physics guess paper
1. State hooks law and also define restoring force ?
=) Hooke's Law states that the force ( F ) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance ( x ) is
proportional to that distance.
The restoring force is a force that acts to bring a system back to its equilibrium position after it has been
displaced.
2. Is there any difference between echo and reflection ?
=) no there is no difference between echo and reflection
3. find frequency of sound having speed 340m/s and wavelength 0.5 ?
=) formula = speed/wavelength
4. Write factor affecting induced emf?
=) 1. Rate of Change of Magnetic Flux
2. Strength of the Magnetic Field
3. Area of the Conductor
4. Orientation of the Conductor
5. Number of Turns in the Coil
6. Speed of Movement
7. Type of Material
5. Difference between music and noice ?
=) Sound is a physical phenomenon that occurs when vibrations travel through a medium (such as air,
water, or solids) and are perceived by the human ear.
Music is a structured form of sound that is organized in a way that is aesthetically pleasing or
meaningful.
6. State lenz law ?
=) Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) and the resulting
current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
7. what is mutaual induction?
=) Mutual induction is a phenomenon in electromagnetism where a change in the electric current
flowing through one coil (or circuit) induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in a nearby coil (or circuit)
due to the changing magnetic field created by the first coil.
8. difference between utrasonics and infrasonics ?
=) ultrasonics:
*Above 20 kHz
*used in Medical imaging, cleaning, testing
*Can be focused, travels through various media
infrasonics:
*Below 20 Hz
*used in Seismology, environmental monitoring, animal communication
*Travels long distances, associated with natural phenomena
9. what is transformer and write its construction?
=) A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. It typically consists of two or more coils of wire (called windings)
wrapped around a core made of magnetic material. The primary winding receives alternating current
(AC), which creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding.
constrution;
*1. Core
*2. Windings
*3. Insulation
*4. Tank or Enclosure
*5. Cooling System
6. Tap Changer (Optional)
*7. Bushings
*8. Grounding System
10. explain audible frequency range ?
=) The audible frequency range refers to the range of sound frequencies that can be heard by the
average human ear. This range typically spans from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz)
11. difference bwtween step up and step down transformer?
=) step up :
*Increases voltage
*More turns in secondary than primary
*Power transmission, high-voltage needs
*120 V to 600 V
stepdown;
*Decreases voltage
*Fewer turns in secondary than primary
*Power distribution, low-voltage needs
*240 V to 48 V
12. what is silent wistle ?
=) a silent whistle refers to a whistle that produces sound at frequencies that are above the upper limit
of human hearing, typically above 20 kHz.
13. what is relay?
=) A relay is an electromechanical switch used to control a circuit by a low-power signal or to control
multiple circuits with one signal. Relays are widely used in various applications, including automation,
telecommunications, and electrical systems
14. write thermonic emission and write factor which can inrease it ?
=) Thermionic emission is the phenomenon in which charged particles, typically electrons, are emitted
from a material (usually a metal) when it is heated to a high temperature.
factors;
1. Temperature
2. Work Function
3. Surface Area
4. Material Properties
5. Electric Field
6. Surface Condition
7. Presence of Catalysts
15. state law of reflection of light ?
=)Angle of Incidence: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This means that when a
ray of light strikes a reflective surface, the angle at which it approaches the surface (angle of incidence) is
equal to the angle at which it leaves the surface (angle of reflection).
Incident Ray, Reflected Ray, and Normal: The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal (a line
perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence) all lie in the same plane.
16. Define CRO ?
=) A CRO, or Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, is an electronic test instrument used to display and analyze the
waveform of electronic signals. It provides a visual representation of voltage changes over time, allowing
engineers and technicians to observe the characteristics of electrical signals in various applications.
17. Difference between regular aur irregular reflection of light ?
=)regular ;
Definition:
Regular reflection occurs when light rays strike a smooth, shiny surface and reflect at definite angles,
maintaining the parallel nature of the reflected rays.
Surface Type:
The surface is smooth and polished, such as mirrors, calm water, or shiny metals.
Angle of Reflection:
Follows the law of reflection, where the angle of incidence (( \theta_i )) is equal to the angle of reflection
(( \theta_r )).
irregilar ;
Definition:
Irregular reflection occurs when light rays strike a rough or uneven surface and scatter in many
directions, resulting in a loss of image clarity.
Surface Type:
The surface is rough or textured, such as paper, walls, or unpolished wood.
Image Clarity:
Does not produce clear images. Instead, it provides uniform illumination of the surface without
recognizable images, as the reflected rays scatter in various directions.
18. what are sphirical mirrors ?
Spherical mirrors are mirrors that have a polished, reflective surface shaped like a portion of a sphere.
uses; Spherical mirrors are mirrors that have a polished, reflective surface shaped like a portion of a
sphere.
*Telescopes
*Flashlights and Car Headlights
*Dental Mirrors
*Cameras
*Solar Cookers
19. explain deflection of electron through electric and megnetic feild ?
=) 1. Deflection in Electric Fields
When an electron (which has a negative charge) enters an electric field, it experiences a force due to the
electric field. The force ( \mathbf{F} ) acting on a charged particle in an electric field ( \mathbf{E} )
2. Deflection in Magnetic Fields
When an electron moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force that is perpendicular
to both its velocity and the magnetic field direction. The magnetic force ( \mathbf{F} ) on a charged
particle moving with velocity ( \mathbf{v} ) in a magnetic field ( \mathbf{B} )
20. difference between convex and concave mirror ?
=) Convex and concave mirrors are two types of spherical mirrors that have distinct shapes and
properties. Here’s a detailed comparison of the two:
1. Shape
Concave Mirror:
A concave mirror is curved inward, resembling a bowl or a cave. The reflective surface is on the inside of
the curve.
Convex Mirror:
A convex mirror is curved outward, like the exterior of a sphere. The reflective surface is on the outside
of the curve.
2. Image Formation
Concave Mirror:
Can produce both real and virtual images depending on the position of the object relative to the focal
point (F) and the center of curvature (C).
Real Image: Formed when the object is placed beyond the center of curvature (C). The image is inverted
and can be projected on a screen.
Virtual Image: Formed when the object is placed between the focal point (F) and the mirror. The image is
upright and larger than the object.
Convex Mirror:
Always produces virtual images, regardless of the object's position. The images are upright, smaller than
the object, and cannot be projected on a screen.
3. Focal Length
Concave Mirror:
The focal length (F) is positive, and it is located in front of the mirror. The focal point is where parallel
rays of light converge after reflecting off the mirror.
Convex Mirror:
The focal length (F) is negative, and it is located behind the mirror. The focal point is where parallel rays
of light appear to diverge from after reflecting off the mirror.
