Supplementary Reference in CFLM 1

Character Formation: Nationalism and Patriotism

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

Nationalism is a movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, with the aim of
acquiring and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism
claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and
ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).
It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics such as
culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national unity or
solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nation’s traditional culture,
and cultural revivals have been connected to nationalist movements.
It also fosters pride in domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism
(Trianda fyllidou, 1998). Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological
lines. These self-definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these
categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some
or all of these components.

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism) The country is described from prior generations in terms of
ethnicity and descent. It also involves the concept of a shared culture among group members, and
generally a shared language. The nation’s membership is hereditary. The state derives political
legitimacy from its status as the ethnic group’s homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the
partially domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social life. In contrast to Western
opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word
‘ethnic nationalism’ for non-Western notions of nationalism. The word “ethnonationalism” is usually
used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit ideology along these lines; the more
generic word is “ethnic nationalism” and is used by nationalists who hold such views in an informal,
instinctive, or unsystematic manner. The pejorative type of both is “ethnocentric nationalism” or “tribal
nationalism,” although “tribal nationalism” may have a non-pejorative significance when debating
African, Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism). The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens’ active
involvement and the extent to which it reflects the “will of the individuals.” Civic nationalism lies within
the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of
nationalism. Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative
democracy in nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.
State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means
that the country is a community of those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength, and
that there is the person to contribute to that objective. The country is supposed to be a community of
those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength, and where the person exists expressly
in the society to contribute to that objective. This often results in fascism - generally characterized by
authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism. A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings
with a faith in expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late
19th century as European powers indulged in the ‘Scramble for Africa” in the name of domestic glory,
but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th century, including Fascist Italy,
Nazi Germany, the JapaneseEmpire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great Albania), Bulgaria
(Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (GreaterCroatia), Hungary. Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their
right to self-determination; some countries are believed to possess features or qualities that make
them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand
its boundaries at the cost of its neighbors

4. Romantic Nationalism. It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. It is the
form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of
the nation’s natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic
 ideal. It expressed Romanticism’s values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical
ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore
evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism. The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese
nationalism is an instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China’s many national minorities.
Membership in the nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary. However, a traditional culture
can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly if the person can obtain his or
her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi,2008). Cultural nationalism has been
defined as a variety of non-civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen,1999).

6. Liberal Nationalism. Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a
non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and
individual rights can exist (Tamir,1993, Kymlicka,1995, Miller,1995). It is asserted that to lead
meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity, and those liberal democracies need
domestic identity to work correctly. Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic
identity by stating that people need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka,
1995) and that liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995,Arash,
2002). Ernest Renan, author of “Qu’est-cequ’une nation?” and John Stuart Mill are often thought to be
early liberal nationalists.

7. Religious Nationalism. Nationalism’s connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It

can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond
between the nation’s people. This connection can be divided into two dimensions, religion’s
politicization and religion’s converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a common bond between the nation’s people.
The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another
political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of religion on politics, where present
interpretations of religious concepts inspire political activism and action; for instance, legislation are
enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence (Juergensmeyer,1996).

8. Pan - Nationalism Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated
ethnic and cultural communities (such as Turkish peoples).

9. Diaspora Nationalism. Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In
this type of nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the
United States and elsewhere.

10. Stateless Nationalism. On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or
cultural minority within a nation-state aims independence.

11. National Conservatism. A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism
that focuses moreon domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly
nationalist or pursuing a far-right agenda.

12. Revolutionary nationalism. Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic
group united by a shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was first
ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In
France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of “radical nationalism and
dissident society” was created.

13. Left-Wing Nationalism. Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism,
relates to any political movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable
examples include the 26 July Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959
 to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista, Ireland’s Sinn Féin, Israel’s Labor Zionism and the
African National Congress.

PATRIOTISM.

Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an
alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many
distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one’s own country. It
is a predominant virtue linked to a nation’s love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is
patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. For example, for the sake of his country, a soldier
makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is
a dedication to one’s nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country,
nation, or political community or just country love. The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan
period; it originated from Latin (6thcentury) patriota via Middle French, meaning “countryman,” finally from
Greek (patriōtēs), meaning ‘from the same nation’ (patris), meaning “fatherland”(Liddell & Scott, 2013).

The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century. By adhering to a national religion,
patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of the church-state separation requested by the
Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael
Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism
and faith and depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label (Billig, 1995).

Kinds of Patriotism

1. Patriotism of Duty. This includes fidelity to one’s nation through material acts. This is military
service patriotism and other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied,
and its ideals take praiseworthy particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one’s internal desire for his
country’s well-being. The patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does
not necessarily result in it; one can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can
theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel apathetic about the country’s welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners
is to place one’s hand over the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone
without needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show, at least in
part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of
protocols.

Types of Patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values,
such as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism
include enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the political process through voting
or other forms of activism.

2. Official Patriotism – Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial
content. It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the
expression of the common good of the political community. National monuments, and veterans
days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Often official patriotism is highly
regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of
allegiance. Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the
national anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on
one’s vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.

3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.

4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot
 does not see it as inferior.

Difference Between Patriotism and Nationalism

While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct
connotations were assumed. While both are people’s feelings of affection for their nation, the values on
which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the country’s positive values— like
liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their country’s state system and individuals are
inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life. On the other hand, nationalism
emotions are based on the belief that one’s nation is superior to all others.

It also holds a connotation of other countries ‘distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that
other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do,
sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar
opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs. Historically, both positive and negative have been the
impacts of nationalism. While it has motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement
that formed contemporary Israel, it was also a main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the
Holocaust (Longley, 2019). According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does,
and the nationalist is proud of his nation whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of
accountability and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we
may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their
thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives.” Claro M. Recto Jr.

Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and
nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of Spanish rule. This served as the backbone of,
and continues to this day, the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 (Joaqs,
1990).

These nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the Philippines for
political, social and economic liberty. The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as
“barangays” in the years before the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called “balangays.”
Datus, rajahs or sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili,2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu,
European colonization started in earnest. Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied
by Augustinian monks and further strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel
competing Portuguese colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago.
The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the
Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky,1999). This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of thePhilippines
into one political unit.

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word “Filipino” referred to the Philippines “Spanish criollos.” The Spanish leaders
described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also called “Filipinos”
during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards or Philippine-based continental Spaniards were
referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called Mestizos. Despite being considered
inferior by the Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state and church, and composed
most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of domestic awareness originated from the Creoles,
who now consider themselves “Filipino.” Three significant factors, economy, education, and parish
secularization brought it to its emergence. These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism’s birth. The
Philippines ‘ opening to global or world trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe’s
liberal thoughts were just a few instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. “The first
manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda
movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with the aim of “propagandizing” the
circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of the Philippines
would be changed by peaceful means (History of the Philippine Revolution”, 2015).

OTHER CONCEPTSOF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and
domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It goes beyond our family, clan, tribe,
village, city, province, religion, local culture and religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing
that we belong to one body, mind, soul, and spirit. It’s a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride
in our national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints being realized. It involves pride in
our heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our nationhood; national pride and
dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if
necessary, with our own lives. It is a tool of change and reform; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration,
our liberation from ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves),
parochialism (narrow-mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher-ranking individuals gave land and
protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); colonial mentality (the internalized attitude of
people’s racial or cultural inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and distorted elitism (an
elite’s advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or community). In other words, as
Filipinos, it has a powerful national identity send and a high-minded intent.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES

a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)

b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa – Tao (human solidarity based first on developing our nation),
g. Pagkakapantay – Pantay (equality and equity).

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OFNATIONALISM

Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial period. Some
fought with their pens and tongues, while others used their arms and weapons’ authority. Everyone had
their own way of showing our country their love and respect. Some even died and were able to get back our
country’s freedom that we enjoy nowadays. But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their
feeling of nationalism nowadays?

To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must: WORK - ACT – PARTICIPATE –
RESPECT– STAND PROUD – LOVE. Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the government.
Respect everyone including others’ raise. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how you expect
they would love you back.

1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity. Being Filipinos, we should respect our
Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we
have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even
our different symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic
of the Philippines.

2. Be Productive. Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself
productive and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the government for
any adverse things our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt political position holders.
But they’re not all. The only issue here is that we rely too much on our government then blame them
afterwards. We should learn to stand on our own feet and be productive and helpful not only for
ourselves, but also for everyone.

3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country. We must be aware and updated on the significant issues
 happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters
like typhoons, flooding, and the like. Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could already
demonstrate our nationalism to our nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos used
the authority of the press to extend their assistance to others in the past calamities that hit our
nation. They published some data about how other individuals might be able to assist disaster-
affected individuals.

4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement. Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They
are proud to be Philippines and to be brought to the nation for the awards. For their
accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the
Football Team of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.

5. Patronize And Support Our Own Products. The Philippines has rich resources to create quality
goods and products. The manpower services we provide are also globally competitive. Our
economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our
creativity, resourcefulness, and industry. In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe, nationalism
is also self-evident. Million Filipinos now support goods and products made by the Philippines
outside the Philippines. Everything is feasible with thee mergence of a world economy based on
information driven by free trade, market economy, and open capital markets. The Philippine
products live up to the standard of quality in all modesty.

6. Preserve the Filipino culture. Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our
identity. Be proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We must keep them
for the future generation. Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life overseas
almost always return to the Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the feature attractions a
nation offers. Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel) subscription to get in contact
with every Filipino, forget about homesickness while overseas, and instil the Filipino values that we
see on their television.

7. Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions. Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will
acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you go because he or she has always been respectful
of the elders and others, using the common but certainly classic “ho,” “oho,” “po” and “opo.” Even in
modern times, many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. Although Filipinos
overseas have held themselves as the peak of their interest in the prism of their domestic
uniqueness with a passionate approach to political, social and economic liberty. Filipinos may have
plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a common
country love and vision for a better Philippines.

8. Speak Out Our Own Language. Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national
identity. It is our unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language
is an important tool to achieve further unity and national development.

9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices for our country. There were many Filipinos
who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Each had their own way of showing their
love and respect to our country. In today’s generation, let us value and treasure our heroes
sacrifices and devotion for our country.

10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbors, and our Countrymen. The essence of life for most Filipinos is to
create their family and nation a part of their enduring engagement. They may even express their
dedication to unpopular choices born to the advantage of the majority. We are strongly committed
to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and make private sacrifices around the
clock over the weekend hard work. These values, combined with an abundant reservoir of patience,
have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful minds. Bravery of Filipino workers
abroad is an ideal evidence of human sacrifice for family love and nation love. Being away from
home and dealing with the problems of life in a nation you knew no one and risking yourself into
 many foreboding dangers are exemplary, particularly when serving a well-formulated task of
supporting our family’s necessities back home by sending remittances that, in turn, would help
increase the economy of the nation and make it more financially stable through monetary asset.

PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Symbols are very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are
related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:

1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of
the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
provinces in the Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem
4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and
simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong,
sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be
severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is extreme
punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal – The National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard
work due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines’ national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many
ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -(untucked shirt of thin fabric
displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro’t Saya (skirt and
blouse with no collar)
13. “Bayan Ko” and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” are the Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as hat,
umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino’s resourcefulness.
16. Nipa Hut – The Philippine national house; typically, a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World
Commerce after reviewing different economic policies1834 - 1873. This is the period of the development of
agriculture in the country because foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855in
Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban. Consequently, strong
financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the lives of the Filipinos prosperous. Modern
farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation and communication were that boost
financial advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.
How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the “Illustrados” were the educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles,
novels or publication in news journal called “La Solidaridad,” campaigned for reform in the colony in a
peaceful way. They were made up of the “principalia” or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese
mestizos indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families were “inquilinos” who leased property to the
friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine’s opening to world trade, which led them to become
rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their children to European schools. They later
clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal’s opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This paved the
way for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and
brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and
imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not only
in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the amount of
Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social prestige by gaining
authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly protected.

Secularization Movement

The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of
Europe’s spreading of liberal ideas. There Are Two Types of Priests:

1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates – They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.

2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests –These priests were not religious orders and were under the
archbishop’s oversight.1565 Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these
are the Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican, and Franciscan.

Council of Trent

It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons and priests who
are not monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because
some of them have been sent to America.

1. Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial and
national conflict with the Friars.19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as
Secular Priests.
2. Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the one who boost and inspired the
Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain
3. Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73) A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and
oppressive ruler; replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and
a sword in the other. He decide to restore old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino’s
from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers
had been enjoying. January 20, 1872 Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt.
Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against
Spaniards.Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the rebellion. The ring leaders were
murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the Rebellion’s mastermind.
4. Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA February 17, 1872 - The
day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan) GOMBURZA – Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty
calmly as though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos. Father Jose Burgos , was of Spanish
descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known
to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at the time and was
active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars
and was known to weep like a child. Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the
Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not
countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once
snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina. Issues On The Three Priests1. Fr. Gomez –
Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more than 80 years
old.2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.3. Fr. Zamora – Victim of mistaken identity
since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose Zamora, a known critic of Spanish
Government at that time.

GomBurZa Execution

The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular priests in the
19thcentury. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being implicated as master
minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they removed their
hats and knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.

Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to
strangle or break a convicted person’s neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the three
priests.

The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution

It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history because the three
priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation. Propaganda Movement or Reform
Movement Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpode Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was
founded in 19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes
implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law
who laid the foundation of the movement in Madrid.

Propaganda - refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and tongue;
literally means the propagation of a given opinion.

Propagandists or Reformists - These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape
persecution in1872. They didn’t have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle and
revolution rather they campaign for reform or change by way of writing. They advocated reform by writing
books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain,
England and France.

The Goals of Propaganda Movement

1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain

2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.

Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement The following causes the creation of the
Propaganda Movement:

1. Emergence of Middle Class

2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA 4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY

1. DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the
Propagandists. His pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed as
the “Father of Philippine Nationalism” due to his intellectual and idealistic support for Philippine
Independence. For him Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the unfortunate state of
the Filipinos and the colony. Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the
age of 3, he learned his alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled” Sa Aking mga
Kabata”(To My Fellow children) a poem that talks about love for one’s language. At the age of 9, he
was sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from
Mercado to Rizal because Mercado was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by
Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in
University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine while taking up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo.
Rizal’s poem A la Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest
sponsored by Licero Literario-Artisticio. The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge
learned that it was written by Filipino. In1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his
parents and finished medicine in Universidad Centralde Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De
CienAnos (The Philippine Century Hence) his written essay, where he showed how the ancient
civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young
women of Malolos) He commended the 20 women of Malolos who bravely disobeyed their parish
 priest by establishing a night school where they could learn the Spanish language. He wrote Noli Me
Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the Philippines in 19thcentury. On February
1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and England causing
him to learned numerous language. On July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila,
to foster cooperation among Filipinos,to help 46 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism
each other in times of needs, to promote education and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his
life as an exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little boys, he built artesian well for more
effective irrigation system, and he served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was
requested to go to Cuba to serve as military doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being
connected with revolution which broke out in the Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort
Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal association. On December 30,1896, he was executed in
Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the
cocinilla deal cohol (cooking lamp).

2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform
Movement. Born on August 30,1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother’s
surname based on Gov. General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- “Filipinos should adopt a Spanish
Surname.” He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at
Colegio de San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he
was suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days
for this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have7 children but only
2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against phallocracy. He delivered
speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to expose the abuses of the friars and the
injustices his family experienced from them. Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered
the use of satire (the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s
stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues). He
was Chapter III: Filipino Nationalism 47 the co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in the
Philippines “Diariong Tagalog” where he published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog
translation of Jose Rizal’s “El Amor Patrio.” His other writings were:

a. Caingat Cayo – He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.

b. Dasalan at Toksohan – Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed the true nature
of the friars.
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina ( The Frailocracy in the Philippines) Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-
in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first president of the Katipunan. He organized
the 1st political group inthe Philippines known as the “Junta de propaganda.” His pseudonyms
are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat, V. Garcia and Plaridel.

3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. Hisparents encourages him
to become a priest. However,Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left theseminary and enrolled
in the School of Medicine inUniversity of Sto. Tomas but due to financialdifficulties he wasn’t able to
finish his medical degreeand forced to go back in IloIlo. The poor people ofIloIlo consulted him for
medical problems. He startedthe campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing “FrayBotod” (La hija de
fraile) means “Big - Bellied Friar.”In his work he revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of
friarsas represented by Fray Botod. He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in1880, and then
he went to Valencia Spain andcontinues his medical degree but later shifted tojournalism in Madrid.
Graciano was a former staff ofLOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and wasacclaimed as the
“Prince of the Filipino Orators” andthe great orator of the Reform Movement. His penname was
Diego Laura and he founded the LaSolidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes themouthpiece of the
Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrotearticles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. Hebecame a
member of the freemasonry and foundedmasonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889. For him and Marcelo
H. Del Pilar, frailocracyor monastic supremacy was the root cause ofimpoverishment of the
Filipinos under Spanishcolonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straightfrom the can, wiping
his hands at his coat and still wearit the next day without being laundry.

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS

 1. DR. PEDRO PATERNO. A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled “Ninay,” the 1st Filipino Novel
that shows the Filipino’s developed culture.

2. ANTONIO LUNA Some of his works are Noche Buena, abiographical sketch that depicts the actual
life in the Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the educational system for
women. His pen name was Taga-ilog.

3. ANDRES BONIFACIO Known to be “Supremo of Katipunan” was one of the founders of Katipunan.
He wrote poem, letters, essays and dialogue while his writing are:

a. Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland.

b. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
c. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under the
Spaniards. He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to particular
ethnic group but to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (taga-ilog). Everybody should
be rightfully called Tagalog. His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a
Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan”
but later adopted the “Kartilla ng Katipunan” of EmilioJacinto.

4. EMILIO JACINTO Regarded as the “Brain of the Katipunan.” Born onDec. 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila.
He took up Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University
of Sto. Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894
under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartillang Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide
for Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilimand La Patria. He became an editor in chief of
Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue Rizal while waiting the ship
going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with cazaderos or spanish riflemen in
Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna, where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6,
1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement’s failure paves the way fora movement that advocates armed struggle to
achieve liberty. KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan naKatipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. Deodato Arellano was
the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The KKK members
were divided when it increased more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own
password and members undergo blood compact. Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used
triangle method to recruit members, where every member should recruit two new members who would only
know each other after passing the initiation rites.