ohat aTe the tx ansiton eleroen?

wte two Chayatenshcs

Oç the tranSiton elernents

d-orbrtas
Elene ohCh hae incCmpietely filed
oF theiY oLOation
qYOund State or in any one
|n their
called tyanSihon elernentt
State are
CharaCAerisicS

Show Variaole oxdaton states

1) They
1) Theu exhibt Catalyhc properties
Compounds
) They form intershhal

2 is not Considered as a tranSion eleent

Lo electronc con quration of
he

the d- oritals are Completely Giled in the ground stale

as coen a in their Comnon oidaion State. So theu aye

regarded transition metay

3 what qround Can you Sag that candim s

tranition element but zinc is n t )

On he basis of incompletely ieå d-orbtals

Scandivm has in cornpletely ined A- orbital in its

transiion element
4round State, So it is reqarded a
On the other hand has complelely flied
Orbtal in i qround state cS oel a most

Common oxdaion State is +2

metos Cetoured Compaudy

Due to PYeGence Vacant d- orbitals

and d-d transitons, Compuds c the transihon

Ccured
mela are
generaly
 ohite Wbile Cu Satls ar
&ats are

Cel eured oh
oten |ooer eneryy d- ovbita
e le cyen ro a
is excited to a hoher enerqy d- obital the enet
estain Cores ponds to the requancy Lohich
gereraly lie in tthe visible reqion The col our Complmentery C r
obseNed coYYeS Pads to t e
absobed. T e Freqieny of the
the ligt
absosbed is deteymined by the nature of
the ligand
SaltS ar e LOhite Lotile Salts are

i ong has Completey iile d -subsheI) an

z
ransion is Possibe So Znc Sat s aYe
no d-d
Ohite
Coniqur atio o Cu s A r 3 . t ha

Rled Subshel and bencet cet oured

Partly
to d-d tansiton
due

6 ohy Ao tyansio elemens show VarIable oxidaho

State
Tyaneition metals Show Variable oxidatiom

State because the diçterence of enerqy in the

(-)d and n orbtals is Vesy \ess Hente

electrons fKon b th thne eesqu evels Can be
Usea fes bmd eexmatia

For Se Ti (222) has 46 3'

electy onc Conhguraion

Mn z =25) ehibD, the laxqest Dunbex of ox daho

+2 to +1 be cause it has raximnM
States fhon
Unpaired ele ctO,
1 Correx (T) n not agquecus

aqueouS
Sotutms, cu derqoes disprepotthahe
stable cu ion.
more
to iorm
2c ca)
soluions is table than Cu i on
aqueous
because hydration enthalpy of cu biaher than
Compensates the Seond ionSaton
that
inyoved in the i6ns

IYonshon metals
and ther conpaunds gnerallu ehibt
Paramaqnehc behaviour

Tranetion metals and most of their conouDds

Contain upaired electyons in the (a-)d orbitals hence

behaviour
Shaw para magnetiC
CAYe white ?
Salts
Tt as Conpletely ined d - obtal (a'o)

Zo, cd and SoFt metals

zn, co an Ha, all he electrons in the
d- Sub Shel| aYe Paired He nce the metallic bods
weak. :.The Se are Soçt metals ith
are

meling and baing Pint

ShoS the hiqhest odathon state
Wth but With Fluorne it shas the
oudation s t ate
highest
an
bond oitth
Manganee
2 oYbital ygen and
Ouyge0 by uthsing
Manganese due to which it Can
3d orbital
State +7
Show hiqhest oid ation
while coith Fluorne it Cannat ter
sha a maxmumm
PTT- AT bond thus, it
Can
Such
+y oudahom strte
 Sho 15
metals and their
Trangitton

Catal uhc Pund

metals and their comp
The traneihon

are
ther Catalyhc actvity achviy
nuiple o a i o n
to adopt
due to their olbiity
and fosm ComlexesS
State
beCause of theiY Variable
Transiton melals
unstable intermediate Com pcurd
Some time
Valenoes looeY activaion enex g
new Path ithn
and provide a
reachon
or the
Proess), inely divided iton (Habers Prouss)
E3) V05( contact
Nicrel (catalyhc hydrogenation)
inveve the bond foY atio
sotid Surale
Catalust at oa moeules and atong
reactant
betoeen
the oxidation oç SO) o
cataly

Stable than Fe touar&, OLdation

mose ress tatthhn C2t
to t 3 tate
toooy ds O d atior) oç M
Electonic Conigur athon 3d whic
Gled and hence Stab\e . Theretexe

third ionization enth\py u Very high iey 3A electon

Cannot be ost easilyF e t
Cas2
ele ctYOnic ConHguraton
3 . Hence it Can electron easiy
Stable Conequraton 3d5
give the
to
enthoalpy atom) Zaton
3d eys the tranSton elenents

Zn (2=26) has Conplelely fled &- orbtal (3d°)

d- orbtals do not tace part in inteY atom c bonding
Hene Metallc booding iy weat
atomsaton (12 6 y moi)
ertthalpy
(5 1he
angiion metals(with he exLephon
have hiqh
zo, ca and H) are haxd and
and Pein
Inelting bóling
along transihon metal Series fyom let tn
As e
riqht ( ley Ti to cu) the atomic radii decvease du to

0ncye s e n cleaY ChaYqe ence the aomic votum

deceases. t the Same Gime, atomic masS inCYease

Hente the density from titaniun Ti)to coppey Cu)

increases
be atoms of txanshen metas have
metaicc bond betoeen tner,hus thes have
high
melting and bcing pin

lb The ionisation enthalpies (First and Selona) in the

SerneS the transi hon e emen
Hrst axe found
to vary irreguariy
TYreqlar Vaiaion ioniSahon ethalpies

naliy attnbuted to Varying egee o stabiliy o

dicferent
captinatly stabie)
Both and St abilh Za hiqh oidaio states og

transihon Oet ala but the ability o oxygen to do

exLeeds that of Florine
So
This due to ability of
huliple bonds Netals

18 Cobalt (T) is Ve stable

in agueos Salutis
but gets Casily oxidised inhe Presena
Complexing agonls
Stveng ligands OY

The tendeney to ton Complex es s high fr Co()

Compaved to Ver
y stable and
ihcult to aYe less stable
and re duceA by water
 Lo contrast any CoT) conplexes are read
odised to Co() Copexes and Co o) Cormpvees

are vesy ab\e

"bis happens becaue the Crystal Held Stablisaton

energy of Co) oith a
CoshguY ati o
is higher than tor Co oth a a' (txt ea)aangenet
19 Tansiton metas are uch bardax than the
alkali etals
This due o the invevemert oç qreater
electrons rom -)d in addito to

the elect onS in the intey atomic metaIlic

bonding
20 which Meta in the irst transion Seie
Bd serie) exhibita +1 oxidatton state most

Freguety and why

exhibit, +1 oidation state in it
Coppex
Cornpounds Electronic conGgurgton oE Cu in the
ground state is 4s. So Cu can easiy
lose 4s electon to qive a stable
it Shows +1 oiathon tate Coniquaten
"Thus
2(: which {olloong cations are cooured in aqueouy
Solutons and
Sc -2\ ,V: 2 3 , Ti = 22, n= 25

Orly those lons oill be cotored which have

Parholly iled orbitas FaG litahnq d-d ansiton

oith and O ae Caur leS
Tons
ae all cooud
3d caless
34S
2Nang
nlereliial Conpounh

Thansition melab,

lnterstl Conps beca,e

e t allic elemenb H, , C, N)gel raPpeA in Vo,
or Vacant spaces oç lattices e the, ranitan Netaly
s intere,titia comeund
These CompDunds are kno0n
TiC, Mny
eg»
for the
23 How ÖDuld ou acCount
The
oYOt eie, c trantion
he nly netal in the
behavio)
elemeb ShorOln this veay high for
atomiSation
The enthalpy o
s very loW. The high
Cu but is hydraion enerqy
Cula)
energ4 to tx ans ornn Cs) to
balanced by ib hydration enthalpy PoStive
a,ion, E° value U
"Thus çoY this Conve

Dot Knoon in queog Solulion

24 CoepeY (T) ion iS
unstable.
Coppex (T) i0n are
golution and undergo Aisprororiornation
2 Cut

Stability of c° athey than cuh

"The
neqqtR AhytH o Cu laa)
due to the rmuch more
than c

24 The ethalies of
aye quite high
rnet, have hiqh etalpies of
TYaniion
atoroiSatio due to metaic onding
boding: Melattic
and aittona
to their
Covalent
Smaller Sizo Ohile boning
Covalent
U due
duo. to d-d Over Iapeig
5 Cy23
Stvong reduing agent ohere as
with the Sarme a) conGguration
is an oLdising aget ive reaso.

C veduing agent becausQ it Can

electron to forn cy3t oich has stable 3d
ConKgur ation(as it has half illed t g leve).
othe hand,
Change om Mot to Mt has
extra Stabilty it result in the half iiled
Conrguration- Thus it behaves a an
oridising agent
26 which element in the first Series o transttion
elernens does not exhibit Varrable oridatia
Ctates why?
does oot Show
Nariable oidation state
becase it has Completaly Ined d- orbital.

21 Na) ion Show Sazimm Paamagnetic charaoter

bvalet ion oF Grst traneihon eries.
anong the
Because it hos the mairnum numper o
anpaired electron

28 Name the OLO rnetal aniorn oç One of the transitorn

rmetals i which the tnela exbibit the Oxidaton
State equa to the group D b e y
oidation state oç Mn is t7
MnOy ionthe
Durner

oyidaioo tat tb
 op 3 t raniton Series ae
HR
24 Ibe e\eroenb

3ven Co Ni Cu
Fe

oumber
which ShOs mara rounn
write the e\erne nt
ve reas on
OLdatia ot ates: idati o
Dum ber D
Mo bas
the highest electroniC onigurtion
chel\
States because its valera
qre CloseY in energy
4S
2lectr ony
nunber of
It bas
iun
fsor +2 tO t ]
oidation states
ShouS
meltnq ont ?
elemest has the hiqb est
Il hich Pint oamong
Chromiu
highest meltng Dumber
elernen
becawse it has highest
qiVen SheI
all the theY Valence
oÀ electr ons in
Un
inv otve in
Stro4 oetallic bonding
it 0xidation State?
nly +3
elemeot Shoo 0xidation State
which nly +3
shoos
Scandiur
element stvong odising agent
LOhich
oby?
1V)
+3
oLdabon Stale and s t a , Ma a
e +3 oidatism
in
oidiSing agent beCawse abbe
Stong coniquratim hich w less st
Mo exist in 3a4
mar stable
Can redue
to Mo+ giving
and it
35 conigurahm
for rst r w
Eu)u values are not vegular
30
roetals (3d- Series)
transition decreasing negative eledrode
There
irst transiton eries
Potentias cç M/M in the
and
due to inCrease
 ShoS that in general, the Aabilty F 42
oTdation state decreases from le¢t to riqht
Exeptios are Mo and Zo in ohich the qYeater
M5U due to half lled
Stabllty ot 42 sate

d suoshel and that oc completely

led à- Subshell (ao)
Oith
31 There haraly any increase
trans,, i n
incresinq otomic
meta
given Series
Io qneral, t oms
in a
de Cyease in
transitin netals Show Poqreysive
at omoic nmber This
radiuS oith increasin
s ne electron eteS in a d- oYbital
becawse

each time the nucleo chae incres by unity

Shielding effect A- eletYon eFtecive
henco ecfeciVe nuclean chag increases and
and
radi S decreases
Couten each oth0T), tho_Yefore
oth thee
tomnic
Change
ncrease densty tiom itaniUm
There 3enei transitton series
the rSt
move leçt to ight aleng a
As
the atomic.
transiton eries (fsom Ti to cu)
to IDcrese nucle ay
radii decreAses due

Chasp Iherelore atornic

Voturme decreases 0 t h

atomc as "Thatsy cohy

Increose
increas es
ranstion etls
Aensiy
33 wbat meant by dsproportinahe
2Xamples
Cive
in
The disproportion aton reacion arethose
oxidised as
which the Same Substane qets Oidation state
Pari cul a
wen as reduced cOhen a oidati
other
be Come s
stable relative to
disproPorio atio
State, it undegos
+MoO2 + 2 Hz 0
4 Ht 2 MnDy
3 Mno t1 with
2 cu
Oidatbon state op
hiqhest
24 Mn Shows thewith fluorino it
shoos the hiqhest
Oyqn but
tate of
Odatbon the hiqhest oidatom
Oygn stabilis&s
fluorine becawse OIygen
more than
gtate even bonds oith
muliple
has thne ability to toT
Mangarnese where as Fluoine does not for any
muitiple bonds
of
Shos the hiqhest oxidat on
Henco

oyqen M01 but with Fluor) ne it

oith
ShoS the idation state of ny +4

35 How y account tor the inceasing oaising

PoLoer in the Sernes VO CY0 4 nDy ?

Oidatin state lar qe and the

Change
reduced producs in v(n) cr(ü) Mni)
Stability of
MnDy
OLIdising poÜer op Vo, Cro<

36 atOmc vadii of the of the thid(Sd)

meta

Series of transiton elemenb aYe virtually tthe Sae

the (oTespoding
4d) series
lanthanid Contractio
due
31

Other
eNn Volue highly negathve
elemeny
Mo in has stable hale aled (3d)
electronic conhquration.TUS ionisation enthapy
Value s \ooe in Cermpariso to hydraion
erttalpy
Hence ore hegative

38 The \0west 0de of a transihon metai s basc

amphoteric OY aidie
the hghest
lower Oidotion states, transition
metals bebave ike rmetals and etal odes cohich
ae basic Sature

AS oidation State increasesi its metalic

decreases åue to decxease in Si ze
Character
becomes non meta|ic
ad thus
odes of non etal may be acdic oY neutra
Thus in hiqhest oLdation state trnsiion
meta o doa aue ampoteric

Compare the Stablihy of t2 oIdatn state

3A
eleneny of the fYst tY angitn series
Sor the
Io the GYSt t vantoeries, the
oid ation state decre ases fY o
Stability o +2

tD Cu. This iS bec ause of the incyease in

S
and Secod I. .
the Sum oç first
HoleNer +2 oçdation state of
stable becawse D the
Ni and higag
Presente of Hlled and fuy tlled
half
orbtau
Ma and z1 Yes pectivey
due to
The stabi ly
hiqiy negathve het of hydation.
is
AO Mnl0) underqocs dispropotionation
veacbon casly ohy unstabie
oidation Statl, Mn
Io t3
idaion state, sD H gely
inter ediate
stable Mo.ad Oudised to
reduced to mOre un
owdatin states ike
more stoble higher
he

Metal- Metal bonding

for
3d- Series enerqy s sequured
less
be cawsee -to tave p r t in
electr ons
more
bonding.
metal - metal
Yeduinq aqent cr or Fe
42. Lohich is a Stvonqer
Give becase
Cr2t u a stvonger redu Cing ager
Ct which has
lose electron to form
it Lan
ta)
Stawe 3d conHguration half 6hed
moYe negahve than e1.
Further
CoroPcuods
ond heir
43 Transiion nnetals
(Cmpauods
(orolex Comparativey Smaller Si2e
Due to the
ionic Charge and
the metal ionsy high
tes
Vacant d- orbital
availabity o
the
tesmatton, ransiti on meta
or 1avge
bond
Cornprex conpund.
Dum ber of

In the trans hon Serie of me tals, the melal cohch

Cccur he
 his is due to the presene of larqe umber
unpared eletr ong in d- oxbitals in the middle ap the
Series and involvement all ns and (h-) A elecro
in the bondinq: eq, Mo has oidathon stotes
+2 to +7

H5 here qreater horizont al Simi\ aYity in the PrCperhes

Of the tyanhon elements to that of the
Ycup elemeny
due to Party ilhed da orbitay
to q). The atome and ionie radis decrease ve to
xet ve ele mes a d then beome dmast SimilaUy
for ext ive elernes of the given Series
ttheve Us greater hoizontal
in the per ties of he trans Hon elenen
simlarity
tyends In the
the
4b De GCribe tyansion metals
Seres of the
the irst
he metas exLept Scandium -fen MO

are ionic The hiqhest udatio number

dth the group umber and
in e oides, coinade
attained in Sc0 to MngO Besides oup 1, no
higher udes of above Fe,o2 are koow
Besdes the oudes, the o10Cotiong Stabili so

v as Vo and T0 as Tio

As t e oçdaton Dumber the metal iNveaot

ionie haracter decreases

Mo, Mn0 so covalent CY03 ViO have.

Oidatae he aidic haracter

To their hiqher 9ives H O u
Predominant Thws Mo01
q ves HCYou and
hooeer annphoterC though maçnly acdc
and it 5ves vo weil as vo, Qalt
Beth O nd Stabilis high c1dnt
tates 0t tran,thon metas bud he
oxygen to do So wces that
blity of
eluoYNe
neqative element
Fluorine is the roost electro
tranition metay show
highest exidatio
The
State oithn FluorinQThe tendan y
Oidati on stat u due to ib
to stabilise
biqhest
as i Case of oF cY
hiqhest lattice enthalpy
bond enthalPy due to hiqhen Covalent
higher
bon g VF5 and cY F6
to Stabi ise th ese
Ability Of oyqen
exceeds that of
high Oid ation states
high est Fluoride
Mo0 . Tbi s cy
where as the hi qhest Ode
oyp to tem
to the terndeny
mutele

in oxdaion State
the vari abilhy
transtion metals ditteret
elerne ntu metala
of Oidtion States of t rangitn
Variabiity
ina o d- orbita andd it
aises due to incom lete
each other by unity
y
diffe
Ih p- blocr elernenb oLi dabon states
Unit of two
generally by a
Sn
egy
 the transtin eta
Folooing
Series ;
Atcmic DmberS:Tin2 Mn25
V23

Anscoe the foling Sotutr

iagueos
) ohich LS most stable
and
hasiqhest oidotion state among
Ti1 has Stable inert gas
the 9iven ions
and hene, nost
Stable
Conpiguration
aqueos Stutions
y?
i) cOhich i on s strong oxasng gent ?
the resene o¢ hiqhest OidatGon
fo
State ot Ti. It
acts s the stronqest udiSg
agent ammg the gives ions
iii) cohich
Due to of uopUred
electroms

Fe and the Subseuent other vit

50 Unlike C3t Mn
2d Series op elensents, the 4d and 5d
Series metals generally do not for stab le
Cationic Seues
àue tO \anthanid Costracian the
increase in Si 2 does not ocCuY
ex pecte
have very hiqh vale of ionisatio
hene they
enthal pies
5\ zr and have alost Similar atomic radii
Due to lanthonaid eontraction the ecent
LÀ Cnd S eries have Similar tomic rodis
Zrl45 Pm
 Nanoe
Ahe lootbano
ehibit
0el KoouS fo
and t) hor,atics
thy oidqtion clate
oidation States
Lanthaboid shoing
ssle

b6Dy
oidati on sStab
+2 orbita
-due to ha\f 61ed f
Europium rbihy
comp|e tely hired
yterbiu 4ely Oidatio states
are -\he ietetent
53 Ob at the qthaGils?
exhibited ty
Lanthanum and (antthaneids edoinantly
oidaion tate
Shoo +3
Hoo everi Some of the lanthanids
Oidation States in Soluti on
and +4
irreqularity arises
Solid LosPnents. This
attoainment oe stab\e
due to the
half tHlled 7 and tully illed 4e4 sabshell.

54 here qradunl decxease in he cize oF qtons

tomic numser in he Serics of
coilh increaing
lathancids
atomic omber increases,
As the
guceeeding elemest Ceontains one more electsanin

the e orbital and extra protony in the ouclew.

elecn are rather isetective in

the Outer electron rorn the

cereening
AS o Yesult thele qradual increase in
the nucleaa attration fer the oute electron
Conequentiy the atornie Sile gadually decreases
This g cale lanhanid Contatien.
 (z=7) do not Shoo an
Lu1
55 La(z- 51) and
the Goution mptu 4 Subshe|
they hqve
becase
OXdise
the \anthanids, Ce easily
to ce (v)
has outeY ConiquYation
Cel0) to acquire the
|oses an electron
It easiy
ohich exist n
Corti quratin
ft 4) lanthani
Sutio: han CeriUm( )
st able
has electronic coniqurati
Europium ( ) onic
cerium T) has elLcbr
while
ConAratan e]4psd
hale
Subshell
Eu, 4

44 Sub she|
neithe Y
Con pleteiy Hled.
S b Shell Stable
Buroum ( )
ence
Cerium T)
thas
a qreater range ot oidatiery
58 Actinoids, exhibt
Ctates lhan \athancida
beCawse there is less enerqy
ThiS
6d obitals in
SE and
difterence beten
eneraH difterenle be tuleon
'actinoids than the
oYbitals in case athancids
than lnthanod
54 ActinoA Contractio (s qreat er
Ccoliacinhy?
 reateY ufaber of
Becawse hey Show
comparable ere9i
dation tates d e t o
Cnd 1S orbit a
Of S, 6
he Oxcatar
60 Name the e t 2

\dahon States and hoSe behoVioY the

t y ox type of
ths
Cox relale
Glates T y to elenants
elecronc conHqurahon ot

Ce z- 5e)
Py (2:5)
oidation Stt
shows +4
and Dy (zb)
Tb (z =bs) Corfgut ation Closer to
They aqire electroc

and
Nalz-b). Snlzb) Eu (zb) Tmlz: 64)
oidabon stote
and yb (2=o) ShoS 42
acquire hale tilled ard cornpletely
They Coniguration
4p4 electopOic
filed
electronic Coniquraton o the
1S the
ohat ay orn that oL non tyanston
iffercnt
trans,hon element
elementy
Transiion eremeny have incomelete d- orbta

eleclronic conigur ation is h-)

elemen d- oYbital is
non transitian

absent
Cornpletely flled and they have
ele ctronic conhguratin
ngob ty pe
intershhal Compaund Jel K a n
transiton etals?
the
ecause SnaIl tom Can easil ocupy
POSition in the voids Preset in the crusal latt ces
of transition meta