Sound light the heat radiation from a fire transmits their energy via

waves. Waves in the sea carry energy with them, as do the waves that
shake the land in an earthquake. The sun and stars radiate radio waves,
microwaves and waves of visible light, infrared radiation, ultraviolet light,
X rays and gamma rays. These different forms of radiation are called
electromagnetic radiation, and together form the electromagnetic
spectrum.

Summery:

Energy moves through waves

The electromagnetic spectrum: The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of

EM waves on order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelengths

Things to Remember:

The higher the frequency the more energy the wave has

EM waves do not require media in which to travel or move

Inverse relationship between wave sizes and frequency

Radio waves have the longest wave lengths and the lowest frequencies.

Infrared waves (Heat): Have a shorter wavelength from .001 m to 700 nm,
and therefore, a higher frequency.

It is used for finding people in the dark and in tv remote control devices

Gamma Rays

This picture is a “scintigram”

Module 5.1 Review Questions

Define the terms:

A. electromagnetic spectrum
B. wavelength.

What term best describes each of the following?

 A. wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
B. Maximum distance a wave extends from its middle position.

A wave is transporting energy through air from right to left. The particles
of the air move back and forth in a horizontal direction.

Practical water waves: 23/07/2024

Results Table

(Cork) Condition Observation / Drawing

The Cork Floated
back and forth
on the water for
a period of 9
seconds

(Ruler) Condition Observation / Drawing

If you increase
the frequency of
the wave would
have increase,
there would be
more Waves,
and it would be
more consistent
(Drops) Observation / Drawing
Condition
There Were
Many Circular
waves pivoting
around the
centre origine.
(4 – 10 Waves)

Chapter 5 Videos and Web Links

Wave Motion Notes:

Waves can transfer energy from one place to another

Waves can changer their energy from liquids, Solids, and Gasses

The frequency measures how often something happens

Wavelength can vary hugely in size

Amplitude as waves travel, they can cause a disturbance.

Transverse and longitudinal waves Notes:

Longitudinal is when the waves vibrate parallel

Where they are furthest a part, they are called refractions

Transverse waves are usually used to measure amplitude

1. The cork acted as Longitudinal, as it rocked from side to side in a back-and-

forth motion.

2. The Shape of the waves with the eye dropper pivot around a central object.
Where the waves where larger and moved in a straight line.

3.

- Waves Produced = 17

- Time Taken = 10 seconds

- Frequency = F*Y= Wavelength

= 17 ÷ 10 = 1,7 Hz`

Question

3. A wave is transporting energy through air from right to left. The particles of
the air move back and forth in a horizontal direction. What is the type of wave
called?

= Longitudinal

4. Refer to the transverse wave shown in Figure 5.1.14. State the letter that
corresponds to its:

a. amplitude

b. wavelength.

=B

5. Julia and Skye are making waves with a slinky spring that is stretched between
them. They halve the frequency of the waves they are producing. What happens
to the wavelength produced?

6. What two types of fields interact to produce an electromagnetic wave?

7. List five types of electromagnetic waves. = Microwaves, Ultra Voilet, Infrared,
Visible Light, Radio, Xray.

10. a Nisha whispers a comment to her friend Sally. Describe the movement of
air particles as ____sound travels from Nisha’s lips to Sally’s ears.

The wave is moving in a horizontal fashion

11. Rewrite the following in scientific notation:

---- A. 21 000

-----B. 0.0085

12. Identify the rarefaction and compression in the sound waves created by the
tuning forks in -------Figure 5.1.15.

PowerPoint Waves Notes:

Wave motion is the transfer of energy without the transfer of matter.

A Wave carries energy from one point to another:

There are two types of waves: Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves.

The frequency of waves is the number of waves per second. It is measure in

hertz (Hz)

Low Frequency Wave = 1Hz or 1 wave per second

Higher Frequency Wave = Higher frequency

The amplitude of wavelength of transverse waves.

Amplitude is the height of the wave crest above its middle position.

Wavelengths can vary depending on the type of wave.

Radio waves can have a wavelength of 3000 metres or more.

The wave equation: wave speed (V) = Frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (Half-life
Symcambol)

A magnetic field can generate an electric current in a wire

Notes:

- white light consists of all of the colours of the visible spectrum.

- Each colour of light is a wave with a different wavelength and frequency
- White light can be produced by shining all colours together.
- White light can also be made by using just three colours of the spectrum
- For this reason, these are called the primary colours of the spectrum
- When you combine light of the primary colours in pairs
- three secondary colours: magenta, cyan and yellow
- a red piece of cellophane absorbs all colours except red light
- The cellophane acts as a colour filter
- When all the colours of light are added together, white light is produced.
- As more paint pigments are added, more colours are absorbed rather than
reflected.
- Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave.
- This means that the light has been polarised.
- Polarising filters can be used to separate light waves according to their
direction
- When white light passes through a prism, it splits into the colours of the
spectrum
- You can see dispersion whenever you notice a rainbow of colours.
- As sunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere, it interacts with air particles and
undergoes a process known as scattering.

Questions:

11. What colour would a green frog appear under yellow light?

A green frog would appear yellow under yellow light. This is because the
yellow light would be reflected by the frog’s skin, making it look yellow to our
eyes.

12b. Identify one colour of light that would make the green frog appear black.

A green frog would appear black under red light. This is because the frog’s
green skin absorbs red light and reflects very little, making it appear black.

13. Su-Lin and Sofia’s clothes in blue lighting

In blue lighting, the appearance of Su-Lin and Sofia’s clothes would depend
on the colours they are wearing:

 White clothes would appear blue because they reflect all colours, including
blue.

 Black clothes would remain black as they absorb most of the light.

 Other colours would appear darker or take on a bluish tint, depending on

how much blue light they reflect.

14. Instances where a colour-blind person might have difficulty distinguishing

colours
 A colour-blind person might struggle in situations such as:

 Traffic lights, where red and green lights can appear similar.

 Maps and charts that use colour coding.

 Differentiating ripe fruits from unripe ones, especially red and green fruits.

15. Properties of light that provide evidence it travels as a wave

Two properties that show light travels as a wave are:

1. Interference: When light waves overlap, they can create patterns of

constructive and destructive interference.

2. Diffraction: Light waves can bend around obstacles and spread out after
passing through small openings.

16. Test to determine if sunglasses have polarising filters

You can use an LCD screen for this test:

1. Hold the sunglasses in front of the screen.

2. Rotate the sunglasses 90 degrees.

Outcomes:

 a. Both pairs have polarising filters: The lenses will darken significantly
when rotated 90 degrees.

 b. Only one pair has a polarising filter: Only the polarised pair will darken
when rotated.

 c. Neither pair has polarising filters: There will be no change in the

appearance of the lenses when rotated.

Read Pages 198 – 204

Review Questions 1 – 20 page 206

1. Coherent:

o In the context of waves, “coherent” refers to waves that have

a constant phase relationship with each other. When two or
more waves are coherent, their crests and troughs align
consistently. Coherent light, for example, has a fixed phase
relationship, which allows interference patterns to form (like in
a laser).

2. Digital Signal:
 o A digital signal is a discrete, non-continuous representation of
information. It consists of distinct values (usually binary: 0 and
1) that convey data. Digital signals are commonly used in
computers, telecommunications, and electronic devices.
Unlike analog signals (which vary continuously), digital signals
have well-defined levels or states.

3. Natural Source of Radio Waves:

o The Sun is a natural source of radio waves. Solar activity, such

as sunspots and solar flares, emits radio waves across a wide
range of frequencies. These waves can propagate through
space and reach Earth, where they are detected by radio
telescopes.

4. Typical Wavelength of an AM Radio Signal:

o AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio signals typically have

wavelengths ranging from hundreds of meters to a few
kilometres. The specific wavelength depends on the frequency
of the radio station. For example, a station broadcasting at
1000 kHz (1 MHz) has a wavelength of approximately 300
meters.

5. Number System Used in Digital Communications: 

o Digital communications primarily use the binary number

system. In binary, information is represented using only two
symbols: 0 and 1. Computers, networks, and digital devices
process data in binary form.

6. Disadvantages of Analog Signals Compared to Digital Signals:

o Susceptibility to Noise: Analog signals are more vulnerable to

noise and interference during transmission. Digital signals,
being discrete, can be error corrected.

o Signal Degradation: Analog signals degrade over long

distances due to attenuation (loss of signal strength). Digital
signals can be regenerated without significant loss.

7. Term Describing Data Capacity of a Communication Channel:

o The term you’re looking for is “bandwidth.” Bandwidth

represents the amount of data that a communication channel
(such as a cable, fiber optic line, or wireless link) can carry
within a given time frame.

8. Spacing of Repeater Towers in Microwave Surface Links:

 o In microwave communication systems, repeater towers are
typically positioned about 30 to 50 kilometres apart. These
towers amplify and retransmit microwave signals to extend
their range.

9. Common Wi-Fi Enabled Devices:

 Smartphones

 Laptops and tablets

 Smart TVs

 Home automation devices

10. Indoor and Outdoor Range of Wi-Fi Signals:

 Indoor Range: Typically, around 30 to 50 meters

(depending on walls and obstacles).

 Outdoor Range: Can extend up to 100 meters or more

(with clear line of sight).

11. Why AM Radio Waves Travel Further Than FM Radio Waves: - AM radio
waves travel ----------------------------farther because they have longer
wavelengths. Longer wavelengths --------------------------can diffract (bend)
around obstacles and follow the curvature of -----------------------------the
Earth. FM waves, with shorter wavelengths, are more line-
of------------------------------sight and don’t diffract as effectively.

12. Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM):

o FDM is a technique used in communication systems. It allows

multiple signals (such as voice, data, or video) to share a
single communication channel by allocating different
frequency bands to each signal

13. Signal Transmission Along an Optical Fiber:

o Optical fibres transmit signals using total internal reflection.

Light (usually in the form of laser pulses) enters the core of
the fiber and bounces off the cladding, staying confined within
the core.

14. Function of a Router:

o A router is a networking device that connects different

networks together. Its main functions include:

 Routing Decisions: Routers determine the best path for

data to travel from source to destination.
  Firewall and Security: Some routers provide basic

Science Diary Notes:

Thursday Period 3 : Science Practical

Heat, Light and Sound: Notes

Sound:

What is sound? :

. Sound is produced by an object vibrating back and forth

. There is always a source to the sound
. Key words consist of compression and rarefaction

How does sound travel? :

. Sound waves are alternating compressions and rarefactions

. Sound waves travel away from the source of the sound

. Sound needs particles to move in order to pass through them

How can we hear through doors? :

. Sound waves bounce of particles

What are echoes? :

. The sound bouncing of particles back and forth so you here it

multiple times.

Sonic Boom! :

. Sound is travelling in waves

. A sonic boom is created when a fighter travels faster than sound

Types of waves

. Transverse Waves :

. Longitudinal Waves :

Transmission of sound

. The reason hotter materials transmit sounds more quickly is

because the hot air speeds up the particles meaning.

Sound is reflected by hard surfaces producing echoes

The length of time a sound can be heard for is called Reverberation.

Echoes in canyons have long reverberations

Some of the sound energy turns into heat energy due to friction

Frequency and Pitch

The pitch of a sound is how high or low it is sounds. High pitched

sounds have high frequency, low pitched sounds have low
frequency.

The frequency of a sound is how many times a sound goes through

the rarefaction and compression cycles each second.

The Wavelength of a sound is the distance between adjacent peaks.

Either compression to compression or rarefaction to rarefaction.

Wavelength is measured in metres (m)

The higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength

The amplitude of a sound is the intensity of the sound.

Louder sounds have larger amplitudes.

Amplitude is usually measured in decibels (dB)

Hearing Music

Humans can hear in the range generally from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Sustained loud noises can damage our hearing.

Ultrasound is frequencies higher than we can hear.

Infrasound is frequencies lower than we can here.

Ultrasound and Reflections

Uses reflection of sound to see inside people

Ultrasound is used to take images of babies, knees, ankles, etc.

Summary

Sound is created by vibrations of objects

The speed of sound is determined by the medium and temperature

Compressions are where the particles are close together

1. Definitions

a. Compression: The region in a longitudinal wave where the

particles are closest together.

b. Transverse Wave: A wave in which the particles of the medium

move perpendicular to the direction of the wave’s propagation.

c. Frequency: The number of complete waves or cycles that pass a

given point per unit of time, typically measured in Hertz (Hz).

2. Best Descriptive Terms

a. Movement of alternating compressions and rarefactions:

Longitudinal wave.

b. Energy carried by the wave moves in the same direction as the

wave particles: Longitudinal wave.

c. Distance a particle in a wave moves from its rest position:

Amplitude.

3. Units of Measurement

a. Frequency: Hertz (Hz).

b. Wavelength: Meter (m).

c. Speed of Sound: Meters per second (m/s).

4. Speed of Sound in Air at 18°C

The speed of sound in air at 18 degrees Celsius is approximately

342 meters per second (m/s).

5. Source of Vibration in a Flute

The source of vibration in a flute is the air column inside the flute,
which is set into vibration by the player blowing across the
mouthpiece.
 6. True or False Statements

a. Sound is produced by vibrations: True.

b. Regions of high air pressure are called rarefactions: False. Regions

of high air pressure are called compressions; rarefactions are
regions of low air pressure.

c. A sound wave can travel in a vacuum: False. Sound waves require

a medium to travel.

d. Waves at the beach are called transverse waves: True. Beach

waves are primarily transverse waves.

7. Sound Travel in Solids vs. Liquids

Sound travels faster through solids because particles are closer

together, allowing vibrations to transfer more quickly.

8. Reverberation and Echoes

a. Reverberation: Persistence of sound due to multiple reflections.

b. Empty Room Echoes: Hard surfaces reflect sound, creating

echoes.

c. Effect of Furniture: Furniture, curtains, and carpets absorb sound,

reducing echoes.

9. Straw Predictions

a. Highest pitched sound: The shortest straw. b. longest

wavelength: The longest straw. c. Highest frequency: The shortest
straw.

10. Sound Reflection and Absorption

Reflect sound waves:

Marble tiles in a bathroom

Polished floorboards in a school hall

A glass window

Absorb sound waves:

Carpet on the floor of a cinema

A lounge room with a velvet couch and a deep shaggy carpet

12. Musical Instruments: Their waveforms are like well-behaved guests at

a soirée. Each instrument—whether it’s a guitar, piano, or oboe—has its
signature shape. Violins might sway gracefully, while drums spike like
caffeine-addicted heartbeats. These patterns repeat predictably, like a
waltz you can’t help but hum along to.

Noise: Oh, noise doesn’t play by the rules. It’s the graffiti artist of the
waveform world. Its trace is all over the place—up, down, sideways, loop-
de-loops. It’s like trying to catch fireflies in a hurricane. No pattern, no
predictability. Just a delightful mess.

(a) Wavelength of the Wave: The wavelength of a wave is the distance

between two consecutive crests (or troughs) of the wave. It’s like
measuring from one peak to the next. To find the wavelength, we can use
the formula:

Transformation into Heat: The absorbed sound energy gets transformed

into heat energy. It’s like the material saying, “Hey, sound wave, let’s
warm things up!” So, part of the energy dances into the heat spotlight.

Transmission Through the Material: But wait, there’s an encore! Some of

that absorbed energy doesn’t want to stay backstage forever. It sneaks
through the

Practical Investigation Module 4.1

Testing Insulators

Aim: The aim is to see what isolator / material will keep the water at a hot
temperature

Equipment:

• very hot water (from a kettle)

• plastic spoon

• metal spoon

• wooden icy-pole stick

• 250mL beaker

• small beads or similar

• stopwatch

• ruler
Timing 30 minutes

Hypothesise:

I believe that the Polystyrene will convey and keep the water at its
maximum possible temperature compared to the rest of the objects.

Module 6.2

Lemon Cells

Practical Investigation

Notes: Electricity

Electrostatic

- Ane electric charge can be either positive or negative

- It is produced by subatomic particles (Parts of atoms) Such as
electrons, which carry a negative charge, or protons which produce
an Eletric charge
- Friction is when we experience static electricity.
- When two objects are rubbed together, we can transfer electrons
- This is called an electrostatic charge

Simple electrical circuit

- Electrons travel along a path to deliver their energy this path is

called an electric circuit
- An energy source, such as a battery, a power point or a generator
like the dynamo on a bike
- An energy user, such as a light, globe, heating element resistor or
motor

Voltage

A measure of the amount of energy:

- Supplied to the charges by the voltage source (Supply Voltage)

- Used by the charges as they pass through a component (Voltage
Drop)
- Measured using a voltmeter in volts (V)

Supply voltage
 - Electrons get the energy needed to move around a circuits anergy
source
- Mains power: 240 V in Australia
- Sometimes transformers are used to reduce the power to a more
manageable voltage for example: mobile phones need 5 – 6v to
recharge, laptops need 19 volts

Resistance

- As electrons pass through a circuit the path is restricted by the

atoms that make the wires.
- This is called resistance
- It is a measure of how difficult it is for an eletric current to flow
through a material or component
- It is easier for electrons to flow through low resistance materials
- Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω)

The resistance of a wire depends on

- Type of material the wire is made of for example: metals have lower
resistance than rubber
- Length of wire. Doubling the length of wire doubles the resistance
- Thickness of wire: it is harder for electrons to pass through thin wire

Resistors

- Are components that have a known resistance. They are used to

restrict current flowing through them and the components.

Conductors and insulators

- Conductors: something that electricity will pass through

- Insulator: material that have such a high resistance that they block
electrical currents completely

Current in a series circuit is the same at all parts in a circuit in a series

circuit the total, or sum of the voltages across all the components will be
equal the voltage across the cell/battery

The total voltage supplied by the cell is 12V. There are three lamps
connected in series, so 12/3 = 4V

The parallel circuit splits into each route

This means the current also splits into 3 equal amounts. Therefore, 9/3 =
3Amps
The voltage will be the same everywhere

ROYGBIV

Pearson questions 6.2 Q1 – 22 page 233

1. Definitions
- Current: The flow of electric charge, typically measured in amperes.

- Conductor: A material that allows the flow of electric charge, such as

metals
like copper and aluminium.

- Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current, measured

in ohms

- Electrolyte: A substance that produces an electrically conducting

solution when dissolved in water, often used in batteries.

2. Terms Descriptions

- Energy provided to charges: Voltage or electromotive force.

- Material that blocks an electric current: Insulator.

- Cell that converts sunlight into electricity: Photovoltaic cell or solar

cell.

- Metal or graphite plates that conduct electricity in a wet cell:

Electrodes.

3. What is the voltage of each of the following?

- Laptops: Usually need 19 volts

- Mobile phones: Typically need 5 volts to recharge
 - Power points in Australia: 230 volts

4. List three things that resistance depends on.

- Length: Longer wires have more resistance.
- Thickness: Thinner wires have more resistance.
- Material: Different materials resist electric flow differently.

5. What is a transformer used for?

A transformer is used to change the voltage levels in an alternating

current electrical circuit. It can either increase or decrease the voltage.

6. What are the advantages of using dry cells for a TV remote control?

- Portability: Dry cells are lightweight and compact, making them easy
to handle.
- No Leakage: They use a paste electrolyte, reducing the risk of
leakage.
- Durability: Dry cells are generally more durable and have a long
shelf life.

7. What are two examples of:

a. An electrical conductor?
- Copper
- Aluminium
b. An insulator?
- Rubber
- Glass

8. Name two metals that have:

a. Low resistance
- Silver
- Copper
b. High resistance
- Nichrome
- Tungsten

10. Why does an ammeter need to be connected in series?

- To measure the current flowing through the circuit.
11. Why is copper used for house wiring but aluminium for high-voltage
lines?
- Copper: Low resistance, good conductor.
- Aluminium: Lightweight, cheaper for long distances.

12. Identify whether a wet or dry cell would be best to power the
following:
- A laptop computer: Dry cell
- A boat starter motor: Wet cell
- The lights in a caravan: Dry cell
- A bionic ear implant: Dry cell

16. Conductor vs. Insulator

- Conductor: A material that allows electric charge to flow through it
easily. Examples include metals like copper and aluminium.
- Insulator: A material that does not allow electric charge to flow
through it easily. Examples include rubber, glass, and plastic.

17. Ammeter vs. Voltmeter Connection

- Ammeter: Connected in series with the circuit to measure the
current flowing through it.
- Voltmeter: Connected in parallel with the circuit to measure the
voltage across two points

6.3 page 245

2. What terms best describes each of the following?

a. A circuit with all the components in a line

b. wire connecting a power point to the ground

c. switch activated by higher-than-normal current

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a series circuit?

- circuits don’t overheat easily

- it is a more difficult circuit to create

Biology

Access all the following links and write notes

Abiotic and biotic factors (Mark Drollinger)

Ecological relationships

Notes:

A biotic factor is living things within an ecosystem

E.g.: animals, plants and fungi

An abiotic factor is nonliving things within an ecosystem

E.g. Sunlight, Water, Air, Weather and humidity

Economic relationships

Biotic and non-biotic

Chapter 9.1

Learning objectives

- Define interdependent relationships

- Contrast the terms of ecology

What is ecology?

- Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and
with their nonliving surroundings
- To interact means to affect each other, in either harmful or helpful
ways
- Scientists who specialise in ecology are known as ecologists

Ecosystems

- An ecosystem is a place where the organisms and their physical

surroundings form an environment that is different from other
environments nearby.
- Natural ecosystems can exist on their own. They are balanced,
meaning that they keep working without any outside help from
humans
- Humans can create artificial ecosystems such as aquariums, but
these need to be managed to keep them balanced.
Factors influencing ecosystems

- Abiotic factors: these are non-living physical factors such as the

amount of sunlight, rainfall, wind, tides, waves, lighting and fires.
- Biotic Factors: these are living factors such as predators, fungi,
parasites, viruses, and infectious bacteria.

Abiotic factors – Water

- Water is essential for all living organisms. It is the solvent for all
materials.

- Living underground or resting in burrows during the heat of the day

- Some creatures get the moisture they need from their food

Abiotic factor – temperature

- Temperature affects the speed of chemical reactions in the cells
- As themperature increases, the rate of a reaction usally increases too.
- Ectothermic means these organisms must obtain heat from

Abiotic factor – fires

- Some bushesfires start because of lightning or because of hamn activitys
- Bushfires kill some plants, but it may help others
- Some plants flower better after a fire and some drop their seeds

Abiotic factors – light

- Light is necessary for photosynthesis
- Any change in the amount of light will therefore aggect the growth rate of
plants.
- If the amount of matter and energy avalible decreases, then the growth rate of
the plant will slow down
Abiotic factor – soil type

Q 1 – 9, 10

Definitions:
3. Environment: The surroundings or conditions in which a person,
animal, or plant lives.
4. Interdependence: The dependence of two or more people or things
on each other.
5. Parasitism: A relationship where one organism benefits at the
expense of another.
6. Commensalism: A relationship where one organism benefits and the
other is neither helped nor harmed.
Terms:
7. Abiotic factor: A non-living factor of the environment.
8. Competition: A relationship between organisms that are trying to
use the same limited resource.
9. Ecosystem: A place where organisms and their physical
surroundings form an environment that is different from others
nearby.
10. Endotherms: Animals that can generate body heat internally.

Ecosystem Components:
11. Biotic components: Living things.
12. Abiotic components: Non-living things.

Abiotic Factors:
13. Temperature
14. Water
15. Light
16. Soil
17. Air

Soil Factors:
18. Nutrient content: Availability of essential nutrients.
19. Soil pH: Acidity or alkalinity of the soil.
20. Soil texture: Proportion of sand, silt, and clay.

Fertilizers and Soil:

- Loam soils: Have a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay, which
retains nutrients well.
- Sandy soils: Have large particles that don’t hold nutrients well, so
fertilizers are less effective.

Seasonal Changes:
- Spring/Summer: Higher birth rates due to favourable conditions.
- Autumn/Winter: Higher death rates due to harsh conditions.
- Migration: Animals move to favourable environments.
- Immigration/Emigration: Changes in population due to movement.

Cold Weather and Reptiles:

- Reptiles: Are ectothermic (cold-blooded) and rely on external heat
sources.
- Birds/Mammals: Are endothermic (warm-blooded) and generate
their own heat.

Fire in Australian Bushland:

- Clears undergrowth: Reduces competition for nutrients.
- Germination: Some plants need fire to release seeds.
 - Nutrient recycling: Ash from fire enriches the soil.

Abiotic Factors:
- Water Availability: Eucalypts need sufficient water for growth.
Drought can stress the tree, reducing its growth and making it more
susceptible to disease.
- Soil Quality: Nutrient-rich soil supports better growth. Poor soil can
limit the tree’s development.
- Temperature: Eucalypts thrive in warm climates. Extreme cold can
damage or kill the tree.

Biotic Factors: Biotic Factors for Kangaroos:

21. Plants: Grasses and shrubs they feed on.
22. Predators: Dingoes and eagles.
23. Other Kangaroos: Social interactions within mobs.
24. Parasites: Ticks and other parasites.
25. Humans: Impact through hunting and habitat changes.

Abiotic Factors for Kangaroos:

26. Temperature: Adaptation to hot, arid climates.
27. Water: Limited water sources, reliance on moisture from food.
28. Soil: Sandy or rocky soils in their habitats.
29. Light: Sunlight affecting their activity patterns.
30. Weather: Droughts and seasonal changes affecting food and
water availability.

- Herbivores: Animals like koalas feed on eucalypt leaves, which can

affect the tree’s health.
- Pathogens: Fungi and bacteria can cause diseases in eucalypts,
leading to decline or death.
- Competition: Other plants competing for sunlight, water, and
nutrients can impact the growth of eucalypts.
Bushfires
Bushfires may burn habitats but it Natural Impacts on Flooding
also helps with vegitation
Bushfires can be caused at the end the ecosystem Some Inraduced
Human Impacts on the Flooding
by human interaction speciescan causeofcrops and
consist
Ecosystem food sources to be damaged
this can result in loss of dogs and cats
and can also kill animals
habitats for animals :(

Drought
Over cropping can deplete food
Droughts canChemicles interference,
cause crops to not growcan effect
and canathe
cause animals to die due to a lack of water
sources for animals to consume
animals produce and home

Sustainability

Sustainability means that an ecosystem could maintain suitable

Producers
Food chain vs food web
Tiger Snake – Third order Consumer
Frog – Second order Consumer
Grasshopper – First order Consumer
Food chain – Loop

Break down dead plant and animal matter goes into the soil to create new
notorious from the energy that has been put in the ground.

2 What terms best describes each of the following?

a. a sequence of organisms feeding on each other
b. the organisms make their own food and provide all the food for the
rest of the ecosystem
c. how well an area supports life.

3 What is the word equation and balanced formula equation for

photosynthesis?

Natural and Human Impacts

Human Impacts
The mind is responsible for phenomena like perception, thought, feeling,
and action

1. Define the terms:

a. sustainability

- Sustainability means that an ecosystem could maintain suitable

b. biodiversity

- Biodiversity is

c. decomposer.
Page 400

Q1 – 16

1. Test the Impact on Water Plants:

Put water plants in different containers.

Add different amounts of detergent to each container.

Watch what happens to the plants.

2. Brainstorm Ideas:

Talk with your group about different ways to test the effect of
detergents.

Pick the best way and write it down.

Draw a simple diagram of the equipment you’ll need.

3. Assess Risks:

Before doing the test, think about any dangers.

Check safety data sheets (SDS) for chemicals used.

Write down the risks and how to stay safe.

Show your plan and safety notes to your teacher.

If they approve, gather materials and start the experiment.

4. Importance of Biodiversity:

 Balance: Biodiversity helps maintain balance in ecosystems by

supporting various species, which all play different roles.

 Resilience: Diverse ecosystems are more resilient to changes and

disturbances, such as diseases or extreme weather.

5. Interdependence in Ecosystems:

 Food Webs: All organisms are part of food webs, meaning they rely
on each other for food. Removing one species can disrupt the whole
system.

 Habitat: Some species provide habitats or shelter for others,

creating a supportive environment for many organisms.

6. Impact of Seasonal Changes:

  Temperature: Changes in temperature can affect breeding cycles,
migration patterns, and survival rates of species.

 Water Availability: Availability of water influences plant growth,

which in turn affects the entire food chain.

 Sunlight: Sunlight affects photosynthesis in plants, which is the

foundation of energy for most ecosystems.

7. Importance of Termites in Australian Ecosystems:

 Decomposition: Termites break down dead plant material, recycling

nutrients back into the soil.

 Soil Aeration: Their tunnelling activities aerate the soil, promoting

plant growth.

 Food Source: They are a vital food source for many predators.

Page 403 – 409

1. Definitions:

a. Diverging boundary: Plates move apart.

b. Destructive boundary: Plates collide, and one is destroyed.
c. Island arc: Chain of islands formed above a subduction zone.
d. Ocean trench: Deep valley in the ocean floor.

2. Best Descriptive Terms: a. Convergent boundary. b. Transform

boundary. c. Divergent boundary. d. Continental crust.

3. Three Types of Plate Boundaries:

- Divergent
- Convergent
- Transform

4. Two Types of Crust:

- Oceanic crust
- Continental crust

5. Examples of Plate Boundaries:

a. Diverging boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

b. Converging boundary: Himalayas
c. Transform boundary: San Andreas Fault

6. Subduction Process: One tectonic plate slide under another.

7. Transform Boundaries: They cause earthquakes but don't create or

destroy crust, unlike destructive boundaries.

8. Origin of the Himalayas:

The Himalayas formed from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian
plates.

9. Boundary Types:

a. Subduction - Convergent

b. Ocean trenches - Convergent

c. Fold mountains - Convergent

d. Rifting under the sea - Divergent

e. Island arc - Convergent (subduction)

f. Ocean trench next to a continental mountain range - Convergent

10. Iceland's Volcanic Activity and Growth:

Iceland is on a divergent boundary where plates move apart,

causing volcanic.

11. Andes and Nazca Plate:

The Nazca plate moves east and collides with the South American
plate, pushing up the Andes mountains.

12. Add Evidence for Plate Tectonics:

From Module 10.2, add more earthquake patterns and volcano

locations that match plate boundaries.

13. Flow Diagram for Mountain Formation:

1. Tectonic Plates Move: Plates move towards each other.

2. Collision: Plates collide.
3. Crust Pushes Up: The collision pushes the crust upwards.
4. Mountains Form: Mountains like the Andes form.
14. Annotated Sketches Description:

a. Arabian Plate and African Plate near Israel:

Movement: Diverging.

Description: Plates move away from each other, creating a rift.

b. Australian Plate and Antarctic Plate:

Movement: Diverging.

Description: Plates move apart, forming new crust at the boundary.

c. Australian Plate and Pacific Plate to the north-east of Papua New

Guinea:

Movement: Converging.

Description: Plates move towards each other, with one plate

subducting under the other.

15. Comparison of Subduction:

Two Ocean Plates Converge:

One plate sink under the other.

Forms ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs.

Oceanic and Continental Plate Converge:

Oceanic plate sinks under continental plate.

Forms ocean trenches and continental mountain ranges.

Plate Tectonics - Simple Notes

1. Plate Tectonics:

- Earth's crust is split into large plates.

- These plates float on the mantle and move very slowly.

2. Divergent Boundaries:

- Plates move apart.

- New crust forms as magma rises up.

 - Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

3. Convergent Boundaries:

- One plate may slide under another (subduction) or collide and push
upwards.
- Example: Himalayas.
- Plates move towards each other.
- Sub means under

4. Transform Boundary’s

- Lateral sliding
- Doesn’t have much effect on surrounding area
- Sliding plates
- Conservative

1. Definitions: a. Continental drift: Continents move over time. b.

Seafloor spreading: New ocean floor forms at mid-ocean ridges. c.
Tectonic plate: Large, moving pieces of Earth's crust. d. Subduction:
One plate moves under another.

2. Best Descriptive Terms: a. Magnetic striping. b. Ocean trench. c.

Rifting. d. Asthenosphere.

3. Harry Hess’s Theory:

- New ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward.

4. Key Observation:

- Matching patterns of magnetic stripes on both sides of mid-ocean

ridges.

Understanding: 5. Wegener's Observations:

- Fit of continents like puzzle pieces.

- Similar fossils found on different continents.

6. Pangaea Reconstruction:

- By matching coastlines and geological features.

7. Evidence for Seafloor Spreading:

Magnetic striping.
 Age of ocean floor rocks.

Mid-ocean ridges.

8. Pin Compass:

Magnetized pin aligns with Earth's magnetic field to point north.

Applying: 9. Age of Africa and America:

Older because new seafloor forms at mid-Atlantic ridge.

10. Magnetic Striping:

As magma cools, magnetic minerals align with Earth's magnetic

field, creating stripes.

11. Convection and Gravity:

Hot magma rises, cools, and sinks, moving plates with it.

12. Evidence Table:

Feature Description Sketch

Continental fit Continents fit like puzzle
pieces
Fossil evidence Similar fossils on different
continents
Magnetic stripping Patterns on the ocean floor
match

13. Redefine Tectonic Plate:

A tectonic plate is a piece of the lithosphere that moves on the

asthenosphere.

14. Compare Theories:

Continental Drift: Continents move over time.

Plate Tectonics: Earth's crust is made of plates that move.

15. Distinguish Between:

Magnetic Striping: Patterns of magnetic minerals in rocks.

 Magnetic Field Reversal: Earth's magnetic field flips direction.

16. Formation of the Red Sea:

Plates moved apart (diverged), creating a rift.

Water filled the rift, forming the Red Sea.