{A | eH MISTRY XI & XII CHEMISTRY canned witn CamScanTRE d-and £- Block Elmmnts el aes ie en eer eee INTRO ees Ss “We d- block OL of Me Periodic table Contains te clamunte of te PMPs 3-12 in which Me A orbitals are Progreasiudy fled MM cath of Bu four bong perovd: The eumenta conatituting te F- block cue Bose in which ut ond sf ~ively filed In fe +00 long penod- > D-dleckk elumimis one orbitalk Gt PIOYYCAA- colled trangilvon wukalA and f- block Clamanks oie calla inner- trannibon mekals- D-Bloug Element ».— SSS oS “We d- blocs claranta are found In the middle of periodic. tab. Te cd bloc elamentp are calud tramgihon merals and Neve valnu elecrona in ad orbytals. ve Why D- block clmuntg gre ca\lad jrangihon elamant 2 © 9¢A Trangition eloment ip detirud 28 Ya one which has (neomplildy Filed deorbitels in kp ground Hake oy \n ary of Is oxidahon state. ‘4 we TMH cd and Wy Ahould mot be ‘wgavdled as +ramihon elematt “why @ x TH: Bal? ust cds Ud? ok Hg: sd gs2 Qt VB becaupe ay Yue tra elaminta have fully Si\ud dl? configusakion i Yaly ground stale a8 well ay in dairy most Habu. oxidation stake hecho, they show propria which at Tomarkably chiffeent from fay transition elamaty. Electronic congguation .- — uenral elechonic congiguralvon G@ :~ a Cry ghd t K Brand for te inner ray have, d- orbital which may have ens oy Wo e~ sen dace ome ” dcanned wircvamiscanGVA): penuttimase Tet Fanpthon Sevres + Ind Wongition genes + Bd Transition gexia : 4k Tronption BNO, —_—_—_ ower Elecrontc Sa ae Tt v z> 2 2 23 4 2 2 a Boa 2 3 YZ nb Z7 33 4o a ss 2 2 a uaa 2 uM ha hE Ta 2 Sk 2 6s 2 2 2 s47 1 2 3 Comiguraion of Tranpivon elament ° —__— — —_—~Y — Blull 5 wn: ultimate gull Bd sceey eo Zo) Scandium zine 4d > Y (83) <> cd Cue) \aiium G@dmium SA —> Lacs) Lantramoidp (H4 <> Hguto) an tranam Hagin Mouny. 6A —> ACCLRI) Actinold, CRF COW) <> Adinium) Quix fordlum Bd ps ue hm fe © MN at m ay as 26 a 2g ag Zo 4 02 2 2 2 4 2 ~ Ss Ss 6 + & lo Jo Mo Te = Ru Rh Pd gcd N20 MBS eR t 24 4 4 © 4g Q os 6 + 8 \o \o 10 7 sd perig W R oS Try PE pw 4 WS 18 71 18 49° 90 2 2 a a I 1 2 4 s 6 1 9 wb 6 ocanned witn Vamocar. Gd sewes R2 Ac RF Db 8g Bh We Mt DS Ry CH Zz 39 ou tes tos. lo# lo8 tog lo mM as 2 2 2 2 2 za 2 Be tL 2 éd a a 3 4 s 6 1 g to lo Phyatcal Propertiey .- \ Variahon tm Atomic + fone gre s- A Se ee ees : &c To voc on & co Ni ut tH na L , 1 J . Atomic atze Le oy i : : in j signy — *4RCOn auton Attraction < Repeal eH. 7 aceming —Sntreage ad Ze. < sotening . afore — Amie sree re pee will Tea Pn Apmic site 79 9m a transition gevia on moving fom Ht to right | Afmic yadii © decrease inittally as Ha no of d decom uv wu due to which + Ze. dominate and attrachon on ouky elechond Ta AR the middle of He den = Attathon fora = Rephlilon farce So, Alpmic sie ema — @rutauk 7 Ak Be ed of Wa seria gina d orbitals ow full Glld and Wsrchor Tepuipion dominake over Zep. and Nre will ter % On moving from ad te ud teres, abmie gize Inoease- due 1 s Mor of shal imeease but from ud te sd acrig (after Laniwanum) almost emai game dur bo Poor screening of £ elechong (6? due fo Lomthanoid conteaction) harntramotd cone t= on moving from 4th te So period, 9n Tanpi- —Hon gern ater ha (S59), HOC aut 14 Lanthanum elomunct in which te lak < enker ine on at surshell, Since Streaming power of F elechoru %S very Poo¥. Bo Zelt. on ouler em Moeser ax a yault of which Ate will deocaney. Thin dacrege in fize A cated Lawthametd Contraction Scanned witn Lamacanmigation enthalpy — Ses Du an inoease in nuckor cary which acomyoma Hu filling OF Ma tous gd ovtatalA MK am iMotRde i LE of Hak Frampitie —ON clommts fom ubt te wget buk Yowwer many small vaniakoy, ocuut: : On moving Wt to mgt, Le will fiat Imocage dt to alee lereae, than cmstaut becom size will almest remain cutat and ten should decrease but will morse dur fo arabiiiy of full fied configuration of wm and ane 7 on moving Top & bottom, Te will deataye fom Tat 2nd Ts. becuse aire (mereage buk vill Mmatasg furdur Som Ind to asd Fronsttion seme, due fo Lanthanotd contrachon > Tonisotion ustalpy of d- block clomuls graaker Han s- Block clamouts due te — Cy giv ammall si2e GU high effeckve nudear charge - Chan\ea), reachivlhy of d- Hock meta) will be Usps than Hu g-block Merals 3. Enthalpy of Alomipation Aan at ee ata) Sp ey CAR ator) St Us Ha amounts of hook yequired fe Convert ont mol of metallic wubstane into i alomé in gaseous atake- > Trongition cements — exhibit higher enthalpy of aomizahon becaupe” oF lary ct of unpaired e- in dud alomy Huy have ahon matali bonding and hence shorgey bonding bw atom raurhin , in hiphar enthalpy ot alomisabion 3 Entralpy of alomisahon fiat increase, Gnd Wan dacrease becaye fs move From ‘Se’ ys ‘Tn’ Humber of onpaed e- Firat imertape And Har ducrenpe- with Teese no: of ongaired e- mukallie. ocanned witn Vamocar. . 82 Bonding become shongy and with decase in no- of unpaired e- metallic bonding become weaker. “ Mebbing point and Boiling point :- YQaSFimrTr aa AB we Know, number of unpatied elechong first dncrease and thn decrease, Bo Nething point and Boiling point alo first mmoewe Ond Han deocase as we movt along Ha poniod in a sranphon + Aerie. > &%&, cd and Hg id sof and have low malting oink and Boiling point Lecause Yau have filly Gilead Codd orbital and hanes Wa Interakomic morale. bonding & not ara Flory: *S* Physical state :- WSS —— AN Ba trampilon elude doltd amd hatd exapt Ng’ Which i Litutd at yom fem. Algo thy aut fyplally metal They have alk mnekaliic propertig such a) duchU, Mallkable , Muattve babe Gnd good conductor of heat and elechcily and it algo produ Sound, Tha property of metal U called ‘Senomus? ete 6 Catalytic prpertiy :— ea as ees Tranpition elemuls act as good Catalyst because in Finwly divided form or powdared term Catalyst provid Large gurfau cusa to TL Yeacraut for Hu for > a Collopion. ( He ach vahon onnyy u towering). Ci) Contact proveps + - A809 + og Vats_, 8803 CN) aber process :- Na+ Hy 5 arty ci + . on _ A Nevoxnation of oi! — veatebi oil + Hy MS, vegehele ghar ocanned witn Vamaocardy Optuwald’s Prous :- UNH; +50q FES Unto +630 W) Polymerization of ethene ; - =o—_——— —— CHy = CH Tidy $= cH, 3 (atts), 4) a 2 > Mio, tranpition metal can sho variable axidehion stale and com Change uly oxidation Atate- fre toy CM) cormlyses torn QT + sap —a Tht asdf bla odide and perpuphale ton Me ARB Ys yg ade acct Ue + gtr —» ae +g HE Nagneb’c Property :— wh a magnebic field us applied te gubatance, of magnetic behaviour au observe. Diamaynehignr Most of he trompihion clumads and Yons gue porrally parama- grec due to prec of no» of onpatred elechon. whi én show diamagneh'c behaviour because ‘Zn’ have no unpatred e7(t & Completely Filled) Mognehic moment (4) can be caluialed with the help of mainly 00 tyne + pavarnaynttigm? Spin only formula’. Me \Jr(n+2) BM (BoHR Magneton) N= mo: of yupatred ¢- Us Mapbic Moment: Qi Calaulake fe Maemehc mont of Sc3t Ang: Sea) = Car] ust ad SP" = cary use aae neo) r ocanned witn VamocarBy Ue O(o+2) BH u>0 > Diamaynehic. : Q%® caluak Mognenc moment of following te SRS cy Feet Gy aw) cat a ey g* gM dy wet oH a = (123) <= Ax} ad!°ust : art s- Car} ad$ 7 OME A : a JI) 8 = Jeu a LBEN. ci) Feet. = Fe(as) s- Card 346 ust Fett s- Cary ga6 ome y t= JuauRy =; Jaen > “do BY Gi) ent. TH(30) :- Dar} ad\ ys? Tn** .- Cay} gal? “N>0 U= Jowra) 84 = O8N = Diamay waic, ole :— Gvd, oy) and Ci) part gat evaluate. Cot i= TE Be. CAS TE BN Fuge ge NS rat s28uan. - QB Cala, Mayne wmromune of a divalwd ion of Hagnene ? * ZoIM des BS BN $F emntucte ocanned witn VamocarOxidation state (o-s-) —— AN tranpihon clams exept first and lat mamber of Ht seria, eAHIbIt VarlabL oxidation grate because of Vey dmatl extyy difference BO NE ond Hand subshull fo tak both can enter inte chumia) bond — fermakion. Oxidalion Boke of oa Tranption seis Ceuw —_ Ss ——a sc | Tt v cy | mm |e feo [mi la fan * 430 | 420 | 42 +2 a2 fon fxr [42 fr | +2 43 | 43 “3 43 [43 faa | +3 | +a ay | ty +4 +4 mo }au | ay . +s) | as +5 +6 +6 +6 +4 Ip. feahures . - a= > Te moximum o-s. shoum by Svat serie Mnocase from sc & Nn and Han deceage- > Nost common oxidakion stale of Rt tangiton gerd B42 > hh yeu oxidahon stale of trangiton elemaut “ER? & shou by osmium (46) and re Ruthamium (<4) | > Scandium — shows 449’ oxadahor’ sade because Valune elachon Ils Valine shal become Which lead) extra Stability. —? Te Compounds of srangihon elements in tower stale Sta? ous, woostly jonic and oF Loaging Hyee compluely emphy (ys aq) and 3? | of higher oxidation stake au covaluut. ex> ZEnulg amd cddly at tonite wher Cre} and Nimoy art covatut- 7 Wight oxidation stake im at banat seta Gg +P ond ot & shown by Nn’ >canneuwircamsciarlo MN es and oxygen exhibit Higher oxdahon elacrongakve nahin of fluorira and oxygen Nygoy and Veo > Transition metals unt luorine Brake dur to Wigner be xy 7% Transition mek algo fhod 44’ and ‘0’ oxtdahon date ‘ SEF Lele | Aga, Mgacl, (os: of mukat G +1) Niccody, Fecede Co-S: of matal U 220) — % Formakion of complx compourn, — . ars So ‘Vrangihon mea ior fermi a number. of Compl Compounds im which mata) tong Untad with a qymber Of Uganda o¥ donar adem - beoupe —G) high char om Hu tranihon mutal fom - au) Thy have Gmghy d-orbital fs awept elechon from Ugamna GN) Bie of braruthion mal fom ia ama Formah‘on of Snterestitta) compound, ‘= Tnverstitial compounds au those in which gmail alm Uke H, B, Ci Netc ocupy He intexblal aia in the oytal Latha. - for > The 1 VH, Rah, we, THHg ete gniostitial ala - st 4, fueled cua Snlexzhtial Compound Ce) owe Fgh 48) 8 formakion of Alloys -~ Alloys ane Bred when alms of hoo healed togdkar and Yen aod fo cool G regand dy oY nox metals ant Alor of ort nuke atoms, 0 meal we an Wey cesar Sennen fin ULamocan7 Various, tyne of heal 9 Aloud ou hand ond WRN GL and ane , rasa brome ant example of Q\loys . often hace high muting point morals ont hacked together Hun brasx UW formed - ed - Makal taal OL en Alloy Coramt ) “Mays ore goad conductor op Wak ar leche: 12 Mualle chavader — All We rangition eum ca mada in nahoe- Trg Show Fadwal decrease in eledvopogitive charger in moving fom Ut fo Wight - Te mutallic bond in framltion metal au veny shong clus ~ be greaky chechue nuda charge: and lange no- af valuns leche. Sluorly all He tranthon metals aut hand-, Pos seus high duuily and High uhalpy of abonisanion . a Coinage Nakala to Fumuaty of 44h group (U4, Au, Ag) aut wed —~ ~~ br maluin, vata 4 com, $0 Hse adt called coinaye- formation of (olomd iow + — ~ wees Ss ee Mopt of te tromgition metal fon in the goluhm ab well ay in Aolid state are Coloured dur to Cid Partial alogorption of vipible gut GN) No: of unpatred ¢€> whidr tale put in ded tranpition. Te abposbed Upitt pmmoks 4a ©” fom ona ovbstal another Oroital of MR sore d-gubshell. Sina Bes Aedwonic Lewthen occur Wi inn He de Ort of ‘erangivon maka tong Hey me aud d-d trangifion . \ ocanned witn Vamocarae % —_— Higher un wel Ory dye dux dt a degnrak orbital an. ay? ue auryy Wwe) d-d_tramition Standard elechodt poknbal : — Sa Toc iG [rrgular vaniahon in clededt potenbal due to iryufar Variahon in Ton'sahon euthalpy , gublimahon wnryy and nydrahon Cuergy - Fist trenuttion gana €° valut, se — 2 Ti 1-63 Vv Wg a -0'9) baa “hie fe ONY co . 0-28 Nu ~O21¢g Cs £034 tm -0-46 Mm and en aot E? valu more ngabive than expeded from He forral trend because of Awiy half filled o complsktly filled sd-orbitel In cage of mint and ent ocanned with Uamecar> Why WG more table than that of ult in aytoud sluhen ? pate Dus ts mow mugahive euthatpy of HydraKon of WAY Han dey.) Which comreniaies Gy Seond von'gahom athalpy of COMMY. oR Lepper Hee valut of E° mow stablt will be oxidahon state - Eh uw > osav Eula = OBL Ve out of oP and Nn, which U sbonger oxidising qurt @nd why? Sol :- yt stronger oniat'ging ayent ab He chat Por Nt t unt awh 1 half filled AS cmfgurahoo which had extra, atobility - J Te © valut fer comer u posihve Whak Ute possibly rean for His. 5 fom = EP (NIN) for ary metal cd veleaked fo sum ef euthaley Chany, tale place in following Akeps Mey AH > apo |e | Al yarabion Nap _*AGH yy) B= A= Alea t don — AM yyarabion Dut Fo hydvakion outhaey of copper Vong “gwd Han cum of gublimation exthalpy and lonysahun uuthalpy. ide paenath of oxlde :— Swi Uyrcader Ya oxidalon stale of Metal bireader vail be the Auilic Beng ond wer will be baad shength canned wit Calttstan&F free 3 Nnog, Nno, Nygzoy , N03, Nngoz Arvonge wt order of Audie Rrength Qnacaaing) NNO < Nngoy < Nngog annoy + Nnog + @Hg0 Anotuy Ran *.- wr aS KaNnoy + Cla, ——? kel + QkNnoy Pot Mamalt. Pot rurmanake ° crap Gh) Elecholyhe Method :- Re Kg tnoy thctricly at + Minty Pots ymagnade Gtgynake ton )Ak anodt — Coxidation) ae = MMoy" —> Mnoy + Lem Namate ton Pormsgnae At Cathode (Reduction) ant + ge7 __, Hy 1+ smog 3 ennoy for puxmamake : orate ay PxParabon ; . e ANmT +SS.08 + 84,0 —> annoy + losdy + 16H" Pernxodipulphate Shudux of permaynate fon (HOG) and mangnale fon(Nnoy) WS eee a ee | Nog . - . == Ss - \ > Tetrahedral ghar Z un —o 7 Purp in colour if \ Dramayue ° ‘0 Nah. Nnoe - } —~ | ° a> | I > Tehahedial hope tn 7 Wan in colour. a“ \oe PPaxemiyebe on | oO Oo Naku. | —y hour ghow due b | d-d tranaihon _ ~ Scanned witn CamstanFOUN of fermagnate + - aid aoa > ge y ‘ "ba dark Purple colouxd —caystaltine aotid which axe Vfotoudural with of \cclog, 4 , 2, Su APMngly koluble ty woaler: as - : Senet Mak on tating ft daermoge fo give team Magnake uth lolulbon of og gas. ak S13K. | SKNMoy ——> kgsinoy + Nog + Og, fot Rormanade Pot" Na aqnue oxy gun : courple) Magrake dni blacs: (ureen) ah) See “> Action of bape, JAlKabé \— Ukmnoy + UKOH —y YKaNnoy + QhyO +02 cata) * Oxidiping Poterty oe a Ktmoy G a Powerful onidising apt in a reutral, acidic or bac medium because It give nagewt oxygen - CO Gn audi Medium t- eee ees SS jeMnoy + HgSoq ——> KaSoy + NnSoy + Hyd +£0] kenoy + Hel = =——>_ kel * Andy + Ho +Cly. Equivelnt may = Molewlaymay ise _ aig Wefaoy (>) Sn Basie Medium fAlKaline Median ;- See ee ee Kumoy + Kod ——S Katlnoy + Ho +LoJ Eq mas = MM ise FR? ale \S8 ——- scanneawircamstaron, Neutral Madi. - * AeMMoy + HO —yZ Alco + Annog + 310) Eq: masg = NM 5 . AP oF = 2 S264 4 A. Smportan® ‘Oph ro e oLaibing “Teachon of KNnoy + Gn Aeld falubiony — Sree CD Sk comida fodtds into Yodine 1 SESE . Kunoy - Hgsoy + KL ——> KaSoyt Nnsoy + HO +12 ~3 lonte farm + - Qdoy HCY +loE” ~ —y Quin +gho +STq Gil). gt oxidised ferrous alt inte ferric gall :- - gt oxidised foro err KNmoy “f HaSoy + FeSoy ——> KaSoy + Nnsoy + HyO + Fey 6sry)y Tonic Bm» - Sfet* + nnoy + gut —> Nt + yo + SRT Giv) SF oxidized — Hydooytn sulphide into autphuy’ i= COs Bes eee Krinoy - HgSeq TF HaS ——> HeSoy + Unsoy + Hgo +S jonic nic fom) : - Qnmoy +SHgs + 6K" —> anuntics + Phyo Gy) 3k oxidised oxalic aad nto Qube dioxide Clog ) = ee en eee Koy + HgSoyt Cooly —_y KaSey + Nmsoy + 4,0 + a. cpold ocanned witn VamocarAMnoy + 16HT ——3 Quint? + 1OCog + FHQD W) 9y . \ SD SE, ANG alghtle rtp auphae = Kino + Bysoy + Naso ——3 KaSoy + Mnsgoy + Hot MaSoy ANndy ASF + cut ——> anne + ano + SSof OND onldige nhnte Ane arate eer Kitnoy + HaSoy + KXlog ——> Kgsoy + NnSoy + Hao + Knog Jon\c Aa. = wie Annoy + Slop + SHT 5 guint 4 nos + SHIP Wit) 9t oxrdicd — Hals ‘into \ 5° SrA a6 nke_vagn Kung & Wgsoy Hc) ——¥ kgSout NNN Soy + HQO + Chg Genie form ».- Reames annoy + lod” sit —_s gnmi®® tcl, + sh30 Exampl of Basic Medium | Alkaline > —- SSeS CO gt oxidige odie into Vodake :- (Gane Medium) St oxic OSes - e uc x - 6 Moy +2I7+ 60H > Bing} + To + 3Hgd Konic form, (duutral) fot \odake Army + Wao + To —> anmog + ao og GO) SK onrdipe CHUAL FO CHHYLAL Qe» - anne City OH Cag = CAg Moy, re CHa- oH — ocanned With Caiiscara Examgl of tuitral Medium «- ewes er sw’ an F Sk onidiged — Godin —Tyopulphak® Into docdin —dufphae += Ksimoy + Nagsgo3 ——? Koll + Na,Soy + Ninoy + Hae is SRioputghae- Sonic form »- Sewic_ for, 7 2° - Qnnog + 3sg0F Wad ——y BNMog + 6Sj + 20W > 3k — oprdtgech — Nognows sulphate into Magnex, Aoxtels -: ~ | Het Kntoy 4 Nmsoy ——> KeSy+ Mnog + Hysoy | Yonte for 2 - ot ey . ayo F BNMog BN —> SMMog + YH | = of \kunoy .— Sa eat = Se we fe te leaching of “oolA , cotton and filk > 98 abo wed br > Delolourisakion of ail 5 washing he wounds St & wed a8 duinfectany fer wakey - > Aratne Kenoy ig cad “Barr reagent? wed a a favounk oxidawr in preparative organic chamyhy: Potaszium pawn Ceattg04) 2 - Kacrgoe cut obtained by He furion of chrome ore (Reagoy) ° Skp ar :- conversion of chmmale Or into godium chiomale. YRomoy + enagces + 10. —» enagcroy + RE 05 + Seog Cromike 0% Naito go Shep IE = Conver ston of podium chroma, with Awbhune aud fo into sodium didhromale dichromoke- give a orange solution of goign ocanned witn VamocarBNO Bag croy + HaSoy = —_y Nagc0% + hq ~~ : Soy + 4.0 Bod: chromokt. Bod: aitinernale Soy hy! ST Gnoeszion of fodium dxchwvmake into pokaulam dihromake- Neguary + gkcl —> kycnog + anacl Oranye Colour of potassium dichwmale aystal U coyshaltise out: having matting point 6-40 ic _ SNE rome ion Cerf) ard neues on Come) i= cay i Porarpium chromate CKgCroy) = ° Q- ll > Terahudral fhate co : XX allow in colour: 4 \ 5 Cae “So BA gZ S é ‘< ° > Te didwumolt ton crue of two tetrahedral sharing one com Wh GHo-cr bond amg of \26° 7 orange in colour. Propartio :- 7 Sodium and Rotaaglurn dicho — ae abong oxidising agent: > kattgog UL moderale Aoluble in cold wake but highly folube tn hot water ocanned witn CamocarAddon of Aad ond Base s- See Te Gwomakes and — didromalaa an interconvertabl. In aq: polubion depunding upon pH of Hu aoluhon- Katrgoq oe 07) STITT woe Rok dicrvomale. Pot: dnvornakt Covange) Neatow) J Addon of WE og daemon on haaking be give 10%: Ukatrgoz. —A 5 Ukger oy & ACRog + 30a Or; in Acidic Medien = Koa SS SES SS = Crgey + ant + oe — aae* +130 Eq. mass = Moteur Nos har (tun = 6) 234 > 4g “ye 6 oxidiging property .- Se Potaggium Didwromake Uo powutul oxidising peut because it gua agent onygn (0) tn a chemical reaction. KgC%O7 + URyS0Y ——? kgSoy + Cra oy]s FUR ILO] Examply i= cA gt oxidise Jodie tnt Vodine :- ; Ky O07 + HySoy + KL —> KaSoy + Crg(s0y)3, +H,0 +Iy \onic fom - + co : CQ°7 + +r Wy sof + ast + Ia ocanned witn Vamocar: ; 61 CW _onidige — fergow dat Into fei sath 39 kya, 20F + Masog Roy —> kaSoy + M604), + Het Rees (gym dot) (oon > Fonte frm :- at) e Cgo wt zr 7 er + © Re sy go 4 8% 4 cet ¥ wy (eerrous gant) (ernie batt) Gi) 9 oxtdised —-Subphike Tap dulphokt: + —> KaGg7 + WsS0y + Naso; —> KgSout CAaGou}3, + Wyo + NaaSoy Vontc terms eo, Coy + wt & so a go + oy SIT Gv) Howdy, ‘ i hale. ontdiged Troupe into sulphale, KgC%g07 + HgSoy + NAgSg03 ——> KaSoy+ Cra Csoy)3 + Hao \\ + Na,soy Sod- Thioputphate See an Ro coe + Wh A SOE ay go cet + SOR Cy) Gk oKidaed Wrage audghidle wns subphuy :- wn Kq0t07+ WaSoy + WaS > Rasoy + C¥aGsou)g + Hyd + S jome form 3- oe ut sop + OSt + S ely + WT aS 4 \ y ydogen Sulphur. subphydsOl) St oxidised ntknke (Nog) ink nuvrale (og) fon =~ SH _owidtped ante Calog) iris nutrale_Crlog) torn | Ka%207 + KNog + WgSoy KaSoy + CMQCSoylg + HO + Knlog Jonic form 1- renee CyoY + Nop 4 wr ——» sof + CPF + Nog GAD St oxidized Malogn acid into Halogen :- wow Ab ow HX KqGhgO7 + WAC + HgSoy —5 KgSoyt Crycsou)s + Mgt cle Aone form: - Sees Cah + ats Oo sy sof + ot ely Cut) Ot oxidised sulphur dVoxtde rnto — sudghun’c_actel, 2— ss we te w Sa Kactg07 + Hgsoy + Song ——Y KaSoyt Ga Goylg + Hie + HaSoy \ontc form :- Neer = cry + WT + Sop —7 Soy + GF + HySoy Cx) Gt oxidise Gtormous salt Cong) Into gamic sat Condy) = Oe ee Ka0h907 + HgSOy * Sly —¥ KaSoy + ‘gGoylg + 20 + Sncly Toni mic form . yoy + WY x Se —> Soy + CA + ott v vy. Qkormnous Sone () 9 oMldiged ettlalcoho! CoghcoH) tte aualdehyds and Hen tnt Awe aud Lily (ool) >> BR Gach, of tel» cracno Lol, crigcootl EXalaliorad Auska\dadeyde uric audChromy| chloride Tet. — 12 AS ne Ta a Chamieal Het fe dekect chionile ome in dhe qualitabive Grays (ie Jat G wed fp dilecr Wa pesmu of chlonde yon in As giver somple) “7 Amy Chovide sale guch ad nad, Kel when healed with mixhoc OF KaC%07 and HgSoy ovange ved fund of chomyl chlonde Coreg cla) a formed? This confirm that me pxeents of chlondle long pyre ed furs SOU + Kato} Wl riif Samp KgCtg04 +6HeSoy + 4nacl hak, akHsoy +YNAH Soy + Qogclg Convery) cto) corange-vA vapeut) Dowun Diver Tut :— We Se Swpeckd —perfon UY asled fo breath into a soluhon of Acditied Potaggium dicrromale CkgC%y07 + HySou) > 4 te Prepon hoy Comumad = aleohol Han Hu colour of Joution chang from orange to brten: pecauuse ethanol wt ll oxidised bo give ethansic add Cagcyon els agcro Tels crgcook WO OF Kyg0F— we FG powerfy oxidising ayut used in varow Laboratory nd — induutrial aplication - FH & wed in pe dyeing, staining and tanning of aber: _ ocanned WItn CamscarF-Block Element :- See ee SS ~-- F F-block ements are algo called inner trangihon clemends. 7% Te irmey trangition Cumunts conpipts of two genes :~ Lonthanoids and Actinoida- Wey ot plad at tke bottom of se periodic table “+ Genal ebponrc configurahon i :— Cn-ay$!™ Mang? ns 7 hontranoids - 7 Ve wera invelving Ae filling of —uf-ovbitals follwing La(2-9) . & called —Lanthanoie series > Toc one 14 donents im th geries starling with Ce (z=) to Luteium la (z=). 7 Lanthanoids ane :- wo Wight dee uta. di) hove Wighty mebbing Point: GW) form alloys caisly with ofr wetell- GW) Softy matlerble and duch wth low tengile abenghh Elichonic configuration .— ws Elument | Ak No- Etchontc cnfyuration Oxidation stake ce 58 Ge} 6s? sa? ug2 +2, 44 pr 59 {xe} 65% sd? ug3 +3, +4 ba ea Ge} 6s? sa ug’ +a, 43, 44 Pm 6) (xe} 6st sa? wg +3 sm 62 (xeJ 68% sa uss +8, 43 _— scanned witttGamacanBle ‘Elum | AL No Eluchonic contyuraon oxidahon stoke. eu 63 Cxe] 6s? sa° ugt +2, 43 id 64 Exe) 6s2 sdb yg +3 Tb 65 Tre] 6s? sa? us coo dy 66 ko 682 gd? ugle +3, 44 Ho 6+ xe) 6s%sd° ug" +3 - & 68 Te) 68% sa? agi? +3 To 63 Gel 6s? sd? ug +3,43 Yb To Tee) ost sa ugh | +a, +3 tu 1 Cxe)_ 6s gd! ug +3 AES” > The most chavacotphe oxidahon shake of Lanthanoid elomunt & +3- got of Ha demurts ato ghd ‘a’ and SW og. 7 Cou CO showp a “FY Of beau He Losing of Yer 14 achiewe a eechonic confrguration of Noble gor and 1} become extra abl - 7 Su’ amd ‘Yb? shows ‘+2? o-S- dut tv ater loping of acm VE achatve a elechanic configuraion of fF Chal filed) and AY CHL RAY EP. “TH? algo show “HW os. duL lo \eaging YUE. Ve acquires aly Alu” eo configuration. Gaur :- goa of vivalotk tant of Lanthanoidy § ae calowed: Tip Tb dut to Yer aloporption in vigiblt wyion of aytechum, ryulhing in ££ trampiions becupe Yay have partly lad orbitals Cee mo of ongaind eon pst) ocanned witn VamscarMognakic properties = aS Le ——— Among Lantranetds , La®* and wet which have Uf? or us dadyonic ConQgurakion alt dvamayneic: J aN He ofur trivaluck Lomimanoid toms aut Parameynebe duc 2 RMU of ona clacton - Subility Hydroxide and carbonate of Lanthanoid ant frulubu in waler Bust Lomthanoidy Aulphuto axe yolubu In walker. hanthano\d cmtraction aes = whin we movt Uft t aight: In a Lonthanoid aend, Alrnc and Yomic ae Cradii) of lanthanoids decrease steadily i called hanthamord contraction - himthanoid cnteachon WU dut to poor screening eect of Uf- subphell. consequenus = weelewes ——_== Similarity —asnong — atomic gize of second and Haird tranuihen Seu dament: Ge Atomic size of few elemens of Ard and second tramihon AMA a miley dus to lanthanold contrachon. GD Dut fo Lamtanoid contyachon atomic or Yonte sire of hanthanoids eleminta ori simlay. so dur dumical properhy om algo similar 3 a vault tir geparahion becom, voy difficult 7 Sefaralion of hantramord ore possibly by Von exchange Hathod and fractional cptallisohion:Ga ay Ke shongty Of W\dvoxide :- nw ea Bare sbrength of Hydvoxidd deoeae with motase in alomic NUmMbEr- dur fo Lanthanotd contrackion haw), Low), rew)3 —___5 wow Gate aeengtn deca > haOW3 GO most baie whit Wot, G Laat bate Chermiiol — gropertiag o- ea Ss nr G | 7x3 g x = . S inca, %, e x % V uses of Lan thanords :- w= > Te pux metal have ro speific We: fo Hey ane Wed ay alloys > Bt wed for making “mich metal! i+ dan alloy of hanthans! Mukals- Misch modal contains hanthanoid rete C95}).) , pron (31-) and traw of §, ¢, a, Al. "> Magusium mixed with 31. misc meal dG wed fr making da eget pak. canned witn LamscarTF Some lanthanoils ule Nd, pr oxide aw wed for malung Colowed glasses for goggles. > Ty we abo wed in peboluum cracluing. . cerium jatts oat wed vn chging cot and alo a catalyst 7 hanthanoid oxielts ant wed for polighing glasz- > Pyrophoric alloys ae Wed fr malung buted and phells Pyrophoric alloy ‘= An alloy that had fe property of emithing sparks when suck with steel and tat 4 wed in Ughter fiints . _ Achnoids | SE zeny -- a The elemowls Actinium (z= @9) upto Aawrencium (Z=103) ane called Adinots Re actos ar highly dude Mukel / > ax silvery white metals, whith au Inghhy yeah: > (wt tonshed when exposed to attali. > AN te actinoiy ax radloachue In nau: Elements At: No. Elecbonic configurahon | Oxtderhun stade- th Go Cen} as® ga! ss! +3, +4 Pa 94 Can) “Is gal S$? +3, 44, 48 U 92 Gn) 7s? 6d’ 5f3 43, 4) 4S, +6 Ne 33 Can} ast ed? sgh | 43, 44, +S, 46, +t Po 34 CAN) As Gd sg6 | 43, tH +S 46,44 Am 35 Br) 182 6a? gg +8, 44,45, +6 cm, 36 Tan] Ast bd! oft 43, +4 Bk 34+ Ceny ast baP sf +3, 44BIS cf 98 Can) 1s* gd? gf +3 Ep 99 Can) a2 cd? sft +3 Fm loo Bn] ask 6a? spl +3 . Md lo) Can} as? 6d? sg'3 | +3 No loo [Rn] 78% gd? sp | +3 be \o3 {Rn} 162 6a’ sql +3 > Not common onidahon state af Achinowds “+3 - But Huy Con exhibit High oxidation stake of 44, +S 7 th and +4. only © whan sy achieoe a table elechonic contyurethin > TXin Hf +S, 46,44 1m 0a, U and Ne. = Te atomic and tonic size deacase wth an number a, we move Ged Actinord Ynacage yn akmic Ut to night In a adinoid 4enea U Contsachon, Adinotd cmtrachon & dut to Vay poor dccaning eftect of Sf sulophal” 7 Adimotd cntradion G galey Han lanthanatd contrachon hese : si has more poor Anieldiiny Gaouming) eHect od grmpaxd fe : YE subphell- ng and Boiling Point .- Ns = Souttg es Thay have Wyn 2 and BP as Compaxd © lonthanoids But lower than trangiiions elemonks J Coloured compounds :- — =—S Mot of te AcKnod Yoru axe colotiral ———— ocanned witn Vamocardur lp Prembene of unpaved eledyora which take pork in FoR? tranpiong. Nagnets four : neers Behaviour . Nany of the acknotda tong arc paramaynchic MW nak dut to prgcnu of a ne of unpaired * electrons - formation of complex Compounds s— oe oe ST Ea Thy form algo Compl = Gompound Ute Lantramotd becaaye of + mali But of ford and gh charge: URGE of Achnoids »- w +S i > Torum is ued in treabmnt of cant. and alo used in rudear reachon > uranium & wed im glass Indusby and mm median > wanium and — pludenium UY wed sn Atomic reac and tm atomic Bombs - 7 Toru wed — for madlcing incandercnt gay mantles Differenu Berwen Lanthonnid 4 Ackinords :- ~eo aT —_—— —~_— et —— —_——— hanthanoids Adctinovds . PME onbital Vs Prograpivery — Ly sf cmbital ip proppesnity Silled fied. > XB OS. (p most Common > Tey grow 43,44, $5, 4b, Along wit +2 and -+y 4 os. AF Orly PrOMadWiure (Rn) 1g Radioarkve | All ot vadioaction ocanned witn Vamocar&) hanthanovds Adimoids + Ty ae 6p reactive 7 ‘Trey ax mox xachve > Tey have Lapp kdany to —F Tay have mo fedanuy form — complx to frm = complex- > Lamthamotd cntrachon if WAS |» Ackinord ontrachon oy mon F Tey do not frm oxocahon. | Tey form = oxocuion «3 ves" > yellow - > Thur compound a Upp bate — Tey e@mpound mor basic Similarity Berween —hanthanotd and Adwnoid- ——— ae eee = a Both = tho) “43? onidakon tale: 7 Both — forms Complax. Compounds > Gor of both at —parameynehi > — Both Lanthaneids and Achmnoida ait elachoponitior > — Both how =~ contrathon. te Actnotd show Achnold contwadion and Lamthanoid show = lanthanotel «mtrachon ; Tromuyanic eereut :— Elm afer uranium ax ayntau in haboralory by nuuear reachons. Thue elena ax colud Fraruuvanic elemuct foe “7 Neptunium (ap), plutonium Cpu) , amin Co), Bokehinm (Bk) Q. Compl a following - q 2- a - Mog + Sa03 + Wyo ——> Ano + sof 4 om cy cro} ~ ox a ste WT > tte Wd+ To Remember D- wwe ww 3d sews. BF Treks block Seis 4 - Ses S TW ovoc@ Mn f @ Ni cu mM 7 aml oat am Xa ee A th sat GT, Ya seri: - Y tw Nb Mo Te B® Rh Pd AY cel at ou fm a aR & & wr ads S Nnum —cirwnium Sd geries v- ha ue a ang _ hantanun — Hofrium ees Ac RF ane RS \ Rutar Achaajum foun - Uf seriy .— ao @ att’ XR (cenium) aw cw cago’ - Burepium Kickin shied Rutenion Radom fad giver cadmium ‘i He To w Re os Ivy PF te He a aa wa Aer Sr aes & Tantalus Tangskengheniund opera indium —plahiram (old Mererry Db Sg Bh Ms Me sa Rg oO gook % Naky DK Ya ahr » hava NR S oh / | ‘dunt seaboyiom pel Mernerin Bont yenium Haptiem Darrstad hum epee Pr nd Pm on | Seca’ wavs nt’ Re Cama Ae | Cerapcodymivnt) — puusayrrium ——rometnium — Samar | | eS a a Ho | Coe Sole Mes | Laadolinium Tinta Dy Propiom = Helene — — scannew-wrrcamscanGQ Ey Tr + we, Nb ua ce eR oe Ly meen Woliom —Vtkerbiuin — Ludeblumn. S4- Seng +- u a h Pa U Np att Tat ma AR Thorium Protactinium uyanium Reptunium ' a fu Am Gm Gk | A air Cam (4) Aas : Plutmium Americium amu Berkelium Gi) f eg fm Nd No lr a a a a a | Califomium —Eingtemium —fermium — Aundelevium —Nebelium — hawyenatum “9Canneo- wit Camscar