HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

College of Computing & Informatics

Introduction to Emerging Technologies

March 23, 2025

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Introduction

Basic Concepts
Invention: can be defined as the creation of a product or intro-
duction of a process for the first time.
Innovation: occurs if someone improves on or makes a significant
contribution to an existing product, process or service.
As Expertise improve on the technology they innovate it (improve
the design)
Innovation follows from invention.

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Introduction

Basic Concepts ...

Technology: "science of the mechanical and industrial arts”
** The application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims
of human life.
Evolution: means the process of developing by gradual changes.
** It is about being open to continuing feedback and adjusting
your program(s) accordingly

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Life would be difficult without technology!
Can you imagine:
Transportation without the train, airplane or the car?
Without Communication => telephone ?
Without time saving devices like the Refrigerator, Washing
Machine?

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Emerging technology

Life would be difficult without technology!

Emerging: “becoming prominent; newly formed and become vis-
ible.”
Emerging technology is a general term used to describe a new
technology, but it may also refer to the continuing development
of existing technology.
It refers to technologies that are currently developing, or that are
expected to be available within the next five to ten years.
and is usually reserved for technologies that are creating or are
expected to create significant social or economic effects

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Technologies expected to acquire a huge market in coming
years-Emerging tech
Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning & Deep Learning
Internet of Things: IoT, Sensors & Wearables
Immersive Media: VR, AR
Block chain: Distributed Ledger Systems, Crypto currencies
Big Data: Infrastructure, Technologies + Predictive Analytics
Automation: Information, Task, Process, Machine, Decision
Robots: Construction, Drones & Autonomous Vehicles
Mobile Technologies: Networks, services & devices

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Industrial Revolution(IR)

IR is an increasing in production brought about the use of ma-

chines and characterized by the use of new technologies.
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way
goods were produced, from human labor to machines
It was a period of major industrialization and innovation that took
place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
It was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small
shops and homes to large factories.
This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from
rural areas to big cities in order to work

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Industrial Revolution(IR)

The following industrial revolutions fundamentally changed and

transfer the world around us into modern society.
1 The steam engine
2 The age of science and mass production
3 The rise of digital technology
4 Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and machine
learning

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Most Important Inventions of the IR

Transportation: The Steam Engine, The Railroad, The Diesel

Engine, The Airplane.
Communication: The Telegraph, Cable, Internet, Phonograph,
Telephone, cell phone.
Industry: The Cotton Gin, The Sewing Machine, Electric Lights

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Important Inventions- In industry

The Cotton Gin: This device mechanized the process of removing

seeds from cotton, something which was done by hand

The Sewing Machine: The machine allowed for the mass produc-
tion of clothing, expanding the nation’s textile industry

Electric Lights: large factories could be illuminated, extending shifts

and increasing manufacturing output
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Important Inventions- In Communication

The Telegraph: allowed for communications over long distances.

It allowed for the interconnection of towns, which served as sta-
tions, and enabled the system to cover a wider area

The Transatlantic Cable : In 1839, the idea of having a cable

that stretched across the Atlantic was just the dream of a few
engineers after the invention of the telegraph

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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)

The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output

of machine made goods that began in England in the 1700s
The first European countries to be industrialized after England
were Belgium, France, and German.
The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects created
by the Agricultural Revolution

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The four types of industries are:
1 The primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining,
farming, and fishing.
2 The secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making
cars and steel.
3 Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
4 The Quaternary industry involves research and development in-
dustries e.g. IT

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1. The Primary Industries
Primary industries are those that produce raw materials
Agriculture is also a primary industry as it produces “raw
materials” that require further processing.
Example- mining, farming, forestry, and fishing

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2. The Secondary Industries
Change raw materials into usable products through process-
ing & manufacturing.
Bakeries that make flour into bread and factories that change met-
als and plastics into vehicles are examples of secondary industries.
Example: making cars and steel

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3. Tertiary Industries
Provide services & support to allow other levels of industry
to function. Example: Transportation, education, housing,
medical etc

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4.Quaternary Industries
The creation & transfer of information, including research and
training. Example IT

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Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
Is described as a transition to new manufacturing processes.
The transitions included going from hand production methods to
machines, the increasing use of steam power. Example: Steam
engine

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Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
The Second IR, also known as the Technological Revolution.
The advancements in IR 2.0 included the development of methods
for manufacturing interchangeable parts and widespread adoption
of pre-existing technological systems.
Began using mass production and assembly line.
The main contributor to this revolution was the development of
machines running on electrical energy
The most important inventions were invented during this time.
New technological systems were introduced, such as electrical
power and telephones

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Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
The transition from mechanical and analog electronic technology
to digital electronics.
Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3 0 was given the
nickname, “Digital Revolution”.
The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and
widespread use of digital logic circuits and
It’s resulting technologies such as the computer, handphones and
the Internet

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Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
The advancements in various technologies such as: Robotics, In-
ternet of Things, Additive manufacturing, Autonomous vehicles.
These mentioned technologies are called Cyber-Physical systems.
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a mechanism that is controlled
or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated
with the Internet and its users.
For example in industries:
** The usage of Computer numerical control (CNS) machines.
Such machine is operated by giving it instructions using a com-
puter.

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Role of Data For Emerging Technologies

Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since we are
living in the age of big data.
It drives or even determines the future of science, technology,
economy, and possibly everything in our world today and tomor-
row.
Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more
importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring in-
credible innovation and economic opportunities

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Enabling Device and Networks for Emerging Technologies

In digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of devices:

1. Memory devices store random information such as the con-
tents of a spreadsheet or database.
2. Microprocessors execute software instructions to perform a
wide variety of tasks such as running a word processing program
or video game.
3. Logic devices provide specific functions, including device-to-
device interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data
display, timing and control operations, and almost every other
function a system must perform
4. Network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes,
network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one
another to allow the sharing of data

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Enabling Device and Networks for Emerging Technologies

A full range of network-related equipment referred to as Service

Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service
unit (DSU)
Modems
Routers
Switches
Conferencing equipment
Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)
Hosting equipment and servers

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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)

HMI refers to the communication and interaction between a hu-

man and a machine via a user interface.
Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have gained
increasing attention as they allow humans to control machines
through natural and intuitive behaviors.
The main human task categories in human-machine interaction
are controlling and problem solving.
HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people
interact with computers and to what extent computers are or
are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.

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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)

HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and the
ways they work together.
The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and
computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive
to the user’s needs

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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)

Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information processing, per-
formance prediction, cooperative working, and capabilities.
Computer science: Including graphics, technology, prototyping
tools, user interface management systems.
Linguistics.
Engineering and design.
Artificial intelligence.
Human factors

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User interface(UI)
The user interface (UI) is the point of human-computer interaction
and communication in a device.
It is also the way through which a user interacts with an applica-
tion or a website.
The growing dependence of many businesses on web applica-
tions and mobile applications has led many companies.
Examples UI:
computer mouse , remote control, virtual reality, ATMs and
speedometer

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Some Emerging technology trends in 2021:
5G Networks
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Autonomous Devices
Block chain
Augmented Analytics
Digital Twins

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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

End of Chapter One

Thank you

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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

CHAPTER TWO
Introduction to Data Science

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Outlines
1 Overview of Data Science
2 Definition of data, Information, knowledge etc
3 Data types, representation and
4 Data value chain
5 Basic Concept of Big data

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What are data, information, and knowledge?

Brainstorming
What is the difference between data, information, knowledge
and wisdom?
What & Why data processing?

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An Overview of Data Science
Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific meth-
ods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge
and insights from structured, semi-structured and unstruc-
tured data.
It is a systematic study of raw data and making insightful obser-
vations.
From those observations one can take relevant actions to establish
a goal.
Data acquisition, data cleaning, feature engineering, mod-
elling and visualization are some major parts of this universe.

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...Cont’d
As an academic discipline and profession, data science continues
to evolve as one of the most promising and in-demand career
paths for skilled professionals.
Today, successful data professionals understand that theymust
advance past the traditional skills of analyzing large amounts
of data, data mining, and programming skills.
In order to uncover useful intelligence for their organizations, data
scientists must master the full spectrum of the data science
life cycle and possess a level of flexibility and understanding to
maximize returns at each phase of the process.

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Data
Data is the representation of facts, concepts, or instructions
in a formalized manner
It is unprocessed facts and figures.
It has no meaning since it has multiple meaning
We cannot use it for decision making since it has multiple meaning
What does ‘apple’ mean? What does ‘1992’ mean?
It is the level of conceptualization

Information
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
Information is the level of contextualization & it has simple meaning
Helps to answer the WH questions except ‘why’ & ’How’
Information is interpreted data; created from organized, structured,
and processed data in a particular context.
Still information
By: Irandufa I. is not enough
Introduction for Technologies
to Emerging decision making . . 1,. 2023
February 37 / 185
Knowledge
Knowledge: An appropriate collection of information.
It is about the know-how gained through experience
Is the level of paternization(creating r/ship among the concepts)
Used to answer the ‘how’ question
Found through many experience and much information.
Comes through understanding of the patterns in phenomenon
With knowledge, prediction is possible

Wisdom
Wisdom: Collection of very deep knowledge
Comes through understanding of principles.
It is the level of Understanding

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Hierarchical Model of human competency

Nb.The last step in the Hierarchical Model of human competency is Truth

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Data Processing Cycle
Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by
people or machines to increase their usefulness and add values for
a particular purpose.
It is the activity of converting raw facts [data] into information.
Information is data that have been processed using the data pro-
cessing functions

What is the ultimate purpose of storing and then analyzing/ processing

data?

Figure 1: Data Processing Cycle

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...Cont’d
Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input, pro-
cessing, and output.
1 Input: in this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient
form for processing. The form will depend on the processing
machine.
2 Processing: in this step, the input data is changed to produce
data in a more useful form.
3 Output: at this stage, the result of the proceeding processing
step is collected.

Figure 2: Data Processing Steps

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Data types and their representation
Data types can be described from diverse perspectives:
In computer science and computer programming, for instance, a
data type is simply an attribute of data that tells the compiler
or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.
A data type makes the values that expression, such as a variable
or a function, might take.
This data type defines the operations that can be done on the
data, the meaning of the data, and the way values of that
type can be stored on computer memory.

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Data types from Computer programming perspective

Common data types includes:

Integers(int)- is used to store whole numbers, mathematically
known as integers
Booleans(bool)- is used to represent restricted to one of two
values: true or false
Characters(char)- is used to store a single character
Floating-point numbers(float)- is used to store real numbers
Alphanumeric strings(string)- used to store a combination of
characters and numbers

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Data types from Data Analytics perspective

From a data analytics point of view, it is important to understand that

there are three common types of data types or structures:
1. Structured
Structured data is data that adheres to a pre-defined data
model and is therefore straightforward to analyze.
Structured data conforms to a tabular format with a relationship
between the different rows and columns.
Common examples of structured data are Excel files or SQL
databases.

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Data types from Data Analytics perspective...

2. Semi-structured
It is a form of structured data that does not conform with the for-
mal structure of data models associated with relational databases
or other forms of data tables.
Examples of semi-structured data include JSON and XML are
forms of semi-structured data.

3.Unstructured
Unstructured data is information that either does not have a
predefined data model or is not organized in a pre-defined
manner.
Unstructured information is typically text-heavy but may contain
data such as dates, numbers, and facts as well.

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Data types from Data Analytics perspective ...

Metadata
The last category of data type is metadata.
From a technical point of view, this is not a separate data struc-
ture, but it is one of the most important elements for Big Data
analysis and big data solutions.
Metadata is data about data.
It provides additional information about a specific set of data.

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Data value Chain
The Data Value Chain is introduced to describe the information
flow within a big data system as a series of steps needed to
generate value and useful insights from data.
The Big Data Value Chain identifies the following key high-level activities:

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Data value Chain steps...

1. Data Acquisition
It is the process of gathering, filtering, and cleaning data be-
fore it is put in a data warehouse or any other storage solution on
which data analysis can be carried out.
Data acquisition is one of the major big data challenges in terms
of infrastructure requirements.

2. Data Analysis
Data analysis involves exploring, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of highlighting relevant data, synthesizing
and extracting useful hidden information with high potential
from a business point of view.
Related areas include data mining, business intelligence, and ma-
chine learning.
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3. Data Curation
It is the active management of data over its life cycle to ensure
it meets the necessary data quality requirements for its effective
usage

4. Data Storage
It is the persistence and management of data in ascalable way
that satisfies the needs of applications that require fast access
to the data.
E.g. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)

5. Data Usage
Data usage in business decision making can enhance competitive-
ness through the reduction of costs, increased added value,
or any other parameter that can be measured against existing per-
formance criteria

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Basic concepts of big data

Big data
It is the term for a collection of data sets so large and complex
that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand database man-
agement tools or traditional data processing applications.
The challenges include capture, storage, search, sharing,
analysis, and visualization
“Large dataset” means a dataset too large to reasonably pro-
cess or store with traditional tooling or on a single computer.
Scale of big datasets is constantly shifting and may vary signifi-
cantly from organization to organization

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Characteristics of big data (the ’5V’s)
Big data is a term that describes large, hard-to-manage volumes
of data – both structured and unstructured It is has 5 Vs characters:
1 Volume:- large amount of data (in zeta bytes)
2 Velocity -Data is live streaming or in motion
3 Variety- data comes in d/t forms from d/t sources
4 Veracity – can we trust the data? How it is accurate?
5 Value: refers to the value that big data can provide, and it to
what organizations can do with that collected data

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Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem
Because of the qualities of big data, individual computers are often
inadequate for handling the data at most stages.
To better address the high storage and computational needs of
big data, computer clusters are a better fit.
Cluster computing is the process of sharing the computation
tasks among multiple computers and those computers or ma-
chines form the cluster

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Clustered Computing
Big data clustering software combines the resources of many smaller
machines, seeking to provide a number of benefits:
1 Resource Pooling
Combining the available storage space to hold data is a clear ben-
efit, but CPU and memory pooling are also extremely important.
2 High Availability
Clusters can provide varying levels of fault tolerance and availabil-
ity guarantees to prevent hardware or software failures from
affecting access to data and processing
3 Easy Scalability
Clusters make it easy to scale horizontally by adding additional
machines to the group.
Cluster membership and resource allocation can be handled by
software like Hadoop’s YARN (which stands for Yet Another
Resource Negotiator).The machines involved in the computing
cluster are also typically involved with the management of a dis-
tributed storageIntroduction
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Hadoop and its Ecosystem
Hadoop is an open-source framework intended to make interac-
tion with big data easier.
It is a database framework, which allows users to save, pro-
cess Big Data in a fault-tolerant, low latency ecosystem using
programming models.
It is a framework that allows for the distributed processing of
large datasets across clusters of computers using simple pro-
gramming models.

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Characteristics of Hadoop
Economical: Its systems are highly economical as ordinary com-
puters can be used for data processing.
Reliable: It is reliable as it stores copies of the data on different
machines and is resistant to hardware failure.
Scalable: It is easily scalable both, horizontally and vertically.
A few extra nodes help in scaling up the framework.
Flexible: It is flexible and you can store as much structured and
unstructured data as you need to and decide to use them later

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Hadoop and its Ecosystem
Hadoop has an ecosystem that has evolved from its four core
components: data management, access, processing, and storage.

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Hadoop and its Ecosystem
It comprises the following components and many others:
HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System
YARN: Yet Another Resource Negotiator
MapReduce: Programming based Data Processing
Spark: In-Memory data processing
PIG, HIVE: Query-based processing of data services
HBase: NoSQL Database
Mahout, Spark MLLib: Machine Learning algorithm libraries
Solar, Lucene: Searching and Indexing
Zookeeper: Managing cluster and Oozie: Job Scheduling

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Big Data Life Cycle with Hadoop
1 Ingesting data into the system
The data is ingested or transferred to Hadoop from various sources
such as relational databases, systems, or local files
2 Processing the data in storage
The data is stored and processed. The data is stored in the
distributed file system, HDFS, and the NoSQL distributed data,
HBase.
Spark and MapReduce perform data processing
3 Computing and analyzing data
The data is analyzed by processing frameworks such as Pig, Hive,
and Impala. Pig converts the data using a map and reduce and
then analyzes it
4 Visualizing the results
It is the stage of using data visualization techniques and tools to
graphically communicate the analysis results for effective interpre-
tation by business users
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===========================

End of Chapter Two

Thank you

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===========================

CHAPTER THREE
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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What is Artificial intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and

Intelligence.
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "think-
ing power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence
Artificial Intelligence means "a man made thinking power.“
Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by
which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like
a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions
Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowl-
edge
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure(training).

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What is Artificial intelligence?

As a result artificial intelligence as the “copy of something natural

is capable of acquiring and applying the information it has gained
through exposure

Intelligence is composed of:

Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent
(e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
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What is Artificial intelligence?

Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors

(such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects
of the world. e.g., Computer Vision
High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such
as drones and self-driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating
art (such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing
games (such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as Google
search), online assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in
photographs, spam filtering, prediction of judicial decisions and
targeting online advertisements

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What is Artificial intelligence?

AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are

capable of performing tasks that humans are very good at, for
example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of
speech, and decision making in a constrained environment.
The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet, smart
mobile and social media has enabled AI algorithms, in particular
from Machine Learning and Deep Learning, to leverage Big
Data and perform their tasks more optimally

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What is Artificial intelligence?

Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the machine

can learn as it goes rather than having every action programmed
by humans.
Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract
features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called
deep learning.

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Need for Artificial Intelligence
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like hu-
mans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly
manner.

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Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as: Proving a theorem, Playing chess, Plan some
surgical operation, Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to
its user

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What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even
it’s so vast and requires lots of other factors that can contribute
to it.
So Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combi-
nation of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception,
language understanding, etc.

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are
prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as
per pre-experience or information.
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.
High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform
the same action multiple times with high accuracy.
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations
such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to
employ a human can be risky
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assis-
tant to users such as AI technology is currently used by various
E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer re-
quirements.
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence ...
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public
utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer
and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes, Natural
language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for
assistant like Siri, for translation like google translate), etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the disadvantages of AI
High Cost
Can’t think out of the box
No feelings and emotions
Increase dependence on machines
No Original Creativity

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History of AI

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for
researchers
1. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
The year 1943-Warren McCulloch and Walter pits- model of arti-
ficial neurons.
The year 1949-Donald Hebb - Hebbian learning.
The year 1950-Alan Turing- Computing Machinery and Intelli-
gence

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History of AI

2. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

The year 1955- Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon- first artificial
intelligence program
The year 1956- American Computer scientist John McCarthy at
the Dartmouth - "Artificial Intelligence“

3. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

The year 1966 - Joseph Weizenbaum- chatbot- ELIZA.
The year 1972- Japan - intelligent humanoid robot -WABOT-1

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History of AI

4. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt
with a severe shortage of funding from the government for AI
researches

5. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
The year 1980: national conference of the American Association
of Artificial Intelligence "Expert System".

6. The second AI winter (1987-1993)

The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI
Winter duration.

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History of AI

7. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

The year 1997- IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov
The year 2002- Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
The year 2006: Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using
AI.

8. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence

(2011-present)
The year 2011- IBM’s Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where
it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles

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History of AI
The year 2012- Google-Android app feature "Google now"
The year 2014-Chatbot "Eugene Goostman"
The year 2018- IBM-"Project Debater“
Now AI has developed to a remarkable level.
The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are
now trending like a boom.
Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon
are working with AI and creating amazing devices.

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Levels of AI

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering
everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation)
and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.

Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention

Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain
they are being applied in.
They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the
best humans, and their knowledge base can be updated as new
situations and queries arise. applications of this level are
chatbots and “roboadvisors”

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Levels of AI

Stage 3- Domain-Specific Expertise

Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build
up expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes of
information which they can use for decision making

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states
to themselves and others.
This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and
other machines.
At the moment these algorithms are still in development, how-
ever, commercial applications are expected within the next few
years

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Levels of AI

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

These systems have human-like intelligence – the most com-
monly portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence
today

Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in
every domain.
Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabili-
ties might be, yet we could hope examples would include solving
problems we have failed to so far, such as world hunger and
dangerous environmental change

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Levels of AI

Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6)
leads to a massive expansion in human capability.
Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other
and to a future successor of the current internet, creating a “hive
mind” that shares ideas, solves problems collectively, and even
gives others access to our dreams as observers or participants.
The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible
and human consciousness could never be digitized

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The seven layers of AI maturity

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Types of AI

Based on Capabilities
1 Weak AI or Narrow AI
Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated
task with intelligence
2 General AI
General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any in-
tellectual task with efficiency like a human
3 Super AI
It is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could sur-
pass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
a human with cognitive properties

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Types of AI

Based on the functionality

1. Reactive Machines
Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for
future actions.
Has no memory, only responds different stimuli e.g IBM’s Deep
Blue, Google’s AlphaGo
2. Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some
data for a short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time period
only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems.
These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance
of other cars, speed limits, and other information to navigate the
By: Irandufa I. Introduction to Emerging Technologies March 23, 2025 82 / 185
Types of AI

Based on the functionality

3. Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
* This type of AI machine is still not developed, but researchers
are making lots of efforts and improvements for developing such
AI machines
4. Self-Awareness
* Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
* These machines will be super intelligent and will have their
own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
* These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hy-
pothetical

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How humans think?
The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI
that learns like a human and can solve general problems as the
human brain does. Achieving this goal might require many more
years
Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main
stages:
1 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
2 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
3 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input
and interpreted and evaluated

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Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components
Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it
is possible to map the human thinking stages to the layers or
components of AI systems
In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surround-
ing environments through human senses, such as sight, hearing,
smell, taste, and touch, through human organs, such as eyes,
ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the hands
In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which
perceives information from the surrounding environment

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...Cont’d
The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the
input data.
*In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer,
that is, reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is
acquired by the sensing layer.
The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions.
*After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs
the necessary tasks.
*Robotic movement control and speech generation are ex-
amples of functions that are implemented in the interacting layer.

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Influencers of artificial intelligence

The following are influencers of AI

Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
Cloud computing and APIs
The emergence of data science

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Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
Big data includes semi-structured and unstructured formats,
such as word-processing documents, videos, images, audio, pre-
sentations, social media interactions, streams, web pages, and
many other kinds of content.
The availability of larger volumes and sources of data is enabling
capabilities in AI that could not be used in the past due to lack of
data availability, limited sample sizes, and an inability to
analyze massive amounts of data in milliseconds

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Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
Significant advancements in computer processing and mem-
ory speeds enable us to make sense of the information that is
generated by big data more quickly.
In the past, statisticians and early data scientists were limited to
working with sample data sets.
In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large amount
of data at high speeds have enabled researchers and developers
to access and work with massive sets of data.
Large manufacturers of computer chips such as IBM and Intel
are prototyping “brain-like” chips whose architecture is configured
to mimic the biological brain’s network of neurons and the
connections between them called synapses

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Cloud computing and APIs
Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery
of on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-
per-use basis.
APIs are a set of tools and protocols used for building software
and models.
There are various types of APIs like Local API, Web API, and
Program API, which help machine learning developers communi-
cate with each other and share knowledge across various platforms

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The emergence of data science
AI is a collection of technologies that excel at extracting insights
and patterns from large sets of data, then making predictions
based on that information.
That includes your analytics data from places like Google Analyt-
ics, automation platforms, content management systems, CRMs,
and more.
After collecting a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge.
Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.
Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big data

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Applications of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today’s society.

It is becoming essential for today’s time because it can solve com-
plex problems in an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster

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Applications of AI

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial

Intelligence
Agriculture
Healthcare
Education
Finance and E-commerce
Gaming
Data Security
Social Media
Travel & Transport
Automotive Industry
Robotics
Entertainment
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Applications of AI

Agriculture
AI technologies are being used to yield healthier crops, con-
trol pests, monitor soil and growing conditions, organize data
for farmers, help with workload, and improve a wide range of
agriculture-related tasks in the entire food supply chain

Agricultural Robots
Companies are developing and programming autonomous robots
to handle essential agricultural tasks such as harvesting crops
at a higher volume and faster pace than human laborers.
Examples of AI applications in the agriculture sector:
*See & Spray Robot
*Harvest CROO Robotics
*Crop and Soil Monitoring

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Applications of AI

Health
AI applications are revolutionizing how the health sector works to
reduce spending and improve patient outcomes.
Companies are applying machine learning to make better and
faster diagnoses than humans.
* One of the best known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson.
* Other AI applications include chatbots.
* Personal Health Virtual Assistant
Examples of AI applications in the health sector:
* Dip.io , Apple Watch, Medical Imaging Analysis, IBM Watson
analysis, IDx software, Precision Medicine, Healthcare Bots, Op-
erational applications of AI

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Applications of AI

Business (Emerging market)

Artificial Intelligence has enormous potential to augment human
intelligence and to radically alter how we access products and ser-
vices, gather information, make products, and interact. In emerg-
ing markets, AI offers an opportunity to lower costs and barriers
to entry for businesses and deliver innovative business models that
can leapfrog traditional solutions and reach the undeserved
Examples of AI applications in the Business sector:
**Improve Customer Services
**Automate Workloads
**Optimize Logistics
**Increase Manufacturing Output and Efficiency
**Prevent Outages & Predict Performance
**Predict Behavior & Manage and Analyze Data
**Improve Marketing and Advertising
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Applications of AI

Education
The increasing adoption of the AI technology for various applica-
tions in the education sector.
AI can automate grading, giving educators more time, and can
also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work
at their own pace.
AI tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they
stay on track.
Examples of AI applications in the Education sector:
** Administrative Tasks Automation
** Smart Content
** Smart Tutors and Personalization
** Virtual Lectures and Learning Environment

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Applications of AI

AI in gamming
AI Machines can play strategic games like chess

AI in Data security
Security of data is crucial for every companies and cyber attacks
are rapidly growing in digital world.
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples are AEG bot, AI2 platform used to determine software
bugs and cyber attacks in a better way

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Applications of AI

AI in social media
Social media such as Facebook, twitter, snap chat contain billions
of user profiles which needed to be stored and managed efficiently.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data

AI in travel and transport

AI is capable of doing travel related tasks travel arrangements to
suggesting hotels, and best routs to customers for a better and
fast response.

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AI tools and platforms

AI in social media
AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture
or software framework (including application frameworks), that
allows the software to run.
It involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are
performed by human beings.
Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to
build intelligent applications.
These platforms combine intelligent, decision-making algorithms
with data, which enables developers to create a business solution

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AI tools and platforms

AI in social media
AI platforms are frequently used by developers to create both the
learning algorithm and intelligent application.
The most common artificial intelligence platforms include

AI in social media
Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning
IBM Watson
Google Cloud Prediction API
TensorFlow
Infosys Nia,
Wipro HOLMES,
API.AI

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===========================

End of Chapter Three

Thank you

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===========================

————————————————————————
CHAPTER FOUR
Internet of Things (IoT)

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Overview of IoT
The most important features of IoT include
1 Artificial intelligence
2 Connectivity
3 Sensors
4 Active engagement
5 Small device use

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What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical
and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are
provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and
transfer data over the internet without any human intervention.

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What is IoT?
According to the 2020 conceptual framework “Internet of Things”
(IoT) is expressed as:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
The Internet of Things consists of any device with an on/off
switch connected to the Internet ranging from cellphones to build-
ing maintenance to the jet engine of an airplane

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What is IoT?
The internet of things (IoT) has found its application in several
areas such as:

IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, net-

working, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices,
and modern attitudes towards technology.

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History of IoT

The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out

as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
in 1962 and evolved into ARPANET in 1969.
In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting pub-
lic use of ARPANET, allowing it to evolve into our modern Inter-
net.
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993,
with the Department of Defense providing a stable, highly func-
tional system of 24 satellites.
One additional and important component in developing a func-
tional IoT was IPV6’s remarkably intelligent decision to increase
address space.

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History of IoT

The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until

1999.
One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the
early 1980s and was a Coca Cola machine.
In 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system us-
ing multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet to wireless
communication and from micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS) to embedded systems.
Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT,
was the first to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999
speech

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Advantages of IoT

1. Improved Customer Engagement

Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in-
accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
IoT changed this completely to active

2. Technology Optimization
The same technologies and data which improve the customer ex-
perience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improve-
ments to technology.

3. Reduce Wastage

4. Enhance Data Collection

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Disadvantages of IoT

1. Improved Customer Engagement

As the number of connected devices increases and more informa-
tion is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could
steal confidential information also increases.
If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted.
Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT,
it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to commu-
nicate with each other.
Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing
the data from all those devices will be challenging

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Challenges of IoT

1 Security
2 Privacy
3 Complexity
4 Flexibility
5 Compliance

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How does it work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environ-
ments.
Intake data (sensors)=> Share data(Gateway)=> store
(analyze)
The devices do most of the work without human intervention
The connectivity, networking and communication protocols
used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific
IoT applications deployed.

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Architecture of IoT
IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consist
of Hardware, Software, network connectivity and sensors.
The architecture of IoT comprises 4 components (Layers):
1 Sensing
2 Networking
3 Data processing &
4 Application

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1: Sensing layer:
The main purpose of this layer is to identify any phenomena in
the devices peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
This layer consist of several layer
Sensor in IoT devices can be classified into 3 major categories:

1. Motion sensor: this sensor measure the change in motion and the
orientation of the devices

2. Environmental sensor: sense the change in environmental pa-

rameter in the device peripherals
e.g. light sensor, pressure sensor
To help devices to take autonomous decision according to the changes
of the device peripheral

3. Position sensor: deal with the physical position & location of the
device. E.g. Magnetic sensor, GPS sensor
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2: Network layer
Act as communication channel to transfer data collected in sensing
layer to other connected devices.

Implemented using:
Wi-Fi

Bluetooth

ZigBee

Zwave etc.

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3. Data processing layer:
Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.
Takes data collected in sensing layer and analyze the data to make
decision based on the result.
May share the result of data processing to the connected device
via network layer.

4. Application layer:
This layer implements and presents the result of data processing
layer.
It is user centric layer that executes various task of the users.

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Architecture of IoT

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An Example

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Application area of IoT
The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so
many businesses, organizations, and government branches.
Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best
applied.

Agriculture
Consumer Use
Healthcare
Insurance
Manufacturing
Retail
Transportation
Utilities

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IoT Based Smart Home
Allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor different
home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web
with no physical distance limitations

Remote Control Appliances

Weather

Smart Home Appliances

Intrusion Detection Systems

Energy and Water Use

Safety Monitoring

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IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and au-
tonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in energy management, traffic management, and se-
curity, sharing

Structural Health

Lightning

Safety

Transportation

Smart Parking

Waste Management

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IoT Based Smart City
Green Houses
Compost
Animal Farming/Tracking
Offspring Care
Field Monitoring

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Summary

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===========================

End of Chapter Four

Thank you

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===========================

————————————————————————
CHAPTER FIVE
Augmented Reality (AR)

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Overview of AR
The fundamental idea of AR is to combine, or mix, the view of
the real environment with additional, virtual content that is
presented through computer graphics.
Its convincing effect is achieved by ensuring that the virtual con-
tent is aligned and registered with the real objects.
As a person moves in an environment and their perspective view
of real objects changes, the virtual content should also be pre-
sented from the same perspective

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...Cont’d
Augmented reality (AR) is an enhanced version of the real
physical world that is achieved through the use of digital visual
elements, sound, or other sensory stimuli delivered via technology.
AR refers to a live view of a physical real-world environ-
ment whose elements are merged with augmented computer-
generated images creating a mixed reality.
Augmented Reality (AR) as a real-time direct or indirect
view of a physical real-world environment that has been en-
hanced/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated in-
formation to it.
Augmented reality is the integration of digital information
with the user’s environment in real-time

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Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) vs Mixed reality (MR)

With constant development in computer vision and the exponen-

tial advancement of computer processing power, virtual reality
(VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) tech-
nology is becoming more and more prominent.
With some overlap in the applications and functions of these
emerging technologies, sometimes these terms get confused or are
used incorrectly

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Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) vs Mixed reality (MR)

1. Virtual Reality (VR)

VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into thinking
you’re in a different environment or world apart from the real
world.
Using a head-mounted display (HMD) or headset, you’ll ex-
perience a computer-generated world of imagery and sounds in
which you can manipulate objects and move around using haptic
controllers while tethered to a console or PC.
It refers to computer technologies using reality headsets to gener-
ate realistic sounds, images and other sensations that replicate
a real environment or create an imaginary world.

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Virtual reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) vs Mixed reality (MR)

1. Virtual Reality (VR)

Advanced VR environment will engage all five senses (taste,
sight, smell, touch, sound), but it is important to say that
this is not always possible.
Most VR headsets are connected to a computer or a gaming con-
sole (PlayStation VR) but there are standalone devices as well.
Most standalone VR headsets work in combination with smart-
phones. The most advanced VR experiences even provide freedom
of movement – users can move in a digital environment and hear
sounds.

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2. Augmented Reality (AR)
Augmented Reality (AR) is a live, direct or indirect view of a
physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented
(or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such
as sound, video, graphics or GPS data
In augmented reality,users see and interact with the real
world while digital content is added to it.
There’s a different way to experience augmented reality, though
– with special AR headsets, such as Google Glass, where digital
content is displayed on a tiny screen in front of a user’s eye.
AR adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera
on a smartphone.

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2. Augmented Reality (AR)
Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live view often
by using the camera on a smartphone.
Examples of augmented reality experiences include Snapchat
lenses and the game Pokemon Go.

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3. Mixed Reality (MR)
Mixed Reality(hybrid reality), is the merging of real and virtual
worlds to produce new environments and visualizations where
physical and digital objects co-exist and interact in real-time.
The key characteristic of MR is that the synthetic content and
the real-world content are able to react to each other in real-time
MR allows you to see and immerse yourself in the world around
you even as you interact with a virtual environment using your
own hands—all without ever removing your headset

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VR vs AR vs MR

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Architecture of AR Systems
The first Augmented Reality Systems (ARS) were usually
designed with a basis on three main blocks

1. Infrastructure Tracker Unit: was responsible for collecting data

from the real world
2. Processing Unit: which mixed the virtual content with the real
content
3. Visual Unit:the Video Out module.
1 Video see-through
2 Optical see-through

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Architecture of AR Systems...

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Applications of AR Systems
Technology is ever-changing and ever-growing.
One of the newest developing technologies is augmented reality
(AR), which can be applied to many different disciplines such as:

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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

End of Chapter Five

Thank you

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===========================

————————————————————————
CHAPTER SIX
Ethics and professionalism of
emerging technologies

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Reflective Activity 6.1
Discuss on the following point 5’
What does mean by Ethics?
What is profession?
How do you understand professional ethics?

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Ethics
Ethics, also called moral philosophy, the discipline concerned
with what is morally good and bad and morally right and
wrong principles(Peter, 2022)
It is philosophical study of moral values and rules
It governs the persons behavior on conducting of an activity
Is all about moral principles

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Profession
Profession is an occupation which involves prolonged training
and formal qualification
Example: Teaching, is profession
Profession is comes as a result of prolonged training of an orga-
nized body of knowledge
Generally, profession is a moral responsibility

Professionalism
Professionalism is the How, whereas profession is the what

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Professional Ethics
Profession Ethics is a rule governing the conduct, transaction
and relationship within the profession and in the community
The quality of professional should be judged by the individual
point of view and community
Like values, professional ethics provide rules on how a person
should act towards other people and institutions in such an envi-
ronment
Unlike values, professional ethics are often codified as a set of
rules, which a particular group of people use

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Reflective Activity 6.2
Discuss on the following point 5’
Why ethical consideration in Emerging Technology ?

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Technology and ethics
The Internet boom has provided many benefits for society, allow-
ing the creation of new tools and new ways for people to interact.
As with many technological advances, however, the Internet has
not been without negative aspects.
For Example: The virus and Privacy issue
Technology can serve to promote or restrict human rights.
The Information Society should foster the use of emerging tech-
nologies in such a way as to maximize the benefits that they
provide while minimizing the harms

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Some of the Issues to be considered
Confidentiality issues
Privacy Issues
Intellectual property right issue (i’e. patent right, trademark,
copyright)
Competence issue. i.e misrepresenting of the profession
Computer misuse i.e Dissemination of virus
All these issue needs ethical consideration in Emerging tech-
nology

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Technology and ethics
Therefore, Ethics is important for the accountancy of profession,
with the code of professional ethics based on five principles:
1 Integrity
2 honesty
3 Respect for others
4 accountability
5 Objectivity
6 Competence & Due care
7 Confidentiality
8 Professional behavior
However, the emergency of new Emerging technologies raises
some new challenges for professional to address

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General ethical principles
1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging
that all people are stakeholders in computing.
2 Avoid harm.
3 Be honest and trustworthy.
4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate
5 Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, cre-
ative works, and computing artifacts.
6 Respect privacy.
7 Honor confidentiality

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Professional responsibilities
1 Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products
of professional work.
2 Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and
ethical practice.
3 Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional work.
4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer sys-
tems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.
6 Perform work only in areas of competence.
7 Foster public awareness and understanding of computing, related
technologies, and their consequences.
8 Access computing and communication resources only when au-
thorized or when compelled by the public good.
9 Design and implement systems that are robustly and usably secure
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Professional leadership principles
1 Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all pro-
fessional computing work.
2 Articulate, encourage acceptance of and evaluate fulfillment of
social responsibilities by members of the organization or group.
3 Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of working
life.
4 Articulate, apply, and support policies and processes that reflect
the principles of the Code.
5 Create opportunities for members of the organization or group to
grow as professionals

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Digital privacy
Digital Privacy is the protection of personally identifiable or busi-
ness identifiable information that is collected from respondents
through information collection activities or from other sources.
It is a collective definition that encompasses three sub-related
categories; information privacy, communication privacy, and
individual privacy
1. Information privacy is the notion that individuals should
have the freedom, or right, to determine how their digital informa-
tion, mainly that pertaining to personally identifiable information,
is collected and used.

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Digital privacy...
2. Communication privacy is the notion that individuals should
have the freedom, or right, to communicate information digitally
with the expectation that their communications are secure; mean-
ing that messages and communications will only be accessible to
the sender’s original intended recipient.
3. Individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right
to exist freely on the internet, in that they can choose what types
of information they are exposed to

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Some digital privacy principles

Data Minimization:
Collect only the minimal information about the individual, business
as per the mission/vision

Transparency
Purpose of the data collection should be defined
Information collected should not be used for other purpose
Information collected should not transferred for 3rd party unless
authorized
Accuracy
Information collected will maintained in sufficiently accurate,
timely and complete manner to ensure that the interest of in-
dividual and business is protected

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Some digital privacy principles

Security
Security ensuring mechanism should be implemented to protect
digital privacy

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Treats and challenges
Ethical and regulatory challenges
Challenges in using Artificial Intelligence
Challenges in using Robotics in manufacturing
Challenges in using the Internet of Things
Challenges in Big Data

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Challenges in using Artificial Intelligence
AI is only as good as the data is exposed to, which is where
some challenges presents themselves
The other challenge is the potential of AI to replace human
Example: Medical doctor utilize the diagnostic AI to diagnose
patients and produce the ultimate decision
Therefore, managing the challenges posed by AI will require
careful planning to ensure that the full benefit are realized
and risks are mitigated

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Challenges in using Robotics in manufacturing
The more the robotics utilized in manufacturing, the more the
issue of unemployment rate arises
The more we automate every process, the more the ethical and
cyber issue arises

Challenges in using IOT

As the connected devices join to the internet, the directly
contributes to the amount of data generation
This need high skill to be managed
If not, it will raises the security issues, storage issues etc to
the companies

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Challenges in Big data
The issue of big data can be seen from different dimension
including from its feature itself
Unless the business/companies change the big data into an
opportunity, it will raise different ethical consideration
Remember: The more data we have, the more the accurate of
our model

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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

End of Chapter Six

Thank you

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===========================

————————————————————————
CHAPTER SIX
Other emerging technologies

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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

End of Emerging Technologies

Lecture

Great Thanks

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Outline
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology
Block-chain Technology
Cloud and quantum computing
Autonomic computing
Computer Vision
Embedded System
Cybersecurity
3D printing

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Nanotechnology
’There is a plenty of room at the bottom’(Feynman, 1959)
Nanotechnology is the science, engineering and technology
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanome-
ters
Nanoscience is a subfield of physics dealing with measuring 1-
100 nanometers
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are the study and application
ofextremely small things.
It is hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. i.e
10−9
Nanotechnology and Nanoscience involve the ability to see and to
control individual atoms and molecule
A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nanometers
wide
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Application of Nanotechnology
Medicine
Reduce the size of molecules that can deliver drugs directly to
diseased cell in your body

Electronics
We might increase the capabilities of electronics devices while
we reduce the weight and power consumption

Food
It has an impact several aspect of food science from, how food
is grown to how it is packed
Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a
difference not only in the taste of food, but also in food safety
and the health benefit that food deliver.
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Application of Nanotechnology

Vehicle Transportation
Much like aviation and stronger material will be valuable for
making vehicles that are both quicker and more secure.

Generally, Nanotechnology allows humans to play with the building

blocks of the universe

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a technology based on biology

It harness cellular bio-molecular process to develop technologies
and product
Example: Genetic engineering - the process of transferring
individual genes between organisms or modifying the genes in an
organism to remove or add a desired trait or characteristic.

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Application of Biotechnology
Agriculture (Green Biotechnology):
Biotechnology had contributed a lot to modify the genes of
the organism known as Genetically Modified Organisms such as
Crops, Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, etc.
Genetically modified crops are formed by the manipulation of
DNA to introduce a new trait into the crops.

Medicine (Medicinal Biotechnology)

The formation of genetically modified insulin known as humulin.
This helps in the treatment of a large number of diabetes
patients.
Gene therapy — a technique to remove the defected genetic In
an embryo or child. This technique involves the transfer of a
normal gene that works over the non-functional gene
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Block-chain Technology
Blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are
linked using cryptography.
Each block contains a cryptography hash of the previous block,
a timestamp, and transaction data.
“Blocks” on the blockchain are made up of digital pieces of
information.
“Blocks” have three parts
1 Information about transactions like the date, time, and dollar
amount.
2 information about who is participating in transactions
3 information that distinguishes them from other blocks
When a block stores new data it is added to the blockchain

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Block Chain Technology
In order for a block to be added to the blockchain, however, four
things must happen:
1. A transaction must occur.
2. Transaction must be verified - they confirm the transaction’s
time, dollar amount, and participants.
3. Transaction must be stored in a block - amount, your and
vendor digital signature
4. Block must be given a hash - its hash & hash of the most
recent block

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Pillar of Block Chain Technology

Decentralization: Information is not stored by one single entity.

Everyone in the network owns the information
Transparency: person’s real identity is secure, and all the
transactions that were done by their public address is visible
Immutability - once something has been entered into the
blockchain it cannot be tempered with

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Application of Block Chain Technology

The sharing economy

Crowdfunding
Governance
Supply chain auditing
File storage

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Cloud, Autonomic and Quantum Computing
Cloud Computing
Networking remote servers that are hosted on the Internet
Public cloud - third-party provider manages the servers, applica-
tions, and storage. Anyone can subscribe to :the provider’s cloud
service
Private cloud -hosted on organization onsite datacenter
Hybrid cloud - private clouds are connected to public cloud al-
lowing data-and applications to be shared between them

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Cloud, Autonomic and Quantum Computing
Quantum Computing
Give clients access to a quantum computer over the internet
With a quantum computer, the data is stored in qubits

Autonomic Computing
self-managing computing model
Control the functioning of computer applications and systems
without input from the user

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Characteristics of Autonomic System
An autonomic system:
can self-configure at runtime to meet changing operating
environments
self-tune to optimize its performance
self-heal when it encounters unexpected obstacles during its
operation, and of particular current interest.
Protect itself from malicious attacks.
Can self manage anything including a single or multiple
properties

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Computer Vision
Deals with how computers can be made to gain a high-level
understanding of digital images or videos
Automate tasks that the human visual system can do
Computer vision tasks:
acquiring, processing, analyzing and understanding digital images
extraction high-dimensional data from the real world in order to
produce numerical or symbolic information

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Computer Vision Tasks

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Application of Computer Vision

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Embedded System

Specific purpose computer

Control many devices
Based on microcontroller (ie. microprocessors with integrated
memory and peripheral interfaces

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Pros and Cons of Embedded System
Advantage of Embedded System
Easily Customizable
Low power consumption
Low cost
Enhanced performance

Disadvantage of Embedded System

High development effort
Larger time to market

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Architecture of Embedded System

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Cyber Security
The protection of computer systems from the theft of or damage
to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from
the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide
protecting computer systems from unauthorized access
cybercrime is used to describe an unlawful activity a

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Cyber Security Measure
Staff awareness training
Application security
Network security
Leadership commitment
Password management

Types of Cyber Security Treats

Ransomware
Malware
Phishing

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Benefit of CyberSecurity
Business protection against malware, ransomware, phishing,
Protection for data and networks.
Prevention of unauthorized users.
Improves recovery time after a breach.
Protection for end-users.
Improved confidence in the product for both developers and
customers

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Addictive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
Uses computer-aided design to build objects layer by layer.
used to create three-dimensional structures out of plastics, metals,
polymers and other materials that can be sprayed through a nozzle
or aggregated in a vat. These constructs are added layer by layer
in real- time based on digital design.

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