxes with inesease Iq theiy E° valued. =) Th ad Seoies, ‘Cu’ 1% velocvdy 1288 seactive because of itly positive seduction potential» = matte: cat ase Sevongest oxidizing agents in aqueous, golutions. & Can readily Undergo seudion +o MAte-Co> wogpectively - . => wt verge crane Srvonges seducing agents Evil libevate Hy 9o% rom dilure Add2. = pot (a9) @ Magnetic propesties Most of the dransition meal? ave permamagnetic jh Nature Jue to the poesence- oF One [meve UNpalsed Clectrons in (n-i)d Subsheul. “Pposamagnetic Substances Qve Weakly ottyvaced by the Magnetic Fieid. + 3+ +a —y ace! + + ) (av) Cau) * Ca) sthe 4ransisio 19 ‘€lemenia that Contain patzed Clectzon& behave AQ AiamagneHic Substances . j these Substances are zepelied by Ehe Mmasnetic Fieid. ~ Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannershe Lsanstvicn elements Suchas Fe, Co oe re Stooha, Quacted by the magnetic Feld. Hence le ances axe called fexzomagneHtc SubStance3. -» Magnetic Chavacter ofa Substance 18 measured frntesms of Magnetic moment (SPpin-only Fovmula) = hese, N-> ho- of Unpaized electzong Mo Magnetic moment ST unit of ju’ 18 Bohs Magneton (BM) in A dingle anpaived- electzor) shaving the ‘px’ value 1438" @®. calculate the magnetic moment ofa divalent, for 17 agqueoue Solution if (3 Qtomic No. 13 as Solution: Given, Z=as, the element i2'Mn’ Mn- 8d S4g* | Fos divalent lon, mintt 3d 249° n=S = nine) , sae 5C SXt ‘SS ‘unpatsed ekectaons =1ststay : ee V3s- M=5-928M @ caloulare the Mas Nec moment of Co ft Solution: Fox Cobak, z=ay om : Co -aatga* cbt adS4s° . es cna [RFE u=Tnines ye ot - = 4’ unpalsed electaong Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerloclaze the magnetic moment of Co aay @ ‘Gojution! Foe Coppes, Z=8F a I cu-3d'%4s! at oF go cu- 8d 48 net | Err =Vncnta} Bd4 BEV n(n) 4 unpaired electan = q 1 (+2) =V1x3 =13 [per433m] * zn, Gd GHG axe diamagnetic due +0 the absence of ONpaized electvon8- Hence thay Magnetic moment ig equal to Zero. %& Sct comain Zeso Unpaiszed electons [9 A’ Subshet. Hence Ha Magnetic moment 13 ual +O ZeFO. Fosmation of Coloused fons MoSt oF the tranaition metal CompoundgZ are coloused fry thet Aolict or Solution foot - sthe Colour of the daangition metal tong [compounds [2 clue to the preence of- one |mose unpaized electoong “ Vuhern Visible light fans on tha 4odnsition metal Compound the eleckzon Inthe lower eneray orbital abSovhg enevsy E-gets excited tO higher enesay ovbital. While Coming back Lhe elects04 emit Complementovy colour +0 which [+73 abgosbed (i capsous (cut) saitg ore Colourleas while cupste Cod) sairx ave Blue tr colours. y ive Reason Ars eunoas alts axe colouslers Sue tothe R B * Gbsence of Etnvaized electwn. 5 6 Cupaic Salt% ave coloured (Blue) duc tothe, y presence of OMe cinpalred ele ctzOn- jw zinc Compounds are generally white 79 colows. Why ? ‘rs; DUetothe abSence of Unsalzed Clectxons, Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerEe_™~6~——COtSF | @ Eomnation of Complex Com pound® ANZ Trangirion element& Porm lasae number of Complexes Ze because of their () smant Size Gi) variable oxidation Stated &- . (ii) Qvaitabiliiy Of d- ovbivals fos bond Pogmation. ® Catalytic propesties the Taansition elements ethety Compounds 7 Pocqwuertly Used a8 caralya4s in many industafal processe?- the Catalyiie. properties of transition clement? 18 due te (D vasiable oxidation gtakeg €- w ability oF fosming complexed. Fg; V,05 1% uBed aq Catalystin Contact psocesa. Tson oxide ig uxed aga catalyst in Habess procesr Nickel (nf) 19 ake aga cataluat In hydsepenation of alkene? . Eoomation of intesstiial Corpounds the compourdl which ave fosmed bythe addition of H [c[n|a into the ceystal lattice? of metalg Ave called interstitial Compounds. they are non-sioichtomeraic & Neithes Covalent Dox ionic. kgs Tic, MNN, FEH, VHb ce » THHy ete Poopestie? # thy have bighes Melting points higher than these oF pure Metale. ak They ave Vey hasd « Some Boside? appsoach diamond in havd eas. % They zelain Metalic Conductivity. They ove chemicanty inet. — Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner 2 c =loy2 Foximarior Woy? axe homogeneoug mixturer of tW0 Or Move’ Clements in Which atleast One of the elements AlloyZ Ove fosmed When th iZaQ tmeral. 1 combining Tnetalg have almoat Biwilay sadii g- Similay ChavacheviHic? « EQ: Wey > Cuas- 50%) + Zn (85-357 Oxides of transition elements Transition clement? $onme oxides having lower ontid Ag oxidation numbes of Meta Bragg — cul6oy) + 2 (40%) Bsonze culgo%) + $9 (10%) Geomern si drainless Steel Steel + Cr (igh) + Ni U8) Alnico — Steel + Al (les) + Ni(a0z) + Co(s%) Coinage silvery Ag (S07) + cu l4o-So%) + NiC lasge number of oxicles - lation Stede Cre jonic. \ increases , lonic Character decreases. ] t =Metad--- Basic Atmphotesio _ Acidic. sce $603 - — Ti Tio, Tis TIO, es v Vo, Vas --V0p. V205 Ss cw0 C03, C02 Cw03 | ine MngO4 » MNO Min,Oy. Fe FEO, Fe,05 FQ, — _ Co CoO | _ _ Ni Nio _ = cu __| Clo} co = = zn zno - ) + Ni (lo- 357.) s—loz.) Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner @ |dome ImporTANT CompOUNDS OF 4. potassium didhsomate (x00) 5 ee Se at “\ sf L x* Ypeparation ane Skep-2.t Preparation of Sodium chsomaete Cheomite ove on furing with Sodium casbenate i in pe of Qiv gives Sodium choomate. 0, + SCO, 4 Fece, OQ, + BNA,C05 + +0," 3 BNTA,CrO, + OFE,O3 om 304 . Sodium cheomate. Choomite Ore chep-2+ conyessign of: Sodiim chaomate. into sodium dichio mate Sodiurn Ghsomate 1g 4 vealed. with CONG Hy S04 ¥o'Bive. Zodium dichsomate - 2 Na, C7, H,SO, Step-a, Copvession of Sodium Aichvomate. inte potaggiutn dichsomate “Sodium dichsomate 12 seated with Poltasium chiovide to give potasgzium dichemate. NO,0% Oy. + BBC] —7 KyCH +.aNacl Choomate ¢ dichromate tone Both. choomate. Covap ) & dich¥omaie (exo) fon intercon vestable iq cq.uecas Solution depending onthe. .... — pil of the Solution. the oxidatan Bate of chromium in) both chatinate & tdwonate eRence 5 Na cx04y + NA, st H20 ns are-- tons i8 some. *K RCrey + ant Cyoy + 420 : cr, 08° + 20H ——7 Revd, + H,0 6 = } i ° wd \ na 2 : Cr BN Z eS : _ 7 \. DX Noe d o i oO ‘ ° : ‘ ch ion (coqiy Dichsomate ion ‘(cxoy) Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner‘SQ! propestte® Ky 0% Oy 19 i the form of Ovange Crystals. — ®. Teig highly Soluble in water. 3. Ibmets at 4oc%s. Chemica properties 1. Action of hear on heating , &,Ci0y décompates’ to give poassium roomate & chromic onide. 4 4 KC oy 2- Oxidising poopestied 74 KOO, F QCF 03 +30; potazsium dichzomate Aci® AF Stsonget in acidi'o medium. oxidizing” agents! It oxidizes iodide +o iodine , Hydvo gen Sulphicle to Sulphur, Stannoug to Stannic e-fervous 10 Fexvic i Oxidation of jodie to iodine 43 C ® * an + [- ot © CyOy H14H +of——acs “Ey! 6T — SI. +ge- Cu,08 + 14H + gr —> aor? + 3t, Fo Gi) oxiderion of Hydrogen” Sulphide to ‘sulphur a ot CH + IAH +6& > acs +4i,0 + oF 3u,S —7 38+ H+ “ Cx0} + SHY + SHS —> act 384+ 4H.0 Gd oxidation of Stannoug to stannic be ob j 3t oxo + anit 6 —a aci'+ 4H,0 ay dentt_> asnl"+ de EE SS C804 + GH + aah, ach + aft e4ih0 (WW “oxidation of fexv0u8 FO fenvic cnoy + iyit + fe —> ead +4H,0 5 Groth __» ret 6 a Cys + ight 6 rot—> vot + 6rete Hho Scanned with CamScanner| Uses a ,C%0y. ’ / i 7 @ ro the preparation of Chromic acid ( R fox cleaning qies2 appavatud 5 1 i inchustty . (i) ag a tmposrant Chemical 1 leather In ey ig used ee HCO, ) hich 12 us, fi ag stsong oxidizing agent pituae] Fi fe (w) a8 photoqvarhysain-hatedetsing? tgalavin Palen ee (2) ag q laboratory veagent: @ porassium permanganate (kmno,) prepavation de in presence of aie” Oo Mino, i Fused with potasaiuin hyckyoxc i 6 oxidizing agent like KNO3s tofosm pordssium manganmte « which 12 Lxeaed toith Chiosine to form potasziuin pesmanganate aMno,+ 4 KOH + og 8 Kmng + aH,0 —» aking + KCl ak,Mng + Clo ® Commercial preparation : win Fused With KOH mec oxidised wHh air ; oF KNO3 (ranganate 107) Mn ot Flecteoytic oxidation Ming 4 in alwsaline Solution . ® Eabovatony paepandiign (Pextmanganate ion) A Manganese (aT) Ton Balt 19 oxidised’ by pesoxodizulphate +0 Give pesmanganate t+ a a- + BMAT4+ 59,0, +8H,0 ——7 Rng, + 109, + 16H Stouctures of Manganate €- pesmanganate fon8 a Manganate €- Resmanganate 120% Oo Hin “dl In f\\o J\o oy jevincnecjate jon ( Mindy ) Manganate ion (ming, Colour = Davk pusple Colour- Green Magnetic. of i Magneie — paramasndic —“Naiore Dieamasnell _ Goma © — Tetrahedsal Geomdry - Tervahedsal od ‘Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerical PaopertieR KMNg, 12 Q dark purple Coygtalline Solid. # ItiQ Slightly Soluble in Wates- & Te Meng at asorc. Chemical poopertis: @ action of Heat on heating. 1g. ROAR pevmnal Potasgium manganare , Man; arming, A> HMO, @ oxidizing poopestie? porasstun permanganate ack? a2 Stkesongesr oxidizing inacidic Medium. . TE oxidizes orxalatez +o CO, nitrates & iodide to fodiine. H are Geccmpoxe® 40 gwe gonetdiovide & dioxy gen + ino, +0, agent Fevsoug to Festic , Hitsites to (D oxidatig oxalate fon-to_cazbon Bi oxide ae, + 16H Ree > amit + SH,0 “ socr ¥ 10Co, + WE aning, + I6H*+ 540 = amrh + 10.co,+ ShO Gi oxidation of Fersou8 ion +0 temic jon aMng, + 16H frye — an ++ 8H,0 lore ——> 10Fe ety (e~ amd, + 16H Fporet_y amit loreT+8H,0 @ © oxidation of Hydzogen Sulphide sulphide. to suulpber anne + bait ife — ami Bue sh )§ —> 58 + ort4 Be geno, + en +5143 — anise 48,0 @® Free, of iodide ton to iodine aMno, + 16H Heige: — amar + 8H,0° ory 2Mnoy + y FISH + lors gm tS +2140 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner7 4 2 Q\) Oxidation of Nitsite fon to NitooHe 100 NA e+ i+ oe —— amin + 840 aMn wh any +840 —7 5NG + w+ ” S 4 ON Oe ee atc q &-b1° (2) oxidation of Sulpbite ion +0 dulphate ian anno, + 6H + pe — anit sho cud 5st + Sy4O —> 580, + off + pe anno, + 508 + et ——> amr + sso 34,0 (2) Zp neutsar | slightly alkaline Solution? potassium pesrmanganate oxidizes Todide +0 iodate , Thi oSulphate +o Sulphate &- Mae 40 Mano, . wetbey : annd, + H,0 +I —y uno, + ‘gon +05 Ciodide) 2 Ciodete) Bring, + 35,05 + 4,0 —> BhNO, + eso* + aoif (thicsdiphate) (Sulphate) ~ = + RMN + amit + aH, —7 5mino, + 4H ©@ he seduction of pesmanganate £o manganate, Manganese dioxide g mgt ave vepresented by half seacton& ng, +€——> ano, y eS vorsev ning, aH 3€ —> Mig, AH,0 5 B= +1-¢qv Mngy + sritesé 5 Paty gto s = 4 1-52V Ozer ‘ = Kring, 18 Sect : “eae @) in volumetare estimation of HO, j iodides , fevxoug Balt ec (li) A® Stoong oxidizing agen F (fi) 402 the. Leaching oF 9001, Silk; Coton & Other lexttle fibves (iv) 28 Bacyes'2 reagent fox detecting unsaidxation Inq Compound - : @) Fox the decolousization of oll . @ ag digirtectant &- gesmicide , Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerInner trank Clememtg (F- Block) Ze -biock Clement® Congiseg of 400 Berie® of elementd @ Canthanoidg / Lanthanides (D Actinoids | Actinides : Fourbeer) element® foitowing Lanthanum are Galle “Fousteen: élemeni& foiowin g Actinium axe Cared Actinider the Lanthanoidg ( tanthanises ) ; : (a) Blectsonic Configurations : athe cutermoSt Geneval electsonic Configueaticn oF leinitbaialden 19, (n-eye” * (mend | ns” 4f sd cs the: Common oxidotion State of lanthanvids ta “+3 Lanihancid8 ave sepresented by the genesal formula ‘tn’ [af [ix [alo] Sof Es] al 60 [Rots [im [oe [Ee] > (6) Atomic & tonic wadii ’ the atomic € tonic vadii of lanthanoidz decvease? Continuously fsom La to Ga clue +o lanthanoid Contvaction , ©) oxidation State? 2 the Common oxidation Staiex of lanthancid? are..+2, +3 &+4- L3’ oxidation state 79 trose Stable for lanthenolds J lantha nided. Cesium exhibits +4 oxidation State” m Nome the lanthanoid hich 18 wet -knOWOh to! exhibit +4. oxidation state? : Ans: Cerium (Ce) (@) physical poopentic9 . (iy All lanthanoiel? ave Silvery white Soft metals @ Laantah rapidly in att. @ hele havdners Increase? With increase In atomic number. Gi). they have high Melting Polnks (ie) Many +2fvalent tong are coloured both in Solfd state qk well ag in Solution because of partly Filled f-ostitala - . (&) they axe good Conductors of heat ¢- elecaicty, Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneraS C—O " Ehermical poopentic? Lista tei Aig Cowse® Pond 2 oO Torahangid® ave heateel with H, p68 O77 © rer g S | hydvides- 2 | atin +3H)—7 Ents © honthanoidy_o» Pecwed tth coven to form Garbides.. Ln+c As binge | Lincs [tines . “a (8) they react with dilute adda to liberote “Hy 908 wi Atna wd aot | ain + 6Hel=—> QEnck + ST | they seas pith halogens to foun halid i gtn+3%,—y abnx3) (D they weact with oxygen to-fosm oxid! : = : 4hn +30, —> &LN,03 : © hey veact WithNo form bydeoxides of the tyre M (oH), . 2En + 6H —y 2Ln (oH), + 3H + e (D they weacr “with. Ee ibang ett +6 fod in! sulphides e= Hiteides wespectively. t abn+ 3g —> bn,83 “8b Ny, QL, UBER 1 Lanth anoidZ ave used for the production of aly steels fox plate? & Pipes. the alloy Mi%ch metal consists oF S57. Lanthancid metal , Sifron @ traced oF 8,C, Catal” ” | 2. Mixed oxides of lanthanold& ave used a8 Catalysi8 77 petsoleum Cracking. B- gome Lanthancid oxides ove used in television Screens. 4. Magnesium Inixed wih 8% inigch metal é- 14% Zzconlum : ig used in making jet engine part? . é9- of the type MsQ3. | Why Cesium i moze Stable in +4 oxidation State? Ms: Becauge Cesium Ataing Stable noble gak cnfigusction +4 oxidation State. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner7 | Fousteen elements (th tos) fouowing Actinium ave canted F actinoid3. oscil Actinoid? axe sadioactive element, @ Blecivonic Configuration athe outeomost geneva electronic configusation ig (repel (nnd?! ne Bf 6d ie Sq go Ac |th of Actinoid ad Tor, |tox [ToS 100 Md No /Lx Fin Ey jor j= (93 jor fs [Se for faz, Aa 2a} U [NP] Pa |Am|Cm [Bk | cf |Es (© Mowic ionic vadii sthe atomic E-fonic radii of Actincidg deer from Ac to Lr. the vegulas deczease in ctomic | 19 due to ‘Actinold Contraction’ | | I eageg continuosly glonic vadit adit fyom Ac+to Le tthe yegular decrease in atom! atom)c & Tonic tadit ik Called Actiooid Contraction » Tt causes. due to the itmpesfect Bhielcling- ot one sh clecbeorn by another in the Same Subshell. (© @xidation States Actincid ? Show a 2how a Wile, wange of-oxidation S1ate8 . hia due +o Smal enesay GaP between sf, ede 4s gubshens. 43 oxidation State ix move Stable for AcHNoidg ac }th|Pa[u |] Pu] amjom [Bk Ic? [Ee ]em|™a] No [ew j3 312 (3[3ls[2 [2 Is s[s[s bs [s | 4 [4 [4/4 [4/4 [4 [4 L_ S|S5is|{s{s 6}e}c [6 yt 7 Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner@ Physical poopeatie? . : 4 & ActinolId& ave Silvery White Inekals. x they ave more weacive INfinely divided foom, * they hawe high Meling- points €- Bolling Points 1. Actigvid Contoaction i gseates fx0m Clement to element than lanthanvid contsaction « Wh} Ans: SP e€lectvone in Actinoidg themselvez: provide mose poor eit Bbieiding- than 4£ electxong in lanthanioids , R. Name q vodlioaactive lanthapoid 2 Ans: Peomethiam (Pin) 3. What i meant by ‘dispropastionation ‘ohan * oxldaiton Biaie ? Give an example. Ans: When the Oxidation state of a metal ion 19 lee stable Compare to. othes oxidation Siated, one lowes, one highes, it 12 Raid to andexgo lispaoporcition Ext Mn (Sf) becomes ungiabie. compare ‘to Mn (wit) ee M cidic Solution Oe 1), ine G@p_ > hay amngt ++ 4H jp» amng, +Mno, +al,o @® the chemiztoy of actinoidg 12 mare Complteated a Compose +o lanthanoid&. Give eagon- Because (D Actiooids Bhow wide vange ot oxidevion ates Ans? (i) Actinsid3 axe zadioadive E-difficult to Stacy thers poopesttes (iti) They cee present in Small quantities (eo) Theis half-life 19 extzermly Small. © Actinsids Show variable oxidation 2tateg- Why ? Because of Vexy Small edessy gap berwWeen sf, 6d &- Ang: ‘ 43 subshens (© Mention any One Similarity bio Lanthanoidd Actinoidgs AnS: Both exhibit Common. oxidotion Riate of +3 or Both Ose electvopotitive & Very veaGtive. Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScannerF po tevence, berween lanthancid? & Aciigoid? “Laothanoid& Actinoids 1. they Show +2, 43 6+4 oxidation States. 1. they Show ail the oxida Hor States From +3 to +h RR. EXCept promethfum , they ave Non- vadlioactive 2. All ActinojidasZ aze sadioactive 3- They donot Porn ox0-ions. 4. the Compounds of lanthanoidg ave e828 basic 5. they have e938 tendency 3. they fosrm oxo -lond 4. Actinoid compounds ave mose basic they have Gzeater of Cornplex foxmmation. tendency of Complec fosmation. ome applications of A’ “F* block Clements * TeanGition Element? ove used Ip the manufactase of Alloy SteelQ. & TeanSitiorn metal Compound# Such ag ~ Tio i& Used In pigment indugay > Mno, iSused in doy battery cellg. “leanSition element? & theix CormpoundS Ase w8edl Gatalyst& im many industsial processed. Tich, & Al Cis), » AtYpe of zeiglks-Natta Catalyse used fos the manufacture of- polythene . & Th,U& Pu ave used O08 fuels fn nucleas seactoss. 4% Uranium Sais Impast a veer) Colour to the glaze. # Plutonium (Pu) {9 Uxed 1 Atomic Weapong o + a & << — Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanneral ~ - THE D AND F BLOCK ELEMENTS Give reasons: i) Actinoids show variable oxidation states. Due to the involvement of 5f, 6d and 7s subshell electrons in bonding. ii) Zr and Hf have almost identical radii. It is due to lanthanoid contraction. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Write any one consequence of lanthanoid contraction. The filling up of 4f orbitals before Sd orbitals results in a regular decrease in atomic and lonic radii is called lanthoid contraction. Or The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic readii from lanthanum (La) to Lutetium (Lu) is called lanthanoid contraction. Consequences of lanthanoid contraction: i. The radii of elements of Sd series are very much similar to the radii of corresponding elements of 4d series. ii. It is not possible to separate lanthanoids due to lanthanoid contraction. What is the formula of the products formed when a lanthanoid (Ln) reacts with (i) halogen (ii) Nitrogen? @ ix, ii) nv Give Reasons. i) Elements cerium (Ce) exhibits +4 oxidation state. Ithas stable noble gas configuration in +4 oxidation state. ii) Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction. Due to poor shielding by 5f electrons. Give reasons, i) The spin only magnetic moment of Sc** is zero [Z=21] Due to the absence of unpaired electrons in +3 oxidation state. ii) Transition metals generally form coloured compounds. Because transition metal ions contains one or more unpaired ‘d’ electrons results in d-d transitions. Give any three differences between lanthanoids and actinoids LANTHANOIDS ACTINOIDS * They exhibit only +2,+3 *They exhibit wide range of oxidation and +4 oxidation states states i.e from +2 to +7 * Except promethium, they * All actinoids are radioactive elements are non — radioactive *They do not form oxo ions * They do form oxo ions Scanned with CamScanner10. il. 12. 13. 14, * Lanthanoid compounds * Actinoid compounds are less basic are more basic Zn, Cd and Hg (group - 12 - elements} are not regarded as transition elements. Explain. Zn, Cd and Hg are not regarded as transition elements because their outermost d-orbitals are completely filled in the ground state and also in their common oxidation states. Sc[Z=21] is a transition elements but Zn [Z=30] is not. Why? Sc has incompletely filled 3d orbital’s in it’s ground state (3d'). Hence it is a transition element. On the other hand Zn has completely filled 3d orbitals in it’s ground state as well as in their common oxidation states. Hence Zn is not regarded as a transition element. Silver atom has completely filled ‘d’ orbitals [4d'°] in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element? Silver has incompletely filled 4d orbitals in +2 oxidation state [4d°]. Hence it is regarded as transition element. Why do the transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomisation? Transition elements contains large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms results in stronger metallic bonding. Hence they possess higher enthalpies of atomisation. In the 3d series (Sc to Zn) the enthalpy of atomisation of Zinc is lowest ie 126 KJ mol. Why? During the formation of metallic bonding, 3d electrons are not involved in case of Zn, while in all other elements of 3d series, electrons from 3d orbitals are always involved in the formation of metallic bonding. Therefore Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomisation. Give reasons. i) Transition elements show variable oxidation states. Due to the involvement of both ns and (n-1)d electrons in bonding. ii) 5d series (3 transition series) elements have higher ionization enthalpy values. It is because of poor shielding by 4f electrons. Name the two transition elements of 3d series which does not exhibit variable oxidation states. Se (Scandium) and Zine (Zn) Which element of 3d series shows large number of oxidation states and why? Manganese (Mn) shows large number of oxidation states because it contains maximum number of unpaired electrons. Scanned with CamScanner17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ‘Transition elements exhibit higher oxidation states only in their oxides and fluorides. Why? Because of small size and high clectronegativity of oxygen and fluorine. Calculate the magnetic moment of Co™ in aqueous solution. Co-3d°as* Co" ~3d° 4s° =4 paar ni[tlt n= [aD 3d* naVE6 unpaired electrons =4 aN =4.90 BM ‘Transition elements form large number of complex compounds. Why? It is due to their, i. Small size ii, Variable oxidation states iii, Availability of d- orbitals for bond formation Write the composition of following alloys: i. Brass: Copper and Zine ii, Bronze: Copper and Tin What is meant by disproportionation of an oxidation state? Give an example. When the oxidation state of a metal ion is less stable compared to other oxidation states, one lower & one higher, it is said to undergo disproportionation. For example: Mn (VI) becomes unstable compare to Mn (VII) and Mn (OV) in an acidic medium. (46) G7) G4) 3MnO,° +4H* + 2MnO, + MnO, +2H,O Explain why Cu* ion is not stable in aqueous solution? Cu’ in aqueous solution undergoes dispropornation ie 2Cu* (ag) > Cua, + Ct, Cu™ (d*) is more stable than Cu* (3d")as it has more negative hydration enthalpy. How does potassim permanganate reacts with sulphite ions Give equations. Potassium permanganate oxidizes sulphite into sulphate in acidic medium. 2MnO, +16H* +10e" > 2Mn** +8H,0 5SO,* +5H,O > 5SO,* +10H* +106" Scanned with CamScanner22, 25. 26. 2MnO, +5SO,° +6H* — 2Mn™ +580,° +3H,0 Name the metal of the first row transition series (3d) that i) has maximum number of unpaired electrons in its ground state Chromium (Cr) ii) has zero spin only magnetic moment in its +2 oxidation state Zinc (Zn) iii) Exhibits maximum number of oxidation states. Manganese (Mn) Name the element of 3d series that shows, i) Only +3 oxidation state. Ans. - Scandium (Sc) ii) Only +2 oxidation state Ans. - Zinc (Zn) iii) Even +1 oxidation state Ans . -Copper (Cu) Write the ionic equations for the reaction of dichromate ions with i) hydroxyl ions (ii) Fe ions in an axidic medium. In which of the above two reactions will the oxidation number of chromium remains unchanged? i) Cr,02-+20H- + 2Cr02- +H,0 Cr0,7 +14H* + 66° > 2Cr* +7H,0 6Fe™ > 6Fe™ +66" ii) Oy” +14H* +6Fe™ > +7H,0O+ a) What are interstitial compounds? Write any one of their characteristics. The compounds which are formed by the addition of H/C/N/B into the crystal lattices of metals are called interstitial compounds. Propertic i. They retain metallic conductivity ii. They are chemically inert iii. They are very much hard, some Borides approach diamond in hardness iv. They have higher melting points higher than those of pure metals. B) Out of the folowing elements, identify the element which does not exhibit variable oxidation state: Cr, Co, Zn Zine (Zn) What is the gas liberated when i) Crystals of potassium permanganate is heated to 512K? Oxygen gas (O2) ii) Acidified potassium permanganate is treated with oxalate ion at 333K? Carbon dioxide gas (CO:) b) Complete the following equatio 2MnO, +3Mn™ +2H,O> +4H* Scanned with CamScanner27, 28. 29, 30. 31. 2MnO, +3Mn™ +2H,O->5MnO, +4H* Give reason. i) Most of the transition metals have high melting points and boiling points, Because, both ns and (n-1)d electrons are take part in metallic bonding. ii) Second ionization enthalpy of copper is exceptionally high. Because it requires more energy to remove electron from stable Cu* (3d"°) configuration. iii) Atomic size of 4d and 5d series elements are almost same. Due to Lanthanoid contraction. i) What happens when HS is passed into potassium dichromate in an acidic medium? Give the equation. HS gets oxidized to sulphur CO,” +14H* 46° 4 2Cr*+7H,0 3H,S > 38 + 6H" +667 (C0,2 48H! +3H,S > 2Cr* + 7H,0438 ii. What is the composition of chromite ore? FeCr,0, How is potassium permanganate prepared? Give equations. Potassium permanganate is prepared by treating MnO2with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in presence of an oxidising agent like air (or) KNOs. It gives potassium manganate which further undergoes disproportionation in acidic medium to give permanganate. 2MnO,+4KOH+O, + 2K,MnO, +2H,0 3MnO,” +4H* + 2MnO, + MnO, +2H,0 a) Transition metals and their compounds are used as catalysts. Give two reasons. Because of their, i) variable oxidation states ii) ability of forming complexes b) Write the outer electronic configuration of Cr (Z=24) 30° 4s! Write the equations involved in the preparation of potassium dichromate from chromate are: Scanned with CamScanner32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. AF eCr,0, +8Na,CO, +70, -+ 8Na,CrO, + 2Fe,0,+8CO, Chromiteore —sodiumcarbonate —Sodiumchromate 2Na,CrO, + H,SO, > Na,Cr,0, + Na,SO,+H,0 Sodiumdichromate Na,Cr,0, + 2KCI > K,Cr,0, + 2NaCl Potasian dichromate What are alloys? Name the important alloy of lanthanoid metals mention any one of it’s use: Alloys are homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of one metal are distributed randomly amoung the atoms of other metal. The important alloy of lanthanoid metals is mischmetal. Uses: It is used in cigarettes and gas lighters © Itis used in tracer bullets and shells Write any three uses of potassium dichromate i) It is used in the preparation of chromic acid (H2CrO,) Which is used for cleaning glass apparatus. ii) K,Cr,O, is used as a important chemical in leather industry. iii) tt is used as a laboratory reagent. a) Name the lanthanoid metal which is / can i) Radioactive: Promethium (Pm) ii) Exhibit+4 oxidation state: Cerium (Ce) b) Which is the most stable oxidation state of lanthanoids? 43 a) Actimoid contraction is greater from element to element the lanthanoid contraction. Why? 5f electrons in actinoids themselves provide more poor shielding effect from element to element than 4f electrons in lanthanoids. b) Transition metals & many of their compounds show paramagnetic behaviour. Because, transition metal atoms or ions contains unpaired ‘d’ electrons in their configuration. Write the uses of potassium permanganate. KMn0Os is used, i) for the decolourisation of oils ii) For the bleaching of wool, silk, cotton & other textile fibres iii) As a laboratory reagent. ‘Zn* salts are colourless while Cu’ salts are coloured. Give Reason. Zn Salts are colourless due to the absence of unpaired electrons where as Cu salts are coloured due to the presence of one unpaired electron. Scanned with CamScanner38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. Why cerium (Ce) shows +4 oxidation state. In +4 oxidation state cerium attains stable noble gas configuration. Give the general electronic configuration of i) d-block / transition element ii) f-block / Inner transition elements. i) (1d ns!? ii) (n-2)f "4 (n-1)d™" ns? Most of the transition metal compounds are paramagnetic. Why? Because they contain one / more unpaired electrons. Sc* salts are colourless. Why? Because Sc** salts does not contain unpaired electrons. i) Write the two chemical equations to show the inter conversion of chromates & dichromates in aqueous solution, ii) Complete the equation: 5C,0,* +2MnO, +16H* > i, 2CrO?" +2H* + Cr,0;°+H,0 C10,” + 20H” > 2Cr0, + H,O ii. 5C,0,° +2MnO, +16H* > 10CO, + 2Mn™ +8H,0 Write the structures of chromate (CrOs”) & dichromate (Cr207*) ions.. @ Qo AN oT {So 0 Write the structure of manganate (MnO,”)& per manganate(MnO, ions . o Qo ! i In In AN Ay \~ oho oho Mno,*(Manganate ion) ~Mno, (Permanganate ion) Calculate the magnetic moment of (i) Mn** (ji) Sc* i) Mn-3d%4s? Mn ~3d°4S° ons B= {nn+2) t|t [tit it = 61D n=5 = 5X7 =V35 1=5.92BM Scanned with CamScannerii) Se-3d'4s” Sc-3d°4S? 0 u=vn(nF2) H=V0(0#2) 46. How does KoCrxO; reacts with (i) IF (ii) Sn** K,Cr,0, oxidizes iodide into iodine in acidic medium Cr,0,” +14H* +6e° > 2Cr* +7H,0 61 31, + 6e~ (Cr,0,) +14" +61 — 2Cr* +31, +7H,0 ii, KyCr0; Oxidizes stannous into stannic in acidic medium Cr,0,° +14H' +66" > 2Cr* +7H,0 3Sn™* — 3Sn* +667 +14H* +3Sn™ — 2Cr* +3Sn" +7H,0 cr0;" 47. How does KMnOs reacts with i) C2O.* (ii) NOz" (fii) H2S i, KMnO, oxidizes oxalate ion into CO, in acidic medium 2MnO, +16H* +10e" >» 2Mn* +8H,0 5C,0,7 + 10C02+10e~ “2MnO™, 16H" +5C,0," > 2Mn™ +10CO, +8H1,0 )) Fe* ii) KMnO, oxidizes nitrite ion into Nitrate ion in acidic medium 2MnO-, +16H* +1060" > 2Mn"* +8H,0 SNO, +5H,O + 5NO, +10H* +100 2MnO-, + 6H’ +5NO,; —> 2Mn™ +5NO, +3H,0 iii) KMnO, oxidizes sulphide into sulphar in acidic medium 2MnO , +16H* +10e —> 2Mn™* +8H,0 5H,S > 58 +10H" +10" 2MnO-, + 6H" + 5H,S—> 2Miv +58 +80 iv. KMnO, oxidizes ferrous 2MnO, +16H* +10e" > 2Mn** +8H,0 ‘0 Ferric in acidic medium 10Fe** > 10Fe** +1007 2MnO~, + 16H* +10Fe™* —> 2Mn™ +10Fe™ + 8H,0 Scanned with CamScanner