+ SALT ANALYSIS Ly SCHEME OF ANALYSIS EXPERIMENT ‘OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS : 7) Noted the colour Colouriess ‘Absence of Cu™,Fe®*,Fe”*,Mn”*,Co™,Ni?* Brown Green Pale pink Pink 2) Noted the solubility a) Inwater a) Soluble and no a) Pre. of NHs* b) Indil.HCl ppt with Na,CO; b) Insoluble b) Pre. of Pb®* 3) Flame Test: a) Blue surrounded | a) Pre.of Cu® Allittle of the salt is made into by green paste with conc.HCl.Aglassrod| —b) Brick red b) Pre. of Ca” is dipped in it and introduced ©) Crimson red ©) Pre.of S* into the flame. 4) Bluish white d) Pre. of Pb®* e) Grassygreenon | e) Pre.of Ba prolonged heating 4) Ash Test: a) Green ash a) Pre. of Zn Allittle of the salt is heated with | _b) Blue tinted ash b) Pre. of Al* con.HNO; and cobalt nitrate ) Pale pink ash ©) Pre.of Me™ solution. A filter paper is dipped in it and burnt. ‘SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS : 1) DiLH;SO.test : a) Evolution of a) Pre. of carbonates To the salt add dil.H.SO«, warm Colourless, if required. codourless gas with brisk effervescence, ‘turns limewater milky. b) Smell of vinegar b) Pre. of acetate2) Conc.H,SOstest = ‘@) Colourless gas a) Pre.of CI® ray 71 Treat a small quantity of the with pungent salt with Cone.H2SO«, warm if smell, give dense necessary. white fumes whena glass rod dipped in NH.OH is shown. b) Brown gas with b) Pre. of Br? pungent smell ¢) Violet vapours ¢) Pre.of I with pungent smell ) Light brown gas d) Pre. of NOs? with pungent smell on strong, heating. e) Smell of vinegar e) Pre. of CH;COO* 3) Paper ball test : Brown fumes Pre. of NOs? Heat a little of the salt with ‘Conc,H;SO, and introduce a paper ball to it. 4) Test far sulphates : White ppt insoluble in _ | Pre. of sulphate Heat a little of the salt solution | Conc.HCl with dil. HCl and add BaCl, solution. 5) Test for phosphates : Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate ‘Add Conc.HNOs to the salt solution and boil. Add exess of ammonium molybdate solution and boil again. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS : 1) Carbonates: White ppt Pre. of carbonates confirmed Magnesium sulphate test : To the salt solution add MgSO. solution. 2) Chlorides : a) MnOztest : a) Greenish yellow | Pre. of chloride confirmed Heat a small quantity of salt with Conc,H,SQ,and MnO, gas with pungent ‘smellb) Chromyl chloride test = Salt is heated with conc.sulphuricacid and pot.dichromate, The vapours are collected and passed through NaOH solution. Add lead acetate solution to this. c) Silver nitrate test : Acidify the salt solution with dilnitric acid and add silver nitrate solution. b) Reddish brown vapours Yellow solution Yellow ppt c) White curdy ppt soluble in excess of NH.OH Ci Pre. of chloride confirmed Pre. of chloride confirmed 3) Acetates : a) Oxalic acid test : ‘Make a paste of the salt with oxalic acid. Rub the paste and smell. b) Ester test : To the salt add conc.H,SOs and heat. Add alcohol. Shake. Pour the contents into a beaker containing water. ¢) Ferric chloride test : To the salt solution add a) Smell of vinegar b) Pleasant fruity smell ) Reddish coloured Pre. of acetate Pre. of acetate confirmed neutral ferric chloride ppt solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into two portions : Pre. of acetate confirmed |, Toone add dil.HCl, |, Reddish colour ll, Tothe second, add disappears water and boil Reddish ppt 4) Sulphate : a) To the salt solution add dil. HCl and barium chloride solution. b) To the salt solution add acetic acid and lead acetate solution. White ppt insoluble in HCl White ppt soluble in hot ammonium acetate Pre. of sulphate confirmed Pre. of sulphate confirmed 5) Phosphate: a) Ammonium molybdate test : To salt solution add ‘conc.HNO; and boil. Add ammonium molybdate and a) Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphateheat again. b) Magnesia mixture test : To the salt solution add magnesia mixture and allow b) White ppt Pre. of phosphate con Q to stand. 6) Bromide : a) To salt add cone.H:SO, and a) Dense brown Pre. of bromide confirmed MnO, fumes b) To salt add dil, HCl and Agcl b) Pale yellow ppt _| Pre. of bromide confirmed partially soluble inNH.OH 7) Nitrate : a) Toalittle salt add a) Brown vapours Pre. of nitrate confirmed ‘conc.H,SO, and add cu and green turnings and heat. solution b) To salt solution add fresh b) Brownring at the | Pre. of nitrate confirmed FeSO, and cool. Add junction between conc.H:SO« two layer. ANALYSIS OF CATIONS: 1) To the salt solution add sodium | No ppt of zero group carbonate solution (Ammonium) 2) To the solution add dil, HC! White ppt Pres of group 1 (Pb?) 3) To the solution add dil. HCl and | Black ppt Pre. of group 2 pass H,S (cu) 4) To the solution add solid White gelatinous ppt _| Pre. of group3 ammonium chloride and excess (ar) ‘of ammonium hydroxide 5) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 4 ammonium chloride and excess (2n”") of ammonium hydroxide. Pass HS. 6) To the solution add solid White ppt ammonium chloride and excess (Bas of ammonium hydroxide. Add ammonium carbonate solution 7) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 6 ammonium chloride and excess ‘of ammonium hydroxide. Add sodium hydrogen phosphate (Me™)ANALYSIS OF GROUP 0(AMMONIUM) ct 1) To the salt solution add NaOH | Smell of ammonia. Pre. of ammonium confirmed solution. Warm Gives white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in HClis introduced. 2) To the salt solution add NaOH | Brown ppt Pre. of ammonium confirmed solution. Warm. Add Nesslers reagent ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD) 1) Potassium iodide test: Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed To the salt solution add KI solution 2) Potassium chromate Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed test: To the salt solution add k:CrOssolution ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper) 1) Tothe saltsolutionadd few | Chocolate coloured Pre. of Cu® confirmed drops of potassium precipitate ferrocyanide solution and acetic acid. 2) To the salt solution add acetic | White ppt Pre. of Cu confirmed acid and potassium iodide solution. 3) To the salt solution add NH.OH | Deep blue colour Pre. of Cu” confirmed solution. ‘ANALYSIS OF GROUP 3(Aluminium) 1) The white ppt obtained is dissolved in dil.HCl Add 2 drops of blue litmus: solution. Then add ammonium hydroxide dropwise till blue Biue ppt floating in colourless solution Pre. of aluminium confirmed colour develops. 2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt | White ppt soluble in Pre. of aluminium confirmed solution excess of NaOH3) Ash testis conducted with the group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(2n?*) 1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4 is dissolved in dil. HCl And divided into two Blue ash a) White ppt soluble Pre. of aluminium con { | ‘7 Pre. of Zn®* confirmed a) Toone part add NaOH in in excess of NaOH drops b) White/bluish Pre. of Zn” confirmed b) To the second part add white ppt pot.ferrocyanide solution 2) Ash test is conducted with the | Green ash Pre. of Zn’ confirmed group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba?*,Sr’*,Ca”*) Test forBa: Potassium chromate test : 1) To the salt solution add K2CrO« 1) Yellow ppt Pre. of Ba confirmed solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Grassy green Pre. of Ba confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Sr: 1) Add ammonium sulphate to the | 1) White ppt Pre. of Sr confirmed salt solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Crimson red Pre. of Sr confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Ca : 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of Ca confirmed ammonium oxalate solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with the group ppt. ANALYSIS OF GROUP 6(Mg”*) 2) Brick red flame Pre. of Ca confirmed Test forMg™ : 1) To the salt solution add ammonium phosphate solution. 2) Ash testis conducted with group ppt 1) White ppt 2) Pale pink ash Pre. of magnesium confirmed Pre. of magnesium confirmed