PROJECT TITLE

DETAIL MAP

SITE LOCATION

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

STAFF SCHOOL NASARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF
NASARAWA STATE

In fulfillment for my promotion from assistant Chief Instructor to chief Instructor

as so submit

AHMED SUBERU
File No. 1837
Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics

The Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

08182856713 or 08102471880
[email protected]

i
 CERTIFICATION

This dissertation titled” DETAIL SURVEY OF POLYTECHNIC STAFF SCHOOL FEDERAL

POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE” meets the regulations governing the
submission of works for considerations for promotion by the Academic Papers Assessment
committee.

_______________________________ _________________
Surv, Isreal O. Oyekeye Date
Supervisor

_______________________________ _________________
Surv, Isreal O. Oyekeye Date
Head of Department

______________________________ _________________
Builder, Halima O. Abubakar Date
Dean of SES

ii
 ABSTRACT

This project explains the experience in surveying and also the stages and the practical aspect
carried out during the field work. The project comprises of 15 stations in which the traverse was
run. It started from a tertiary control. The project is divided into five (5) chapters. The first
chapter talks of introduction in which the purpose of the project is defined. The second chapter
treats the literature Review. Here, reference was made to related literature of previous survey
which provided the guidelines for further studies. The third chapter deals with Research
methodology which involves the recce and the various methods used in carrying out the project.
Chapter four shows all the calculations done in respect to the work and for its accuracy to be
determined. It includes the computational procedures, and adjustment of field data. Lastly,
chapter five talks about the conclusion, problems encountered recommendations, and appendix.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROJECT TITLE...........................................................................................................................................i
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.............................................................................................2
1.3 OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY................................................................................2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................2
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS........................................................................2
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS............................................................................................................................2
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................................3
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................4
2.1 Historical Development on Detail Survey.....................................................................................5
2.2 Summary of Literature Review......................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................7
3.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................7
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE....................................................................................................................7
3.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE:................................................................................................8
3.1.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE:.........................................................................................................8
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN...................................................................................................................8
3.2.1 TRAVERSING..........................................................................................................................8
3.2.2 SPIRIT LEVELLING................................................................................................................9
3.2.3 TACHEOMETRIC METHOD..................................................................................................9
3.2.4 MONUMENTATION (SURVEY BEACON)..........................................................................9
3.3 AREA OF STUDY......................................................................................................................10
3.4 POPULATION............................................................................................................................10
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION.............................................................................10
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.........................................................................................11
3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT...................................................................................11
3.7.1 TEST ON STEEL TAPE................................................................................................................11

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 3.7.2 TEST AND ADJUSTMENT ON THE THEODOLITE................................................................11
3.7.2.1 TEST FOR PLATE BUBBLE.....................................................................................................12
3.7.2.2 TESTING FOR HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION.....................................................................12
3.7.2.3 TESTING FOR INDEX ERROR................................................................................................13
3.7.3 TEST AND ADJUSTMENT FOR LEVEL INSTRUMENT.........................................................14
3.7.4 IN-SITU CHECK.....................................................................................................................15
3.8 PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION.............................................................................15
3.8.1 BOUNDARY SURVEY.................................................................................................................16
3.8.2 SPIRIT LEVELLING.....................................................................................................................17
3.8.3 TACHEOMETRY (DETAILING).................................................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................19
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.............................................................................................19
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS......................................................................................................................19
4.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION...................................................................................................19
4.1.2 ANGLE DEDUCTION...................................................................................................................19
4.1.3 COORDINATE DETERMINATION............................................................................................20
4.2 TACHEOMETRIC COMPUTATION........................................................................................21
4.3 DATA PRESENTATION............................................................................................................35
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................................36
5.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................................36
5.1 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED...................................................................................................36
5.2 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................36
5.3 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................36
5.4 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................37
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................................38

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Surveying can be defined as the science, art and technology of making measurements of
the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the earth surface and the
presentation of the information either numerically or graphically using a suitable scale
(Oyekeye 2012).

It covers the production of maps representing the true shape of the ground surface within
the map area.

Datailed\Detail survey is the survey whereby the features on the earth surface are
measured and maps are drawn to some suitable scales to show their relative position both
horizontally and vertically ( Oyekeye 2012).

Among the scales used for topographic survey are:

a) Large scale e.g. 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/2500, etc.

b) Medium scale e.g. 1/5000, 1/10000, 1/25000
c) Small scale e.g. 1/50000, 1/100000, 1/1000000.

The data for the production of Datailed map can be gotten from the following sources
viz:

i. Aerial photographs

ii. Old maps

iii. Ground surveys.

However, for the purpose of this research work, the ground survey methods was used
which include the following methods:

i. Theodolite traversing
ii. Leveling
iii. Tacheometry.

1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The federal polytechnic staff school Nasarawa was established in September 1998 by the
first governing council of the federal polytechnic to meet the educational requirement of
the children of the staff of the federal polytechnic. The idea behind the establishment of
the school is to improve and foster the standard of education within the primary and
secondary section in Nasarawa.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Federal polytechnic staff school Nasarawa does not have any existing map from the
establishment of the school till date to facilitate the future development of the school,
knowing fully well that there can be no meaningful development without a base map.

1.3 OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose and objective of this study is to produce a Detail map of the federal
polytechnic staff school Nasarawa.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of detailed survey is significant because the end product is the production of a
Detailed map upon which the future development of the school can be based.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS

To achieve the objective of this research work, the following questions were considered:

I. What are the methods of surveying to be used to achieve the set goal?
II. What are the equipment needed depending on the method used and accuracy
needed?.

1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the following assumptions are made:

a. It is assumed that the theodolite traversing done is able to obtain the horizontal
coordinates of the pillars.

b. It is also assumed that the leveling done is able to obtain the heights.

2
 c. It is also assumed that the tacheometry done is able to pick details on all existing
features on the site.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project work includes:

a. Reconnaissance
b. Control extension
c. Theodolite traversing
d. Spirit leveling
e. Tacheometric method (Detailing)
f. Computation
g. Plotting

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to avoid confusion and misinterpretation, it has become necessary to define some
of the terms as used in the study to enable the reader understand what the research is all
about.

a. DETAILED MAP: A Detailed map is a map whose principal purpose is to portray

and identify features of the earth surface, both artificial and natural features as
faithfully as possible within the limitation imposed by the scale.
b. SURVEYING: Is defined as the science of accurately determining the three
dimensional position of points on the earth surface and the distances and angles
between them.
c. TRAVERSING: Is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey
lines form the framework, and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are
measured.
d. TACHEOMETRY: Is that branch of surveying where distances between ground
marks are obtained by optical means only.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Detail survey as a survey of establishing the position and shapes of natural and man-made
features over a given area usually for the purpose of producing a geographical
information system. The relief or configuration of the terrain and the natural and man-
made features are located by measurement and depicted on a flat sheet to form a Digital
Terrain Model (DTM) or as Detail map. Contour lines join points along a line of the same
elevation across the ground. Contours show not only the elevation of the ground but also
the geomorphic shape of features. Hussain, A. (2013).

Detail surveying can be defined as the method of surveying which determines the
position of natural and man-made features of a locality of area, both in horizontal and
vertical with a view to representing them by means of conventional signs and suitable
scale to form a map known as Detail map (Bannister and Raymond, 2014).

A Detail Survey (sometimes referred to as a Land Survey) is the process to produce an

accurate and detailed map of the features both man-made and natural within an area.
Detail Surveying may be defined as the system of surveying which determine the
positions of natural or artificial features of a locality, both in plan and elevation and
representing them by means of conventional signs on a map known as Detail elevation.
The objective of Detail surveying is to indicate the three dimensional 3-D
relationship for a particular area. Hence, on a Detail map, the relative positions of points
are represented both horizontally and vertically. (Raymond, 2014)

Detail/Detail maps show the natural and man-made features of a piece of land. The
natural include configuration (relief), hydrography and vegetation. The cultural/man-
made features include roads, buildings, bridges, political boundaries and the sectional
breakdown of the land. Detail maps are used by a wide variety of people, such as
engineers designing new roads, backpackers finding their way into remote areas,

4
 scientists describing soil or vegetation types, wildlife habitat, or hydrology and military
personal planning field operations. Charles O.2017

Detail/Detail maps that show natural and cultural features only in plain view are called
planimetric maps while maps that show relief are called hypsometric maps. Detail/detail
map: It includes planimetric features, but in addition they show
configuration or relief characteristics of the earth’s surface. Relief is shown on maps by
using various convention and procedures. For Detail maps, contours are commonly used,
and are preferred by surveyor and engineer. Digital elevation models (DEMs) and three
dimensional perspective models are neIr methods for depicting relief, made possible by
computer. Vinaf, G. (2017)

Detail surveying in Nigeria has witnessed a dynamic evolution over the years, driven by
advancements in technology, changes in surveying methodologies, and the contributions
of various individuals and organizations. This literature review explores the historical
progression of Detail surveying in Nigeria and other parts of the world, highlighting the
key methods, instruments, and notable figures associated with each era.

2.1 Historical Development on Detail Survey

Early Surveying Techniques in Nigeria: In the early stages of surveying in Nigeria,
colonial surveyors played a crucial role in mapping the landscape. Notable figures
include George Goldie, who conducted surveys in the late 19th century. Method: Plane
Table Survey Instrument: Plane table and chain Year: Late 1800s

Triangulation and Early Mapping: As Nigeria transitioned into the 20th century,
triangulation became a prominent method for mapping large areas. Surveyors like
Bernard Ogden and J. L. McCraith made significant contributions. Method: Triangulation
Instrument: Theodolite. Year: Early to mid-1900s

Tacheometry and Rapid Surveys: The mid-20th century saw the introduction of
tacheometry, enabling rapid surveys for infrastructure development. Surveyors like Chief
S. O. Adebo and J. D. Warrington Ire pioneers in adopting these methods. Method:
Tacheometry Instrument: Tacheometer.Year: 1950s - 1960s

5
 Photogrammetry and Aerial Surveys: With the advent of aerial photography,
photogrammetry gained prominence for mapping larger regions. Organizations like the
Survey Department of Nigeria utilized this technology for comprehensive Detail
mapping. Method: Photogrammetry, Instrument: Aerial cameras, Year: 1960s - 1970s

Total Station Surveys and Modernization: The late 20th century marked a shift towards
electronic total stations, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. Surveyors like Professor C.
C. Osuji contributed to the modernization of surveying techniques in Nigeria. Method:
Total Station Survey Instrument: Electronic Total Station, Year: 1980s - 1990s

GPS Technology and Precision Surveys: The introduction of GPS technology

revolutionized surveying in Nigeria. Surveyors like Dr. S. O. Mohammed embraced GPS
for precise positioning, enabling more accurate Detail mapping. Method: GPS Survey
Instrument: GPS Receivers Year: 1990s - 2000s

LiDAR Technology and 3D Mapping: In recent years, LiDAR technology has gained
prominence for its ability to capture high-resolution elevation data. Surveying companies
such as Fugro and Geospatial Solutions have utilized LiDAR for Detail surveys. Method:
LiDAR Survey Instrument: LiDAR Sensors Year: 2000s - Present

2.2 Summary of Literature Review

From the above literature review it is seen that The Concept of Infrastructure
Development Today has become a much-debated topic since scholars from various
countries have utilised the aspect of infrastructure development as a parameter and index
to measure the ability of each country to complete globally. This is mainly because,
access to basic, adequate facilities is vieId as strongly related to the Illbeing of general
population in any country. The general methodology that is adopted for satellite data
analysis and preparation of various thematic layers in GIS environment for infrastructures
is are Digitization of base maps and geo-referencing with satellite digital data; Creation
of GIS database of various thematic layers in GIS environment; Generation of GIS
database for base maps, drainage, surface water bodies and land use/land cover, low-
lying areas etc.; Mapping of land use/land cover; Global Positioning System (GPS) for

6
 position fixing of the features, Monitoring the changes in the land use/land cover using
multi-date high resolution IRS LISS-III data.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The most important aspect of any research work is its methodology.

Therefore methodology can be seen as a term that describes all the activities involved in

the collection of all the data required for the research work.

In this chapter, the researcher adopted an explicit step-by step procedure that is used in

arriving at those data. Methods used in arriving at these data includes: Theodolite

traversing, Leveling and Tacheometry (Detailing).

3.1 RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance is the preliminary field inspection of the entire area to be surveyed to

collect preliminary information for planning and executing the survey work in the best

possible manner. This is one of the most important aspects of any survey and must be

done before any angles or distances are measured. The main aim of recce is to locate

suitable positions for the traverse stations and it cannot be over-emphasized that a poorly

executed recce can result in difficulties at later stages on site, leading to wastage of time

and resources.

To start a recce, information relevant to the survey area should be gathered especially that

relating to any previous surveys. Recce enables the surveyor to get familiar with the site

7
 The researcher in his attempt made a visit to the site after no information of previous

survey was available. He located traverse stations and ensured that the numbers of the

stations are minimum and prevented short traverse lines in order to minimize the effect of

any centering errors. The process of reconnaissance is of two parts viz:

3.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE:

This involves all the preparations done in the office before going to the field. This

preparation includes getting information like the type of work, the place where the project

is being executed, controls around the project area but none was found which made the

researcher to establish three control points using GPS.

3.1.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE:

The researcher went to the site after the office reconnaissance to establish the three

control points on the ground and at the same time establish the boundary points taking

into cognizance the following:

i. Intervisibility between two pillars

ii. Stability and,

iii. Accessibility

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

These are the various methods required for the representation of features on paper inform

of maps which includes the following:

3.2.1 TRAVERSING
Traversing means establishing the bearings and distances of a series of adjoining lines

which together form the frame work for the survey of a particular area through standard

procedure of simultaneous measurements. The researcher in his attempt set and centered

8
 the theodolite on a known control point whose coordinates were known and use it to

connect other points on the ground which results in connection of points whose northings

and eastings are known.

3.2.2 SPIRIT LEVELLING

Spirit Leveling is the art of determining the relative altitudes of points on the surface of

the earth. The level provides height for every points on the ground whose coordinates has

been determined by traversing.

3.2.3 TACHEOMETRIC METHOD

This is a method of surveying whereby distances other than direct measurement as well

as horizontal and vertical angles are measured so as to provide a three dimensional survey

of the area. The researcher in his attempt makes use of a theodolite and leveling staff as

source of instrument.

3.2.4 MONUMENTATION (SURVEY BEACON)

A survey beacon is defined as a permanent survey mark of any kind of concrete, iron or

stones. They are precast concrete pillars measuring 84cm long and 18cm square in

section.

PB

NS N 18cm

001

Fig 3.0: Diagram of a Beacon

When the recce has been completed, the stations have to be monumented with a beacon

for the duration of the survey. The beacons must be

9
 Permanent and not easily disturbed, and it should be easy to set up and Centre an

instrument over them.

3.3 AREA OF STUDY

This study is carried out in the Federal polytechnic staff school located in the north east

part of Nasarawa state. The site is bounded to the north by the millionaires quarters, to

the east by the makama Dogo boys hostel, to the south by Henad clinic, and to the west

by the towns market.

The site is located within 32minna datum of the UTM projection.

The approximate area of the site is 7.535hectres.

3.4 POPULATION
The school population is estimated to be about two thousand people including the school

staff, students in both primary and secondary sections and the security.

3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

The following instruments were used by the researcher in carrying out the job:

a) A Theodolite

b) Ranging poles

c) Tripod stand

d) Steel tape

e) Dumpy Level

f) Leveling Staff

g) Field book.

h) Nails

i) Cutlass.

10
3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
The instruments used by the researcher for this project are viable and okay because the

job is of tertiary order which implies that the linear misclosure must not be less than

1:3000.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The temporary and permanent tests were carried out on the instrument to be used to

ascertain the reliability of the instrument.

3.7.1 TEST ON STEEL TAPE

This was checked using the standardization method which involves the use of the tape to

measure a known distance. When the tape was used to measure

a known distance of 100m, 99.999m was gotten which shows that the tape is 0.001
shorter than the actual length of the tape.

Let x = 100m

Y= 99.999

Correction = 0.001m.

3.7.2 TEST AND ADJUSTMENT ON THE THEODOLITE

Before the instrument was used on the field, the following tests were carried out on the

theodolite:

i. Plate bubble

ii. Horizontal collimation

iii. Diaphragm

iv. Index error.

11
3.7.2.1 TEST FOR PLATE BUBBLE
The testing of the plate bubble of the theodolite is to check whether the vertical axis of

the theodolite is truly vertical when the bubble is centered. The steps taken in carrying

out the test includes the following:

a) Level the instrument by carrying out all temporary adjustment.

b) Rotate the bubble 180° from the Centre.

c) If the bubble moves from the Centre, there is bubble error which is equal to half

the displacement.

d) Use the foot screws to move the bubble back half way towards the Centre.

e) Centre the bubble using the bubble adjustment screws.

f) Repeat the test and adjust until there is no more error.

3.7.2.2 TESTING FOR HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION

This test is carried out to ascertain that the line of sight is perpendicular to the trunion

axis. In carrying out this test, an object was sighted and bisected on both face left and

face right. The difference in reading was obtained as shown in table 1.0.

Table 3.0: Test for Horizontal Collimation

Stn from Face Stn To HCR

L 10°15I25II

R 190°15I35II

12
 The error of 10ll was seen but this error can be discarded because when divided by 2, it

will give 5ll, with this, the researcher found out that there is a major error in the horizontal

collimation of the instrument.

3.7.2.3 TESTING FOR INDEX ERROR.

Vertical collimation error is an error in the position of the horizontal cross hair while

vertical index error is an error in the vertical index system of the theodolite. In checking

for this error, the researcher sighted a point and bisected it accurately on face left and

took note of the VCR. The two readings were summed up and found to have an error of

10ll.

Table 3.1: Test for index error

Face VCR Reading

L 89°15I25II

R 270°44I45II

Error = 89°15l25ll + 270°44l45ll - 360°

Error = 360°00l10ll - 360° = 10ll = 5ll

2 2

13
 3.7.3 TEST AND ADJUSTMENT FOR LEVEL INSTRUMENT
This test is carried out to see whether the line of sight is truly horizontal when the circular

bubble is centered. To achieve this, the instrument was centered and leveled at a point

which is in-between two points at equal interval; the readings were taken at this point.

From the instrument, readings were taken again at variable distances and comparism of

both readings is made. The researcher found out that the difference of the two readings

when

compared is in millimeter. This is found in fig 3.1& 3.2 with Table 3.2 &3.3 respectively.

1.795………………….. …………………………2.317

A 50m 50m B

Fig 3.1: Level at equal distance in-between staff

Table 3.2: Staff reading when instrument is at equal distance

Distance Staff Reading

50m A 1.795

50m B 2.317

14
 1.976………..…………… ……..……1.453

A 60m 40m B

Fig 3.2: Level at variable distances in-between staff

Table 3.3: Staff reading when instrument is at variable distance

Distance Staff Reading

60m A 1.976

40m B 1.453

This test above is normally referred to as ‘’two peg test’’

3.7.4 IN-SITU CHECK

In-situ checks are checks carried out on controls to ascertain the reliability of the control

before using it to tie any survey job, but for the purpose of this project, the researcher

established three controls using a hand-held GPS since there was no control in that area,

hence there was no need for this in-situ check because as at the time of usage, there was

nothing wrong with the controls.

15
3.8 PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION
The procedures for data collection talks about the whole processes involved for the

acquisition of datas. It involves the field work to acquire data using three controls whose

coordinates are known. The table below shows the coordinates of the controls.

Table 3.4 Coordinate of the controls used

Pillar Northings Eastings Height(m)

Number

FPN 001 946187.000 358977.000 497.389

FPN 002 946185.000 359025.000 497.756

FPN 003 946179.000 359076.000 497.956

3.8.1 BOUNDARY SURVEY

The boundary survey of the project site was established by traversing using theodolite.

The researcher made use of a T6 theodolite, 100m steel tape, and ranging poles to obtain

the bearings and measure the distances between the two points. The instrument was set

and level on FPN 003 with all temporary adjustment carried out on the instrument.

The pole was sighted at FPN 002 on face left and turning clock wisely on the same face

left, the pole at FPSS 010 was sighted. The readings were noted, the telescope was then

transited to face right and the pole is still bisected on the same point at FPSS 010 and

turning clock wisely to bisect FPN 002 with all the necessary readings recorded. The

instrument is then moved to the next forward station at FPSS 010 with all the necessary

adjustment carried out on the instrument. Similarly, from FPSS 010, we sighted FPN 003
16
 on face left and turning clock wisely, the pole at FPSS 011 was sighted and bisected,

thereafter the telescope was transited to face right, at this point FPSS 011 was then

bisected, FPN 003 was bisected after turning clock wisely to close this set of observation.

The whole processes were repeated at each station to obtain the boundary survey of the

area

3.8.2 SPIRIT LEVELLING

The method of leveling was used to provide height for the already established controls

whose coordinates are known. This method makes use of spirit level and leveling staff as

instruments. The staff was placed on FPN 003 and FPSS 010 respectively with the

instrument placed in-between the two points. The back sight and fore sight were taken to

FPN 003 and FPSS 010 respectively. FPN 003 was used as the bench mark. This process

is repeated until the staff is placed on all the beacons. After the computation had been

done, there was a misclosure of ‘’-0.004’’ which is still within the allowable error.

i.e. 30II√n

Where, n is the total distance in kilometer.

Staff

BS….…….………… ………………..FS Level

Tripod Line of sight

Figure 3.3: Diagram of a level for obtaining height

17
3.8.3 TACHEOMETRY (DETAILING)
Tacheometry is the branch of surveying in which both horizontal and vertical within

distances between stations are determined from instrumental observations.

It takes into cognizance both natural and artificial features.

We made use of the tacheometry in picking the details in the field. We set the theodolite

and centered it on FPSS 001 and made reference to the RO at FPSS 015. The height of

the instrument was measured the readings on the staff were taken at the point of the

detail. We repeated this until the whole details which were visible within that point were

taken. The instrument was moved to another point to pick other details and so on. The

whole procedure was repeated to pick the entire details in the site area. Among the values

taken are:

a) Upper staff reading

b) Middle staff reading

c) Lower staff reading

d) Horizontal staff reading

e) Vertical staff reading.

Objective lens

-staff Diaghram

18
Fig 3.4: Diagram showing Tacheometry

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Data presentation and analysis is the computational aspect of the project where all the

observed field data are computed and analysed before been used for area determination

and plotting of the survey.

i. Angular misclosure is 10”

ii. Misclosure in ΔN is 0.130

iii. Misclosure in ΔE is 0.021

iv. Linear fractional Accuracy is 12,000

v. Scale is 1:2500

vi. Total area is 7.536 hectres

4.1 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION

The traverse computation involves several aspects which includes angle deduction,

coordinate determination, and area computation.

19
4.1.2 ANGLE DEDUCTION
The HA and VA were deduced from the observed HCR and VCR from the field. The HA

is computed by subtracting the second FL from the first FL and subtracting the first FR

from the second FR. The mean of the two gives the angle. This is seen in the table below

TABLE 4.1: Observed Horizontal Angle (HA) Reduction

STN SIGHT FACE HCR DEDUCED MEAN(HA) DISTANCE

HCR

FPSS L1 092022I00II
015

FPSS FPSS L2 355009I00II 262047I00II 116.280

001 002

FPSS R1 175009I00II 262047I00II

002

FPSS R2 272022I00II 262047I00II

015

In computing for the VA, if the VCR > 180°, then it will be VCR – 270, and also if the

VCR < 180°, it will be 90 – VCR. The table below shows the reduction of VA.

TABLE 4.2: Observed Vertical Angle (VA) Reduction

STN SIGHT FACE VCR VA MEAN(VA) DISTANCE

FPSS 015 L1

FPSS 001 FPSS 002 L2 089042I30II 00017I30II 116.280

20
 FPSS 002 R1 270017I40II 00017I40II

FPSS 015 R2 00017I35II

4.1.3 COORDINATE DETERMINATION

After deducing the angles of all the stations, we then computed the forward and backward

bearing of the initial points from the given coordinate, the distance was also gotten. The

forward bearing of the other points were computed from the initial bearing. The total

angular misclosure of the job specification of 30 ll(n)1/2 was checked where n is the

number of angles. The errors from the angles were distributed between each bearing. The

adjusted forward bearing with the distance were used to get the uncorrected coordinate.

The formulae used to compute for the uncorrected coordinate is:

LCosɸ = ΔN

LSinɸ = ΔE

Where L = Distance (Length)

Φ = Forward bearing

ΔN = Difference in Northing

ΔE = Difference in Easting

Using the initial coordinate given, we added or subtracted the ΔN to the given coordinate

to get the uncorrected northing coordinate. We repeated this same process to the easting

to get the uncorrected easting coordinate. The closing northing and easting coordinates

were compared with the coordinate of the controls and the error is distributed to each

21
 uncorrected northing and easting coordinate to get the final coordinate of each of the

points. The corrected coordinates computed are then used to compute the back

computation. In other to achieve this, the formulae used are:

ΔNAB = NB - NA

ΔEAB = EB - EA

4.1.4 AREA COMPUTATION

In area computation, the corrected eastings and northings from the back computation are

used to compute the area of the project site using the double latitude method. The total

area was found to be 7.535 hectres and the linear accuracy is 1:12,000

4.2 TACHEOMETRIC COMPUTATION

The following formulae below were used to compute for the reduced level of all the

points after all the data’s have been deduced.

RLB = RLA + i + h – m

Where RLB = Reduced level of unknown point

RLA = Reduced level of a known point

i= Height of instrument

h = Height difference between two point

m = Middle staff reading

22
The height (h) is given by h = 1/2KSsin2ɸ

Where K = constant = 100

S = Staff reading

ɸ = Vertical angle

The Distance (D) is given by D = KScos2ɸ

Where D = Horizontal Distance

K = Constant = 100

S = Staff reading

ɸ = Vertical angle.

23
 COMPUTATION OF TRAVERSE CO-ORDINATES Page No: 1

Back Bearing Uncorrected Co-ordinates

Obs Angle for Correction to Corrected Horizontal Correction To
From Station Bearing Bearing Bearing Distance ±∆N ±∆E Final Co-ordinates (Red) Station
N (Meters) E (Meters)
946187.000 358977.000 FBN 001
946185.000 359035.000 FBN 002
96042’35’.41 51.352 -6.000 51.000 946179.000 359076.000 FBN 003
0
276 41’35”.41 (99) (30) 946079.000 359045.807
2800 13’ 30” -0.013 +0.000
FBN 003 196006’05”.41 -2”.71 196056’02”.7 103.661 -99.166 -30.193 946079.821 359045.807 FPSS 010
16 (119) (125) 946099.975 359140.698
61 05 00 -0.016 +0.001
FPSS 010 78001’05”.41 -5”.42 78000’59”.99 97.005 20.41 94.891 946099.959 359140.699 FPSS 011
258 (206) (157) 946012.624 359108.661
302 07 30 -0.028 +0.001
FPSS 001 200 08 35”.41 -8.”13 200008’27.2 93.041 -87.351 -35.037 946012.596 359108.662 FPSS 012
20 (301) (221) 945917.717 259044.287
194 00 30 -0.041 +0.001
FPSS 012 214009’ 5”.41 -10.84 214”08’54”.57 114.679 -94.907 -64.374 945917.676 359044.288 FPSS 013
34 (337) (237) 945881.928 359049.990
136 47 55 -0.046 +0.001
FPSS 013 170057’00”.41 -13.55 170056’46.”86 36.240 -35.789 5.703 945881.882 359049.991 FPSS 014
350 (392) (282) 945826.498 359105.064
-0.053 +0.001
FPSS 014 135011’20.”41 -16.26 135011’04.”15 78.138 -55.430 55.074 945826.445 359105.065 FPSS 015
315 (438) (329) 945780.227 359057.952
270 19 35 -0.060 +0.002
FPSS 015 225030’55.”41 -18.97 22”30.36’44 66.027 -46.271 -47.102 945780.167 359057.964 FPSS 001
45 (510) (420) 358966.701
262 47 00 -0.069 +0002
FPSS 001 308017’55.”41 -21.68 308017’33”.73 116.278 72.055 -91.261 945852.213 358966.708 FPSS 002

24
 COMPUTATION OF TRAVERSE CO-ORDINATES Page No: 2

Back Bearing Correction to Uncorrected Co-ordinates

Obs Angle for Bearing Corrected Horizontal Correction To
From Station Bearing Bearing Distance ±∆N ±∆E Final Co-ordinates (Red) Station
N (Meters) E (Meters)
128 (566) (488) 945910.686
182 10 10 -0.077
INSHS 002 310028’05”.18 -24.39 310027’41”.02 90.000 56.404 -68.476 945910.609 358898.227 FPSS 003
130 ( 613) (591) 945987.892
176 26 10 -0.087
FPSS 003 306054’15.41” -27.10 306053’48”.38 128.596 77.206 -102.841 945987.805 358795.387 FPSS 004
126 (704) (681) 946049.021
177 23 05 -0.107
FPSS 004 304020.”41 -29.81 304016’50”.6 108.699 61.225 -89.817 946049.021 358705.570 FPSS 005
124 (787) (722) 946132.21
261 41 30 -0.017
FPSS 005 25058’50.”41 -32.52 25058’17”.89 92.662 83.304 40.579 946132.314 358746.149 FPSS 006
205 (802) (749) 946147.878
214 33 50 0.109
FPSS 06 60031’40”.41 -35.23 60031’05”.18 31.423 15.457 27.359 946147.769 358773.509 FPSS 007
240 (824) (858) 946115.842
225 49 00 -0.113
FPSS 007 106021’40”.41 -37.94 106021’02”.47 113.798 -32.036 109.196 946115.729 358882.705 FPSS 008
286 (863) (958) 946086.597
179 55 45 -0.117
FPSS 008 106017’25.”41 -40.65 106016’41”.76 104.329 -29.245 100.146 946086.480 35.8982.852 FPSS 009
286 (956) (1051) 946179.130
118 54 41 -0.130
FPSS 009 45012’06”.41 -43.36 45011’23”.05 131.297 92.533 93.148 0946179.00 359076.000 FBN 003
225
51 31 15
FBN 003 276043’21”.41 -46” 276041’35”.41 51.352 6.000 -51.000 946185.000 359025.000 FBN 002

25
Linear Fractional Accuracy

1/ √(∑ errorΔN )2+ ( ∑ error ΔE ) 2

Linear fractional Accuracy = x=
distance network

= x= √(0.130)2 +(0.021)2 =
1
= 1:12,000 ≈1:12,000
1608.557 12215.31823

BACK COMPUTATION OF TRAVERSE CO-ORDINATES Page No: 1

From Station Back Bearing Correction to Corrected Horizontal Uncorrected Co-ordinates To

Obs Angle for Bearing Bearing Distance ±∆N ±∆E Correction Station
Bearing Final Co-ordinates (Red)
N (Meters) E (Meters)

945780.167 359057.964 FPSS 001

FPSS 001 3080 17 21.5” 116.272 72.046 -91.261 945852.213 358966.703 FPSS 002
FPSS 002 3100 27’ 26”.5 89.995 58.396 -68.476 945910.609 358898.227 FPSS 003
FPSS 003 3070 35’ 58”.1 129.800 79.196 -102.840 945989.805 358795.387 FPSS 004
FPSS 004 3030 23’ 48”.1 107.581 59.216 -89.817 946049.021 358705.570 FPSS 005
FPSS 005 250 58’ 28”.54 92.652 83.293 40.579 946132.314 358746.149 FPSS 006
FPSS 006 600 32’ 20”.22 31.423 15.455 27.360 946147.769 358773.509 FPSS 007
FPSS 007 1060 21’ 09”.37 113.780 -32.040 109.196 946115.729 35882.705 FPSS 008
FPSS 008 1060 16’ 51.”60 104.331 -29.249 100.147 946086.480 358982.852 FPSS 009
FPSS 009 960 02 16”.62 63.306 -6.659 62.955 946079.821 359045.807 FPSS 010
FPSS 010 040 26’ 21.”05 97.005 20.138 94.892 946099.959 359140.699 FPSS 011
FPSS 011 1810 00’ 34”.99 93.052 -87.363 -32.037 946012.596 359108.662 FPSS 012
FPSS 012 1800 56’ 19.”60 114.690 -94.920 -64.374 945917.676 359044.288 FPSS 013
FPSS 013 1770 45’ 48”.4 36.245 -35.794 5.703 945881.883 359049.991 FPSS 014
FPSS 014 1780 23’ 42.”5 78.140 -55.432 55.074 945826.445 359105.065 FPSS 015

26
FPSS 015 1810 55’ 06.”55 66.031 -46.278 -47.101 945780.167 359057.964 FPSS 001

27
 Table 4.2: AREA COMPUTATION USING DOUBLE LATITUDE
72.046 x -91.261 = - 6574.990006
+ 72.046
144.092
+ 58.396
202.488 x -68.476 = - 13865.56829
+ 58.396
260.884
+ 77.196
338.080 x -102.840 = - 34768.1472
+ 77.196
415.276
+ 61.216
476.492 x -89.817 = - 42797.08196
+ 61.216
537.708
+ 83.293
621.001 x 40.579 = 25199.59958
+ 83.293
704.294
+ 15.455
719.749 x 27.360 = 19692.33264
+ 15.455
735.204
- 32.040
703.164 x 109.196 = 76782.69614
- 32.040
671.124
- 29.249
641.875 x 100.147 = 64281.85563
- 29.249
612.626
- 6.659
6.05.967 x 62.955 = 38148.65249
- 6.659
599.308
+ 20.138

26
 619.446 x 94.892 = 58780.46983
+ 20.138
639.584
_ 87.363
552.221 x -32.037 = 17691.50418
_ 87.363
464.858
_ 94.920
369.938 x -64.374 = -23814.38881
_ 94.920
275.018
_ 35.794
239.224 x 5.703 = 1364.294472
_ 35.794
203.430
_ 55.437
147.993 x 55.074 = 8150.566482
_ 55.437
92.556
_ 46.278
46.278 x -47.101 = -2179.740078
_ 46.278
00.000
150,709.0467
75,354.52337 sqm
75,354.52337
10,000
7.536 hectres

27
Table 4.3: USING HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

Station Back Intermediate Foresight Height of Reduced Adjustment Adjusted Remark

sight sight instrument level level
BM 1 1.859 501.859 500.000 500.000 BM 1
FPSS 001 0.490 0.490 501.859 501.369 -0.000 501.369 FPSS 001
FPSS 002 0.412 2.035 500.236 499.824 -0.001 499.823 FPSS 002
FPSS 003 0.520 2.105 498.651 498.131 -0.001 498.130 FPSS 003
FPSS 004 0.325 2.675 496.301 495.976 -0.001 495.975 FPSS 004
FPSS 005 0.765 2.820 494.246 493.481 -0.001 493.480 FPSS 005
FPSS 006 1.395 2.435 493.206 491.811 -0.002 491.809 FPSS 006
FPSS 007 2.345 1.872 493.679 491.334 -0.002 491.332 FPSS 007
FPSS 008 1.760 0.559 494.850 493.120 -0.002 493.118 FPSS 008
FPSS 009 2.200 0.070 497.101 494.810 -0.002 494.808 FPSS 009
FPSS 010 2.600 0.868 498.742 496.142 -0.003 496.139 FPSS 010
FPSS 011 0.834 0.350 499.226 498.392 -0.003 498.389 FPSS 011
FPSS 012 1.855 1.815 499.266 497.411 -0.003 497.408 FPSS 012
FPSS 013 1.419 0.701 499.984 498.565 -0.003 498.562 FPSS 013
FPSS 014 2.240 0.821 501.403 499.163 -0.004 499.159 FPSS 014
FPSS 015 0.723 0.723 501.403 500.600 -0.004 500.676 FPSS 015
BM 1 1.399 500.004 -0.004 500.000 BM 1

28
Table 4.4: TACHHCOMETRIC FIELD SHEET
Instrument Station: FPSS 001 Height above datum (HA): 501.369m Page: 1
Reference Object: FPSS 015 Height of instrument (hi): 1.40m Date: 09/10/2024
Height of instrument axis above datum (HA – hi): 0.000m
Staff station Horizontal Vertical Staff Reading Inter Horizontal Height
Circle circle U M L cept Distance Different Remarks
Reading Reading S= D Metres h Metres h-m Dlagrams
U-L
Fence 359 39 30 89 21 30 1.400 1.060 0.720 0.680 67.991 0.761
R1 357 57 00 89 11 00 2.000 1.760 1.520 0.480 47.990 0.684
R2 358 06 00 89 11 00 2.050 1.830 1.610 0.440 43.991 0.627
G1 03 45 00 88 12 30 2.700 2.460 2.220 0.480 47.953 1.500
G2 03 40 00 88 10 30 2.560 1.340 2.170 0.440 43.957 1.375
Fence 04 00 00 88 10 00 2.000 1.835 1.670 0.030 32.967 1.050
Fence 05 42 30 89 13 40 1.700 1.644 1.588 0.112 11.189 0.358
Fence 337 10 00 89 41 40 1.510 1.149 0.784 0.726 72.598 0.387
Fence 312 19 00 89 32 00 2.200 1.710 1.215 0.985 98.493 0.802
I1 359 19 00 89 19 00 1.155 0.850 0.530 0.625 62.496 0.527
b 344 11 00 89 30 00 1.540 1.350 1.160 0.380 37.997 0.332
T3 335 26 00 89 26 00 1.700 1.505 1.310 0.390 38.996 0.386
T4 339 53 00 89 26 00 1.600 1.315 1.030 0.570 56.994 0.564
T5 326 29 00 89 24 00 1.700 1.495 1.290 0.410 40.995 0.429
T6 318 56 00 89 23 30 1.750 1.530 1.310 0.440 43.995 0.467
T7 33 11 00 89 22 00 1.300 1.530 1.260 0.040 3.99 0.044
T8 308 03 00 89 22 00 1.870 1.610 1.350 0.520 51.994 0.575
T9 327 08 00 89 19 00 1.900 1.620 1.340 0.560 55.992 0.668
T10 299 33 30 89 19 00 2.100 1.795 1.490 0.610 60.991 0.727
T11 321 30 30 89 18 00 1.950 1.655 1.360 0.590 58.991 0.721
T12 293 29 10 89 17 00 2.200 1.850 1.500 0.700 69.989 0.876
T13 311 52 00 89 21 30 2.00 1.675 1.250 0.650 64.992 0.728
T14 271 05 00 89 32 00 1.500 1.225 0.950 0.550 54.996 0.479
T15 307 55 10 89 32 00 1.880 1.530 1.170 0.710 70.995 0.578
T16 204 22 30 89 33 00 1.900 1.530 1.160 0.740 73.995 0.581

29
T17 299 00 30 89 32 00 2.00 1.580 1.178 0.822 82.195 0.670
T18 347 05 00 90 11 30 1.300 1.580 1.160 0.140 14.00 -0.094
T19 359 31 00 89 26 00 1.300 1.015 0.730 0.570 56.994 0.564
Pole (EP) 13 05 20 86 54 20 2.600 2.075 1.546 1.054 105.093 5.689
T17 38 55 30 87 59 00 1.329 1.090 0.850 0.479 47.841 1.686
R3 50 34 00 87 38 00 1.648 1.148 0.642 1.006 100.428 4.154
R4 50 58 00 87 38 00 1.600 1.110 0.628 0.972 97.034 4.014
R5 72 13 00 87 38 00 1.900 1.560 1.210 0.690 68.882 2.849
R6 72 34 00 86 58 00 2.365 2.110 1.852 0.513 51.156 2.715
P2 58 43 20 87 10 00 2.300 1.700 1.100 1.200 119.707 5.932
R7 104 29 00 87 29 00 2.220 1.788 1.350 0.870 86.832 3.620
R8 106 57 20 87 29 00 2.180 1.727 1.270 0.910 90.825 7.995
P3 107 16 20 87 29 00 2.170 1.660 1.150 1.020 101.803 4.479
U building 90 00 00 87 29 00 1.600 1.035 0 .467 1.133 113.082 4.975
U.building 92 28 20 87 29 00 1.615 1.020 0.420 119.270 5.242
T 112 15 00 88 41 20 1.190 0.905 0.620 0.570 56.970 1.304
P4 94 10 20 86 45 00 2.955 2.380 1.800 1.155 115.129 6.537
P5 122 32 20 89 19 20 1.060 0.770 0.480 0.580 57.992 0.686
P/Blks 96 51 00 87 22 20 1.970 1.400 0.819 1.151 114.858 5.271
P/Blks 100 30 00 87 22 20 1.980 1.422 0.869 1.111 110.866 5.088
P/Blks 107 37 40 86 52 00 3.430 2.700 2.00 1.430 142.573 7.805
P/Blks 123 21 30 88 31 30 1.800 1.500 1.200 0.600 59.960 1.544
P/Blks 154 22 40 88 31 40 2.200 1.870 1.538 0.662 66.156 1.700
Fence 770 21’ 00” 87 40 00 1.800 1.250 0.700 1.100 109.818 4.478
Fence 103 23 00 87 39 00 2.000 1.140 0.280 1.720 171.711 7.053
Fence 92 29 00 87 43 00 1.800 1.110 0.420 1.380 137.781 5.498
Tree 19 39 30 87 15 00 1.600 1.160 0.720 0.880 87.797 4.222
S/W1 17 38 00 87 15 00 1.750 1.425 1.100 0.650 64.850 3.119
S/W2 17 31 00 87 15 00 1.800 1.485 1.170 0.630 62.855 2.023
S/W3 15 52 00 87 14 00 1.850 1.530 1.210 0.640 63.851 3.089
S/W4 16 11 00 87 14 00 1.770 1.445 1.120 0.650 64.849 3.137

30
Tree 24 07 30 87 14 00 1.540 1.200 0.860 0.680 67.842 3.282
H/M2 14 34 30 87 13 30 1.800 1.500 1.205 0.595 59.261 2.877
H/M1 12 37 30 87 14 00 1.750 1.480 1.210 0.540 53.874 2.603
H/M8 01 51 00 87 15 00 1.750 1.455 1.160 0.590 58.864 2.827
SH 16 15 00 87 16 00 1.500 1.358 1.214 0.286 28.535 1.362
SH 357 11 00 87 15 00 1.400 1.165 0.930 0.470 46.892 2.252
TP1 145 23 00 88 53 00 1.400 0.855 0.310 1.090 108.959 2.124
Tree 185 36 30 88 24 00 1.900 1.570 1.240 0.600 65.993 0.691
S/BL31 160 30 30 88 43 00 2.400 1.810 1.215 1.185 118.441 2.653
S/BL32 162 26 00 88 41 00 2.900 2.350 1.800 1.100 109.942 2.527
S/BL33 176 17 00 89 05 00 2.400 1.750 1.100 1.300 129.967 2.079
S/BL51 178 33 30 89 07 30 2.000 1.335 0.670 1.330 132.969 2.031
S/NL42 188 22 30 89 09 30 2.000 1.200 0.400 1.600 159.965 2.350
L1 191 01 00 89 09 00 2.300 1.520 0.740 1.560 155.966 2.314
L2 192 59 00 89 08 00 2.600 1.540 2.080 1.520 151.865 2.299
L3 193 19 00 89 06 30 2.600 1.825 1.050 1.550 154.962 2.412
L4 191 50 00 88 35 00 3.950 3.155 2.360 1.590 158.903 3.930
UCB1 115 22 30 87 38 00 2.650 1.935 1.220 1.430 142.756 5.905
UCB2 129 23 00 88 01 00 2.000 1.335 0.670 1.330 132.841 4.603
UCB3 129 58 30 88 00 00 2.000 1.295 0.600 1.400 139.829 4.886
UCB4 116 38 00 87 32 00 2.900 2.150 1.400 1.500 149.712 6.456
R 177 40 00 89 01 00 2.570 2.302 2.034 0.536 53.584 0.920
R 177 31 00 89 01 00 2.450 2.200 1.950 0.500 49.985 0.858
SH 172 59 00 89 01 00 2.060 1.895 1.730 0.330 32.990 0.566
PrI Blkl1 133 31 00 87 55 30 2.000 0.835 6.330 1.670 166.781 6.047
PrI Blkl2 133 05 00 87 56 00 2.000 0.920 0.160 1.840 183.761 6.635
PrI Blkl3 124 27 00 87 38 00 2.600 1.490 0.380 2.220 221.621 9.160
Tree 249 06 00 88 48 30 1.710 1.600 1.490 0.220 21.990 0.457
Tree 233 44 30 88 48 30 1.530 1.141 1.282 0.248 24.789 0.516
Tree 223 14 00 88 48 30 1.347 1.200 1.056 0.291 29.087 0.605
Tree 216 13 00 88 47 00 1.150 0.995 0.820 0.330 32.985 0.696
Tree 210 49 00 87 33 00 1.900 1.710 1.520 0.380 37.931 1.623
Tree 203 55 00 85 39 00 3.300 3.070 2.840 0.460 45.735 3.479
UCB2 160 31 30 85 36 30 2.700 2.490 2.280 0.420 41.754 3.207
UCB3 174 32 00 86 17 00 2.650 2.365 2.080 0.570 56.760 3.687

31
UCB4 184 58 00 86 18 00 2.550 2.290 2.030 0.520 51.783 3.349
BLK 11 212 25 00 87 23 00 2.250 2.020 1.790 0.460 45.904 2.098
BLK 12 220 58 30 87 23 00 2.400 2.200 2.000 0.400 39.917 1.824
S/BLK 13 239 30 00 88 20 00 2.700 2.350 2.000 0.700 69.941 2.035
S/BLK 21 241 03 30 88 18 00 2.700 1.440 1.940 0.760 74.933 2.254
S/BLK 22 247 37 00 88 58 30 2.000 1.850 0.880 1.120 111.964 2.003
S/BLK 43 260 13 00 88 58 00 2.400 1.850 1.305 1.095 109.464 1.974
S/BLK 44 260 13 00 88 58 00 2.450 2.090 1.730 0.720 71.977 1.298
P/BLK 21 108031’00” 89020 00 1.500 1.230 0.960 0.540 53.993 0.628
P/BLC 22 186000’00” 89 19 00 1.400 1.280 1.160 0.240 23.997 0.286
P/BLK 23 147011’00” 89 13 30 1.100 0.945 0.790 0.310 30.994 0.848
S/BLK 53 30 13 00 90 00 00 1.500 0.885 0.270 1.230 123.000 0.000
S/BLK 52 43 32 30 90 00 00 1.800 1.330 0.860 0.940 94.000 0.000
S/BLK 51 46 56 00 89 58 00 1.800 1.305 0.810 0.990 98.999 0.058
TOLLET 11 355 28 00 89 49 00 1.300 1.900 1.080 0.220 21.999 0.070
TOLLET 12 352 43 00 89 43 00 1.300 1.218 1.134 0.166 16.500 0.009
TOLLET 13 240 59 00 89 45 00 1.200 1.110 1.020 0.180 17.999 0.079
FENCE 331 23 00 89 34 00 0.700 0.593 0.489 0.211 21.099 0.159
TOLLET 21 322 30 00 89 35 00 1.200 1.140 1.080 0.120 11.999 0.015
TOLLET 22 294 36 30 89 22 00 1.200 1.169 1.138 0.062 6.199 0.069
TOLLET 23 280 46 00 89 30 00 1.100 1.055 1.010 0.090 8.999 0.079
FENCE 211 23 00 88 44 00 0.900 0.802 0.704 0.196 19.590 0.433
FENCE 356 23 30 88053’00” 2.800 2.320 1.840 0.960 95.694 1.871
TREE 08 38 00 88053’00” 2.600 2.185 1.770 0.830 82.968 1.617
TREE 30 38 00 89 53’ 00” 1.400 0.920 0.440 0.960 95.999 1.871
SH 187 37 00 87 28’ 00” 1.400 1.170 0.935 0.465 46.409 2.053
SH 181 23 30 87 28 00 1.700 1.340 0.980 0.720 71.859 3.179
FB 4 790 15’ 00” 86’ 04’ 30 2.950 2.738 2.526 0.424 42.201 2.895
GP 3 840 23’ 00” 860 45’ 00” 2.800 2.455 2.110 0.690 68.778 3.896
GP 4 850 03’ 00” 860 51’ 00” 2.750 2.375 2.005 0.757 74.275 4.088
FB 3 870 05’ 30” 860 51’ 00” 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.000 99.698 5.487
FB 2 450 54’ 30” 800 44’ 00” 2.000 1.220 0.440 1.560 155.924 3.448
G2 36 07 30 88 45 30 2.200 1.460 0.730 1.470 146.931 3.185
G1 34 01 00 88 42 00 2.400 1.695 0.990 1.410 140.927 3.198

32
FB1 21 39 00 89 33 00 1.400 1.700 1.140 0.260 125.996 0.990
HB4 06 45 00 89 43 00 1.800 1.270 1.040 0.760 45.999 0.227
GP3 18 24 30 89 42 00 1.300 1.065 0.830 0.470 46.999 0.246
GP4 21 43 00 89 38 00 1.400 1.160 0.920 0.480 47.998 0.307
HB3 31 09 00 87 53 00 2.700 2.440 2.180 0.520 51.929 2.221
HB2 20 29 00 88 49 00 2.700 2.250 1.800 0.900 89.962 1.858
GP2 14 46 00 88 41 00 2.900 2.460 2.020 0.880 87.954 2.022
GP1 12 56 00 89 32 30 1.600 1.165 0.730 0.870 86.994 0.696
HB1 06 10 00 89 29 00 2.000 1.575 1.150 0.850 84.993 0.766
FENCE 101 49 00 86 25 00 1.950 1.845 1.735 0.215 21.416 1.341
PTA/FE1 170 52 00 88 28 00 1.400 1.258 1.117 0.283 28.280 0.757
PTA/FE2 168 39 00 88 18 00 1.600 1.500 1.400 0.200 19.982 0.593
PTA/FE3 160 07 00 88 15 00 1.600 1.499 1.393 0.207 20.681 0.632
FENCE 319 05 00 90 15 00 1.440 1.424 1.408 0.032 3.200 0.014
FENCE 300 45 00 89 05 00 1.350 1.328 1.306 4.398 0.070
0.044
FENCE 341 52 00 88 36 00 1.650 1.575 1.500 14.999 0.366
0.150
TREE 154 56 00 88 13 30 1.900 1.846 1.790 0.110 10.989 0.341
FLAGSTAND 74 11 30 89 00 00 2.200 2.074 1.948 0.252 25.192 0.436
FLAGSTAND1 71 33 00 88 57 00 2.100 1.974 1.850 0.250 24.992 0.458
FLAGSTAND7 71 12 00 88 57 00 2.320 2.128 1.930 38.387 0.704
0.384
FLAGSTAND6 63 15 00 88 57 00 2.500 2.285 2.070 42.986 0.788
0.430
FLAGSTAND5 71 32 00 89 80 30 1.610 1.380 1.150 0.460 46.000 0.127

33
FLAGSTAND4 71 42 00 89 54 00 1.650 1.895 1.130 0.520 52.000 0.091
FLAGSTAND3 72 43 00 89 34 00 1.700 1.445 1.190 0.510 51.000 0.089

34
4.3 DATA PRESENTATION

Table 4.5: Final Co-ordinate

S/ EASTING (M) NORTHINGS (M) HEIGHT (M)
N
1. 359057.964 945780.167 501.369 TSN01
2. 359106.456 945827.826 502.470 FENCE
3. 359096.375 945813.650 502.222 G1
4. 359094.294 845811.466 501.809 G2
5. 359091.225 945808.904 501.804 FENCE
6. 359083.034 945801.575 501.984 FENCE
7. 359085.947 945847.155 502.007 FENCE
8. 359054.220 945878.589 501.861 FENCE
9. 359102.017 945824.495 502.446 T1
10. 359076.783 945813.176 501.751 T2
11. 359071.900 945816.588 501.650 T3
12. 359082.400 945831.657 501.018 T4
13. 359066.479 945820.268 501.703 T5
14. 359061.369 945824.030 501.706 T6
15. 359075.265 945831.314 501.836 T7
16. 359052.128 945831.832 501.734 T8
17. 359070.215 945834.802 501.817 T9
18. 359042.243 945839.097 501.701 T10
19. 359065.167 945838.717 501.835 T11
20. 359032.872 945845.503 501.794 T12
21. 359054.984 945845.090 501.822 T13
22. 359020.169 945820.118 501.992 T14
23. 359049.834 945850.695 501.817 T15
24. 359044.926 945853.011 501.820 T16
25. 359035.536 945861.112 501.873 T17

35
26. 359064.535 945890.446 501.489 T18
27. 359098.280 945820.453 502.318 T19
28. 358982.852 946086.480 494.808 TSN09
29. 359082.143 946052.045 499.784 POLE(EP)
30. 359041.828 946067.293 497.562 SH
31. 359085.236 946032.514 500.033 SH
32. 359016.702 946052.673 496.773 T19
33. 359038.129 946002.633 499.181 R3
34. 359035.694 946005.096 499.078 R4
35. 358996.874 946019.040 497.465 R5
36. 358992.959 946036.332 496.779 R6
37. 359033.896 945978.202 500.402 P2
38. 358952.412 946005.158 498.206 R7
39. 358947.373 946002.972 498.443 R8
40. 358942.568 945992.986 498.992 P3
41. 358970.957 945974.026 500.113 UNCOMPLETED BUILDING
42. 358965.202 945968.524 500.400 UNCOMPLETED BUILDING
43. 358955.854 946036.313 496.577 TSN10
44. 358962.444 945973.174 500.335 P4
45. 358946.690 946041.144 496.094 P5
46. 358957.233 945974.515 500.049 P/BLK3
47. 358951.294 945980.200 499.844 P/BLK3
48. 358925.623 945955.897 501.283 P/BLK3
49. 358944.796 946040.144 496.222 P/BLK3
50. 358920.523 946064.305 496.008 P/BLK3
51. 359045.807 946079.821 496.139 TSN10
52. 359091.577 945979.996 500.684 FENCE
53. 359041.606 945908.162 503.366 FENCE
54. 359068.543 945943.929 501.843 FENCE
55. 359132.818 946068.093 500.516 TREE

36
56. 359110.342 946073.434 599.149 S/W1
57. 359108.369 946073.758 498.993 S/W2
58. 359109.511 946075.495 499.015 S/W3
59. 359110.481 946075.070 499.148 S/W4
60. 359112.131 946065.550 499.537 TREE
61. 359105.107 946077.135 498.836 H/M2
62. 359099.678 946079.216 498.582 H/M1
63. 359003.753 946090.176 498.831 H/M8
64. 358970.940 946000.657 498.728 TP1
65. 358990.318 945990.796 499.189 SH
66. 358980.222 946072.496 496.580 TREE
67. 358944.791 946017.983 498.302 S/BL3.1
68. 358950.164 946025.602 497.636 S/BL3.2
69. 358920.688 946044.656 497.788 S/BL3.3
70. 358916.470 946048.953 498.155 S/BL4.1
71. 358886.158 946069.758 498.609 S/BL4.2
72. 358889.863 946077.195 498.253 L1
73. 358893.865 946082.478 497.918 L2
74. 358890.887 946083.432 498.046 L3
75. 358886.905 946079.410 498.234 L4
76. 359012.739 945940.947 501.424 UCB1
77. 358984.670 945961.885 500.724 UCB2
78. 358980.175 945956.351 501.047 UCB3
79. 359007.936 945934.968 501.759 UCB4
80. 358906.240 946090.360 497.548 SH
81. 358924.674 946070.949 497.500 SH
82. 358936.200 946041.941 497.462 SH
83. 358959.775 946067.043 496.766 SH
84. 358988.743 946067.015 496.253 SH
85. 358993.886 946066.572 496.077 R

37
86. 358997.406 946067.335 496.117 R
87. 359014.614 946069.081 496.130 SH
88. 358924.103 945881.491 505.055 PRYBLK1.1
89. 358934.375 945895.111 504.323 PRYBLK1.2
90. 358961.109 945875.023 505.129 PRYBLK1.3
91. 358961.001 945883.707 504.836 SH
92. 358952.872 945923.674 502.914 SH
93. 359140.699 946099.959 498.389 TSN11
94. 359033.701 946057.532 498.107 H/M6
95. 359121.228 946083.340 498.215 H/M7
96. 359121.278 946095.183 498.116 SH
97. 359128.065 946069.907 498.805 TP2
98. 359099.459 946092.006 498.233 SH
99. 359130.848 946089.184 498.201 SH
100. 359128.065 946069.907 498.805 TP2

101. 359112.180 946080.230 499.408 H/M5

102. 359111.396 946078.462 499.214 H/M6

103. 359106.542 946080.270 499.046 H/M7

104. 358970.940 946000.657 498.728 TP1

105. 358950.624 946009.073 498.997 TREE

106. 358946.344 946003.739 499.246 TREE

107. 358941.903 945998.949 499.545 TREE

38
108. 358938.495 945994.713 499.841 TREE

109. 358934.440 945990.341 5400.053 TREE

110. 358928.742 945983.021 500.549 UCB1

111. 358950.218 945972.705 500.587 UCB2

112. 358954.006 945962.491 500.857 UCB3

113. 358936.046 945955.889 501.462 UCB3

114. 358932.236 945966.255 501.199 UCB4

115. 358926.435 945989.410 500.218 BLK1.1

116. 358931.216 945996.745 499.764 BLK1.2

117. 358902.765 946016.273 499.825 BLK1.3

118. 358893.543 94600.616 500.192 S/ BLK2.1

119. 358866.426 946040.815 500.703 S/ BLK2.2

120. 358879.785 946061.263 500.264 S/ BLK4.3

121. 358911.002 946040.507 499.348 S/ BLK4.4

122. 358915.997 946037.186 499.490 S/ BLK3.4

39
123. 358930.829 945979.286 501.191 BH

124. 358927.921 945979.490 500.755 WT

125. 358935.998 946009.144 499.359 TREE

126. 358923.843 946017.275 499.376 TREE

127. 358898.227 945910.609 498.130 TREE

128. 358943.050 945940.711 498.877 TSN3

129. 358922.074 945913.284 498.485 P/BLK2.1

130. 358929.113 945908.025 498.953 P/BLK2.2

131. 358851.785 946024.504 498.594 P/BLK2.3

132. 358883.751 946003.488 498.149 S/BLK5.3

133. 358888.795 946009.159 498.232 S/BLK5.2

134. 358879.790 945922.612 498.359 S/BLK5.1

135. 358883.895 945918.984 498.343 TOILET1.1

136. 358895.541 945892.811 498.448 TOILET1.2

137. 358877.387 945913.903 499.046 TOILET1.3

40
138. 358886.228 945910.630 498.426 FENCE

139. 358818.661 945964.259 499.030 FENCE

140. 358840.835 945970.525 498.911 TREE

141. 358862.627 945999.764 498.754 TREE

142. 358830.919 945877.669 500.362 SH

143. 358954.079 945865.395 501.318 SH

144. 358705.570 946049.021 493.480 TSN5

145. 358746.290 946037.939 495.057 FB4

146. 358770.052 946025.094 496.351 GP3

147. 358774.900 946022.373 496.613 GP4

148. 358797.297 946009.960 497.887 FB3

149. 358851.981 946102.649 497.126 FB2

150. 358835.422 946117.775 496.625 GP2

151. 358827.606 946119.503 496.403 GP1

152. 358798.646 946133.938 495.190 FB1

41
153. 358730.437 946087.719 493.857 HB4

154. 358738.438 946082.615 494.081 GP3

155. 358741.066 946081.330 494.047 GP4

156. 358749.183 946077.209 494.379 HB3

157. 358770.780 946110.994 494.508 HB2

158. 358762.972 946115.660 494.462 GP2

159. 358760.209 946116.716 494.431 GP1

160. 358750.787 946120.988 494.091 HB1

161. 358722.494 946035.898 494.396 FENCE

162. 358966.703 945852.213 499.823 TREE

163. 358990.861 945837.511 500.742 TSN2

164. 358984.162 945842.493 500.336 PTA/FC1

165. 358986.065 945844.945 500.376 PTA/FC2

166. 358963.503 945852.187 499.805 PTA/FC3

167. 358962.539 945850.796 499.985 FENCE

42
168. 358952.836 945857.907 500.034 FENCE

169. 358977.298 945849.296 499.738 TREE

170. 358977.210 945875.110 499.609 FLAGSTAND2

171. 358976.068 945875.384 499.727 FLAGSTAND1

172. 358980.870 945887.890 499.819 FLAGSTAND7

173. 358976.889 945893.974 499.746 FLAGSTAND6

174. 358983.928 945894.866 499.990 FLAGSTAND5

175. 358986.315 945900.373 499.939 FLAGSTAND4

176. 1358986.773 945899.098 499.887 FLAGSTAND3

43
44
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
In the course of carrying out this project, there were some problems encountered viz:

a. TIME: time wasn’t really on my side as I have to combine this job with teaching,

side by side respectively and most of my station point were tempered with

because the student are in session as at the time of executing this survey.

b. WEATHER: The weather was another factor that had to contend with because

whenever we were on site and the rain begins, I just have to pack my instruments

to avoid the instrument been soak with water which could result in corrosion,

since there is no survey umbrella available for use.

5.2 SUMMARY
The production of this detailed map involves the use of traversing, leveling and detailing

(Tacheometry) in which data were obtained, reduced, computed and adjusted. With these

data, a plan was drawn and details plotted in their relative position to a suitable scale.

5.3 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the aim of this project which is to produce a Detailed map of the Federal

polytechnic staff school Nasarawa and was achieved. The map was produced according

to third order specification because it met the requirement for future expansion

development of the school when the needs arise.

45
5.4 RECOMMENDATION
I will therefore recommend that project of this kind be repeated periodically at exact five

to ten years in other to update the new existing features because such map will become an

asset of infrastructural development for the management of the school.

46
 REFERENCE
S.K Duggal (1996): Surveying, Vol 1, 2nd Edition. Published 1996 by

Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company, 7 West

Patel Nagar,

New Delhi.

J. Uren & W.F Price (2006) Surveying For Engineers, 4th Edition

Dr. A.M Chandra (2010 ) Higher Surveying, Revised Second Edition

R. Agor (2010) Surveying and Leveling, Khanna Publishers

Jack McCormack (2004): Surveying, fifth Edition, John Willy and SONS

Publishers.

S.K ROY (2006): Fundamental of Surveying, First Edition,

New Delhi, India

Alak D.E(2010) Plane Surveying,

47