ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 1
Lecture: 9-10: Theorem (Green’s, Gauss’s divergence & Stoke’s)
Green’s theorem:
Statement: If R is a closed region of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if M and N are
continuous function of x and y having continuous derivative in R then ∮ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦,
where C is traversed in the positive direction.
Gauss’s divergence theorem:
Statement: If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and 𝐴⃗ is a vector function of position with
continuous derivative then ∭ 𝛻 • 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑣 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∯ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑑𝑠⃗, where 𝑛 is the unit normal vector.
Stoke’s theorem:
Statement: The line integral of the tangential component of a vector 𝐴⃗ taken around a simple closed curve c
is equal to the surface integral of the normal component of the curl of 𝐴⃗ taken over any surface S having c as
its boundary i.e, ∮ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑛 is the unit normal vector.
Question-1: Verify Greens theorem in the plane for ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦where c is the
boundary of the region defined by (a) 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 (b) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
Solution: (a) Given that 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑦=𝑥
Directly solving these two equations we get, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
Along, 𝑦 = 𝑥
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 6𝑥 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (3𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= |𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 | = −1
Along, 𝑦 = √𝑥
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 4√𝑥 − 6𝑥 √𝑥
√
𝑑𝑥
=∫ (3𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
11𝑥 5
= 𝑥 − + 2𝑥 =
2 2
∴ ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 boundary by the region 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 is − 1 =
√ ( )
By Green’s theorem, ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
√
=∫ ∫ {−6𝑦 + 16𝑦}𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
=∫ |5𝑦 |√ 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (5𝑥 − 5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 =
Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.
ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 2
(b) Along 𝑦 = 0, ∴ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 then x varies from 0 to 1.
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |𝑥 | = 1
Along 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ∴ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 then x varies from 1 to 0.
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ {3𝑥 − 8(1 − 𝑥) }𝑑𝑥 − {4(1 − 𝑥) − 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥)}𝑑𝑥
= ∫ {−11𝑥 + 26𝑥 − 12}𝑑𝑥
= − + 13𝑥 − 12𝑥 =
Along 𝑥 = 0, ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 then y varies from 1 to 0.
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = |2𝑦 | = −2
Hence ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1 + − 2 =
( )
By Green’s theorem, ∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
=∫ ∫ {−6𝑦 + 16𝑦}𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
=∫ |5𝑦 | 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (5 − 10𝑥 + 5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 − =
Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.
H.W. Question-2: Evaluate ∮(𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 around the boundary of the region defined by
𝑦 = 8𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2 (a) directly (b) by using Green’s theorem. Ans. (a) (b)
Question-3: Verify Greens theorem in the plane for ∮ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 where c is the boundary of
the region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9
Solution: Along the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 the line integral
∮ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦=∫ {(6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 27 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃}
[𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃]
= ∫ {−18 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 81 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃}𝑑𝜃
=∫ −9 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) − 27 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + ∫ {1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃}𝑑𝜃 + 9[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]
=0+ [𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃] + ∫ {1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃}𝑑𝜃 + 0
= + 𝜃+
= +
2
ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 3
Again along the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 the line integral
∮ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦=∫ {(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃}
[𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃]
= ∫ {−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃}𝑑𝜃
=∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + ∫ {1 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃}𝑑𝜃 + [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]
= 0 + [𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃] + ∫ {1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃}𝑑𝜃 + 0
= + 𝜃+
= +
Thus the line integral closed by the two circles is = − = = 60𝜋
( )
For surface integral ∮ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ (−𝑦 + 3𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Now, Along the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 the surface integral
√
∬ (−𝑦 + 3𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ √
(−𝑦 + 3𝑦 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
√
=∫ − +𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√
=∫ − (9 − 𝑥 ) + (9 − 𝑥 ) + √9 − 𝑥 + √9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ √9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ √9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
= 4 × 3 × 3∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
5 1 p 1 q 1
2
2 2 sin p cos q d 2 2
4 33 3
2 3
0 pq2
2
2
1
=4×3 ×3× , n n 1 n 1
2
Again, Along the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 the surface integral
√
∬ (−𝑦 + 3𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ √
(−𝑦 + 3𝑦 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 4
√
=∫ − +𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√
=∫ − (1 − 𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 ) + √1 − 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ √1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
= 4∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
5 1 p 1 q 1
2
2 2 sin p cos q d 2 2
4
2 3
0 pq2
2
2
1
=4× , n n 1 n 1
2
Thus the surface integral closed by the two circles is = − = = 60𝜋
Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.
Question-4: Verify the Gauss’s divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 𝑦𝚤̂ − 𝑦 𝚥̂ + 4𝑥𝑧 𝑘 taken over the region in
the first octant bounded by 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9and 𝑥 = 2.
Solution: We know the Gauss’s divergence theorem ∭ 𝛻 • 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑣 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠.
The volume integration, ∭ 𝛻 • 𝐴⃗𝑑𝑣 = ∭ 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 • 2𝑥 𝑦𝚤̂ − 𝑦 𝚥̂ + 4𝑥𝑧 𝑘 𝑑𝑣
√
=∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
√
=∫ ∫ 4𝑦 × − 2𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑧 × 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
√
=∫ ∫ (4𝑦 + 16𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
=∫ [2𝑦 + 16𝑦𝑧]√ 𝑑𝑧
=∫ 2(9 − 𝑧 ) + 16𝑧√9 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 18𝑧 − +∫ 8√𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [𝑙𝑒𝑡, 9 − 𝑧 = 𝑡, ∴ −2𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡]
= 54 − 18 − 8 × × 𝑡
= 54 − 18 + 8 × 2 × 9
= 180
4
ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 5
The surface S of the region is consists by the base 𝑆 (𝑥 = 0), the top 𝑆 (𝑥 = 2)
and the convex portion 𝑆 (𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9).
So, the surface integral, ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ + ∬ + ∬
For the surface 𝑆 unit normal 𝑛 = −𝚤̂ and at 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴⃗ = −𝑦 𝚥̂ ∴ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 = 0
∴ ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0
For the surface 𝑆 unit normal 𝑛 = 𝚤̂ and at 𝑥 = 2, 𝐴⃗ = 8𝑦𝚤̂ − 𝑦 𝚥̂ + 8𝑧 𝑘 ∴ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 = 8𝑦
√
∴ ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 8𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
√
=∫ [4𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [4(9 − 𝑧 )] 𝑑𝑧 = 4 9𝑧 − = 4(27 − 9) = 72
For the surface 𝑆 , Normal to the surface, 𝛻(𝑦 + 𝑧 − 9) = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 (𝑦 + 𝑧 − 9) = 2𝑦𝚥̂ + 2𝑧𝑘
̂ ̂
So, unit normal =𝑛 = = ∴ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 = − + 𝑥𝑧
∴ ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ − + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑠 [𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃]
=∫ ∫ − + 𝑥 × 27 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝜃
[𝑑𝑠 = 3𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 → 0, 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 → 0, 𝜋/2]
= 3∫ −9𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 36 × × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3∫ (−18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 72 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
= 3 −18 × + 72 × × 1 = 108
Thus the surface integral, ∬ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + 72 + 108 = 180
Hence the Gauss’s Divergence theorem is verified.
Question-5: Evaluate ∬ 𝑟⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠, where S is the surface bounded by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 4 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) and
the 𝑥𝑦 plane.
Solution:We know the Gauss’s Divergence theorem ∬ 𝑟⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝛻 • 𝑟⃗𝑑𝑣 = ∭ 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 [∵ 𝛻 • 𝑟⃗ = 3]
Now in the 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0, ∴𝑥 +𝑦 =4
Let, 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 and the limit: 𝜃 → 0, 2𝜋; 𝑟 → 0,2 and
the limit of z : 𝑧 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 = 4 − (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 4 − (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) = 4 − 𝑟
∴ ∬ 𝑟⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 3𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧
= 3∫ ∫ [𝑟𝜃] 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑧 = 6𝜋 ∫ [𝑟𝑧] 𝑑𝑟
= 6𝜋 ∫ (4𝑟 − 𝑟 )𝑑𝑟 = 6𝜋 2𝑟 − = 24𝜋 Ans.
ME/Math 1221 (MHU) 6
Question-6: Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐴⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝚤̂ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝚥̂ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘 where S is the surface of the
cube 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 above the 𝑥𝑦 plane. z
Solution: We know the Stoke’s theorem ∮ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
Now, ∮ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∮ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝚤̂ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝚥̂ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘 • 𝑑𝑥𝚤̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘 O C y
= ∮ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 A x B
= ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧
+ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 + (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧
Along OA, y=0, z=0 and x varies from 0 to 2.
∴ ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4
Along AB, x=2, z=0 and y varies from 0 to 2.
∴ ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑦 = 8
Along BC, y=2, z=0 and x varies from 2 to 0.
∴ ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = −8
Along CO, x=0, z=0 and y varies from 2 to 0.
∴ ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑦 = −8
Hence ∮ 𝐴⃗ • 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 4 + 8 − 8 − 8 = −4
And we have to find ∬ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 =?
𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘
𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ = = −𝑦𝚤̂ + (𝑧 − 1)𝚥̂ − 𝑘
𝑦−𝑧+2 𝑦𝑧 + 4 −𝑥𝑧
∴ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 == −𝑦𝚤̂ + (𝑧 − 1)𝚥̂ − 𝑘 • 𝑛 = −𝑘 • 𝑛
We know, ∬ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝛻 × 𝐴⃗ • 𝑛
•
= ∬ −𝑘 • 𝑛 =∫ ∫ (−1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −4
•
Hence the Stoke’s theorem is verified.
H.W. Question-7: Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑧𝚤̂ − 𝑦𝚥̂ + 𝑥 𝑦𝑘 where S is the surface of the region
bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 which is not included in the 𝑥𝑧 plane.
Ans. L.H.S=R.H.S=32/3
