Chapter 1: Number Systems

1. Laws of Exponents:
o am×an=am+na^m \times a^n = a^{m+n}am×an=am+n
o aman=am−n\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}anam=am−n
o (am)n=am×n(a^m)^n = a^{m \times n}(am)n=am×n
o a0=1a^0 = 1a0=1 (where a≠0a \neq 0a=0)
o a−n=1ana^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}a−n=an1

Chapter 2: Polynomials

1. Factorization Formulas:
o a2−b2=(a−b)(a+b)a^2 - b^2 = (a - b)(a + b)a2−b2=(a−b)(a+b) (Difference of
squares)
o a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = (a + b)^2a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2 (Perfect square
trinomial)
o a2−2ab+b2=(a−b)2a^2 - 2ab + b^2 = (a - b)^2a2−2ab+b2=(a−b)2 (Perfect square
trinomial)
o a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)a^3 + b^3 = (a + b)(a^2 - ab + b^2)a3+b3=(a+b)
(a2−ab+b2) (Sum of cubes)
o a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)a^3 - b^3 = (a - b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)a3−b3=(a−b)
(a2+ab+b2) (Difference of cubes)

Chapter 3: Coordinate Geometry

1. Distance Formula:

d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2

(Distance between two points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2))

2. Midpoint Formula:

M=(x1+x22,y1+y22)M = \left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2} \right)M=(2x1

+x2,2y1+y2)

(Midpoint between two points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2))

Chapter 4: Linear Equations in Two Variables

 1. General Form of a Linear Equation:

ax+by+c=0ax + by + c = 0ax+by+c=0

(Where aaa, bbb, and ccc are constants)

2. Slope of a Line:

m=y2−y1x2−x1m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}m=x2−x1y2−y1

(Slope between two points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2))

3. Intercept Form:

xa+yb=1\frac{x}{a} + \frac{y}{b} = 1ax+by=1

(Where aaa and bbb are the intercepts of the line)

Chapter 5: Introduction to Euclid's Geometry

1. Euclid's Axioms and Postulates:

o First Postulate: A straight line can be drawn from any one point to any other
point.
o Second Postulate: A terminated line can be extended indefinitely.
o Third Postulate: A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.

Chapter 6: Lines and Angles

o Sum of Angles in a Triangle: ∠A+∠B+∠C=180∘\angle A + \angle B + \angle

1. Basic Angle Theorems:

C = 180^\circ∠A+∠B+∠C=180∘

supplementary, i.e., ∠A+∠B=180∘\angle A + \angle B = 180^\

o Linear Pair of Angles: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are

circ∠A+∠B=180∘.
o Vertical Angles Theorem: If two lines intersect, then the opposite (vertical)
angles are equal.
2. Angles Formed by a Transversal:
o Corresponding Angles Postulate: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
the corresponding angles are equal.
o Alternate Interior Angles Theorem: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, the alternate interior angles are equal.
 o Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem: If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, the consecutive interior angles are supplementary.

Chapter 7: Triangles

1. Congruence of Triangles:
o SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence: If three sides of one triangle are equal to
three sides of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
o SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence: If two sides and the included angle of one
triangle are equal to two sides and the included angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
o ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Congruence: If two angles and the included side of
one triangle are equal to two angles and the included side of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
o RHS (Right-Angle-Hypotenuse-Side) Congruence: If in two right triangles, the
hypotenuse and one side are equal, the triangles are congruent.
2. Pythagoras Theorem:
o In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides:

c2=a2+b2c^2 = a^2 + b^2c2=a2+b2

(Where ccc is the hypotenuse, and aaa, bbb are the other sides)

Chapter 8: Quadrilaterals

1. Area of a Parallelogram:

Area=Base×Height\text{Area} = \text{Base} \times \text{Height}Area=Base×Height

2. Area of a Trapezium:

Area=12×(a+b)×h\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \times (a + b) \times hArea=21×(a+b)×h

(Where aaa and bbb are the lengths of the parallel sides, and hhh is the height)

Chapter 10: Circles

1. Circumference of a Circle:

C=2πrC = 2 \pi rC=2πr

 (Where rrr is the radius)

2. Area of a Circle:

A=πr2A = \pi r^2A=πr2

3. Length of an Arc:

Length of Arc=θ360×2πr\text{Length of Arc} = \frac{\theta}{360} \times 2\pi

rLength of Arc=360θ×2πr

(Where θ\thetaθ is the central angle in degrees)

4. Area of a Sector:

Area of Sector=θ360×πr2\text{Area of Sector} = \frac{\theta}{360} \times \pi

r^2Area of Sector=360θ×πr2

(Where θ\thetaθ is the central angle in degrees)

Chapter 12: Heron’s Formula

1. Area of a Triangle (Heron's Formula): A=s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)A = \sqrt{s(s - a)(s - b)(s -

c)}A=s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c) (Where aaa, bbb, and ccc are the sides of the triangle, and
s=a+b+c2s = \frac{a + b + c}{2}s=2a+b+c is the semi-perimeter)

Chapter 13: Surface Areas and Volumes

1. Surface Area of a Cube:

A=6a2A = 6a^2A=6a2

(Where aaa is the side length)

2. Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism:

A=2(lb+bh+hl)A = 2(lb + bh + hl)A=2(lb+bh+hl)

(Where lll, bbb, and hhh are the length, breadth, and height of the cuboid)

3. Surface Area of a Sphere:

A=4πr2A = 4\pi r^2A=4πr2

 (Where rrr is the radius)

4. Volume of a Cube:

V=a3V = a^3V=a3

5. Volume of a Rectangular Prism:

V=l×b×hV = l \times b \times hV=l×b×h

6. Volume of a Cylinder:

V=πr2hV = \pi r^2 hV=πr2h

7. Volume of a Sphere:

V=43πr3V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3V=34πr3

Chapter 14: Statistics

1. Mean (Average):

Mean=Sum of all valuesNumber of values\text{Mean} = \frac{\text{Sum of all values}}

{\text{Number of values}}Mean=Number of valuesSum of all values

2. Median (for ungrouped data):

o Arrange the data in increasing order.
o If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle value.
o If the number of values is even, the median is the average of the two middle
values.
3. Mode:
o The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set.