Nels STRUCTURE ANS a) The word ato) 7 meena eve fom pew Ce non-divsible. Rar ES calcd cs Sea ¢) Alllthe ato f luding size, mass, and shapes. ¢d ‘ae of different elements have different nasses_and also have different chemical ties. e) When atoms of same or different elements combine together to form compounds, they combine ina fixed rato, ‘simple whole umber atios, such as 1:1, 1:2,2:1:2:3, ete .’ f) Atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound, e.g., carbon combines with oxygen to form CO and CO, in 1: 1 and 1 :2 ratios, respectively. g) Atoms in a chemical reactions are neither created nor destroyed but they reorganised. hh) An atomis the smallest particle which takes part ina chemical reaction, i, factions of atom do not take part ina chemical reaction. ‘Atom consists of smaller particles like electron, proton neutron, neutrino, antineulrin®, positron antiproton, pions: and mesons etc... > Electron, Proton. and Neutronare: considered as fundamental particles of atom. > Electron was discovered by JL Thomson. > Thename electron was proposed by Stoney: > The experiments of Michael Farad aggested the particulate nature ofelectrioty > The cathode ray discharge tube is a sealed tube,made of: glass congaining two thin metal platescalled electrodes, j the ge tube experiment “Crookes Apserved thal rays were found f0 pass from negatively charged plate (cathode) to positively ~ charged plate! (anode). . VE be observed only at verylow Orman : ofHg) and at very high voltages(10000 V). > ‘The rays'emited from cathode are called cathode rays? ee > Cathode rays are stream of electrons. Aira very low pressure low High voltage generator > The cathode rays move fromeathode to anode. > These rays are invisible but their behaviour can be observed with the help of fluorescent or phosphorescent materials like Zinc sulphide _) which glow when ht by them. ~~ ‘These rays travel in straight lines ‘in the absence. of electric and magnetic field. > Inthe presence of electric field they are deflected towards anode and in magnetic field towards south pole. aoe P > “Cathode rays contain negatively charged particles called electrons. The nature of cathode rays is found to be independent ofnature ofthe cathode material and nature of the gas in the tube. Hence electrons are considered as basic- constituent particles ofall atoms. . Vv Specific charge ‘The charge to mass ratio 1s knownas specific charge. J.J:Thomsonmeasured e/mratio ofthe electron pased on following points. > Greater the magnitude of the charge on the particle greateris the deflection when electric: magnetic fields applied. Lighter the mass of the p the deflection. Be . > Tr deflection of eletrnsfromits orginal ptt > increases when voltage increases. y article greater will be i >JJ-Thomson determined the value of charge to mass ratio. c : 7 =} 7588«10" Chg" (or) 1.7588x10°Cg" Cathode Anode Fluorescent {screen Magnet > As the velocity of the electron increases, the specific charge of the electron decreases due to the increase of relative mass of the electron. > Themassofamoving electron may be calculated by applying the formula Where m, = rest mass ofelectron y=velocity ofthe electron; c= velocity of light > If v=c, mass of the moving electron becomes de rays is independent infinity. > Thevalueofe/m of cathor used as cathode and of the nature of the metal the gas used in the discharge tube. > This shows that electrons are universal constituents ofall matter Note : e/m value of ions w.r-t. H-atom tude of charge(relative charge) __magni mass no) ‘mass number (relative WE: Find the e/m value of a— particle (He) wnt, H-atom? 2 Sol: e/m valueof He e Dre Charge of Electron : > The charge of electron is the smallest known electrical charge. It is taken as unit negative charge. > Millikan determined the charge of the electron by Oildrop experiment. an integral > — Charge onthe oildrops was always multiple of 1.6022x10"” C- eae ance Mass of electron 5 (2 site 1.6022x10"? e]m,_ 1.758820x10" Chg” MILLIKAN’S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT > Atomber (Charged metal Cl Droplets — ate | Plate (*) a ion) +e I +— Microscope ‘Charged metal Pate (-) Z ‘Charged SitDreptt In this, oil droplets which are in mist form were allowed to enter through tiny hole inthe upper: plate of electrical condenser. d motion of these droplets was Fax > > The downwar viewed through the microscope, equipped with micrometer eye piece. > Theairinside the chamber was ionized by, passing a beam of X-rays through it. hese oil droplets was: > The electrical charge ont acquired by collisions with gaseous ions. > Inchamber, the forces acting on oil drop are gravitational, electrostatic due to electrical field aida viscous drag force when the oil drop is moving. > Bymeasuring Millikan was able to measu droplets. The fall of these charged oil droplets can be retarded, accelerated or made stationary depending upon the charge on the droplets and the polarity and strength of the voltage applied to the plate. > Bycarefully measuring the effects of electrical field strength on the motion of oil droplets, Millikan concluded that the magnitude — of electrical charge ‘q’ on the droplets is always , an integral multiple of the electrical charge ‘e” q=ne, where n= 1,2,3..... WE.2: An oil drop has 8.0 x 10°C charge. How ‘many electrons does this oil drop has? | Sol: Charge on the oil drop =" 8.0x10°C Charge on the electron=] 6x 1022 Gs o Violet am neta Sxl e the rate of fall of these droplets, re the mass of oil Vv43) edo +L UW i experiment, the charges Sey ere found as 1.3x 105, value of anode raysis maximum when the Poa 6.0x10-15, é rf the magnitude of the chargcon ihectearan | #8presetinthe tube ishyogen Sol: The magnitude of charge should be ilk 10 fo! tage ge e smallest & (9.58x10" C.kg™ or 9.58x10'Cg™ ) other charges should be int 3 ‘egral multiples of that a ‘th unit smallest charge(q = ne), So inthe problem,the The protons carry unit positive charge with unit smallest charge is 15x10" and is also an mass. aaa mater ofall other charges, Rutherford obtained protons by bombarding 15x10 =Ixe 3x10 =2xe nitrogen atomicnucleus with a — particle. 45x10 =3xe is 6x10" =4 So charge on the electrons is same in aileaed N+} He {H 44/0 (Artificial Radioactivity) and it willbe 1.5.x 10-15 proton DISCOVERY OF ANODE RAYS & DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS & : EROVER mS = PROPERTIES vd pero ey ed by Gold Stein, Neutrons are discovered by James Chadwick. J yy James Chadwick. ™ 2 Recdpsronted catbodeinthedsctargetube | 5 When Bem or Boron kere bombarded and repeated J.JThomson experiment and 5 ‘Saal observed the formation ofanode rays. Oe a a > These rays also termed 25 Canal aye, They have no charge but posses mass almost > Canal rays are simply the positively charged | _eaualto proton. eee Be + tHe > "C+ \n > The name protonis suggested by Rutherford Beryllium @-particle Carbon Neutron to Hydrogen nucleus, » eae Tee line andthese are | UNCOMMON FUNDAMENTAL > Anode rays are positively charged, and get i Pannen deflected by external magnetic field and effect Positron : the photographic plate. Positron is a sub nuclear particle denoted by g*. e : & It can also be described as an antiparticle to > a value of these rays is smaller than that of es een value of electrons. A positron possesses mass equal to that of ei electron > — value ofanoderays dependsuponnatureofthe | > A positron posseses “+ve charge” equal in m magnitude that of electron eas. 4 > The specific charge ofpprotonisobtained when | (1.60210 coulombs) hydrogen gas taken in the discharge tube. Subatomic | Relative Relative! particle [Discoveres| Mass Mass | Charge |Charge| em Electron | Thomson }0.000546ama | 1 |-1.60210"C| «1 {1.76x 10" CxKg 9.18% 10" Kg|_ 1837 |.48x 10" esu Proton J Gold Sted 1.00728am | 1 |i.60210"¢ | 1 [9sgx 0 cg ery 7 : 1.673x10"” Kg 4.810" esu Neutron | Chadwick] 1.008665 amu ! 1 L 1.67510" Ke 7 o fi