EE 451: Power System Analysis and Design

Week 1

Noor Ul Ain

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

January 18, 2025

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 1 / 33

 CLOs

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLOs Description PLOs Domain Domain Level

Develop per-unit admittance matrix (Ybus)
CLO1 and impedance matrix (Zbus) using single-line PLO3 Cognitive 3. Apply
diagram of the power system.
Solve load flow problem of an electrical
CLO2 PLO2 Cognitive 4. Analyze
power system using numerical techniques.
Carry out symmetrical and unsymmetrical
short circuit fault current calculations
CLO3 PLO3 Cognitive 4. Analyze
for sizing and setting of protection
equipment.

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 2 / 33

 Book and Class Material

Textbook and Mode of Communication

Textbook
• Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat, PSA Publishing, 3rd
Edition, 2010

Reference Book
• Power Systems Analysis and Design by J. Duncan Glover and
Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomson Publisher, 4th Edition, 2008
• Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, Gary
W. Chang, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 2016

Mode of Communication
• Please join Google Classroom (EE-451 PSAnD Spring 2025) using
the access code 5et62jf
(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 3 / 33
 Today’s Contents

Topics to be Covered

• One-line diagram
• Per-unit system of calculation
• Single-Phase System
• Three-Phase System

Reference: Chapter 3 of Textbook by Hadi Saadat

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 4 / 33

 One-line Diagram

One-Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram (SLD) (1/4)

• SLD uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and
components of an electrical circuit.
• Information about the loads, the ratings of the generators and
transformers, and reactances of different components of the circuit
is often given on SLD.

Figure: Y- connected generator supplying balanced Y- connected load.

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 5 / 33
 One-line Diagram

SLD (2/4)

• A balanced three-phase system is always solved as a single-phase

circuit composed of one of the three lines and the neutral return.

Figure: Single Phase Circuit.

• Often the diagram is simplified further by omitting the neutral and
indicating the component by standard symbols rather than by their
equivalent circuits. Such a simplified diagram of electric system is
called a one-line (or single line) diagram.

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 6 / 33

 One-line Diagram

SLD (3/4)

• The one-line diagram of the simple three-phase system considered

above is shown in Fig.

• One-line diagram of a sample power system is shown below,

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 7 / 33

 One-line Diagram

SLD Symbols (4/4)

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 8 / 33

 Per Unit System

Per Unit System (1/2)

• In power systems, there are so many different elements such as

motors, generators and transformers with very different sizes and
nominal values
• To be able to compare the performances of a big and a small
element, per unit system is used.
• In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents, powers, impedances,
and other electrical quantities are expressed on a per-unit basis by
the equation:
Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 9 / 33

 Per Unit System

Per Unit System (2/2)

For example,
Sa Va Ia Za
Spu = Vpu = Ipu = and Zpu =
SB VB IB ZB

• The numerators (actual values) are phasor quantities or complex

values and the denominators (base values) are always real numbers.
• A minimum of four base quantities are required to completely define
a per-unit system: volt-ampere, voltage, current, and impedance.
• Usually, the three-phase base volt-ampere SB or MV AB and the
line-to-line base voltage VB or kVB are selected.
• Base current and base impedance are then dependent on SB and VB
and must obey the circuit laws.

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 10 / 33

 Per Unit System

Per Unit System - Advantages

• Simplifies calculations in power systems

• Allows a 1-phase equivalent circuit for a 3-phase system (no more
√
3 errors)
• The impedances of the machines are specified in per unit values by
the manufacturer.
• The parameters of machines and transformer (resistance, reactance,
excitation current, etc.) lie within a narrow range of values when
expressed in p.u. We can therefore guess reasonable values for
approximate calculations, or easily estimate their correctness.
• Eliminates transformers from calculations
• Per unit values provide more meaningful information.

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 11 / 33

 Per Unit System

Procedure for Single-Phase System (1/2)

• Pick a 1 φ VA base for the entire system, SB

• Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB . Voltage
bases are related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
• Calculate the impedance base, ZB = (VB )2 /SB
• Calculate the current base, IB = VB /ZB
• Convert actual values to per unit

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 12 / 33

 Per Unit System

Procedure for Single-Phase System (2/2)

These are given by:

SB
IB =
VB
VB
ZB =
IB
Substituting IB in the expression of ZB

(VB )2
ZB =
SB
(kVB )2
ZB =
MV AB
Za MV AB
Zpu = = Za ×
Zb (kVB )2

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 13 / 33

 Per Unit System

Example - 1

A three-phase 500MVA, 22kV generator has winding reactance of

1.065 Ω. Find its per-unit reactance.

Solution
222
• Base impedance = 500 = 0.968 Ω
1.065
• Per-unit reactance = 0.968 = 1.1002 pu
• Per-unit reactance = 1.065 × 500
222 = 1.1002 pu

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 14 / 33

 Per Unit System

Example - 2

1j 24j Ω 1j Ω
1:10 5:1

8∠0 kV 10 Ω

Find VL and SL where SB = 100 MV A and VB = 8 kV . Use

single-phase analysis.
VB1 = 8 kV VB2 = 80 kV VB3 = 16 kV
VB21 82 VB22 802 VB23 162
ZB1 = = ZB2 = = ZB3 = =
SB 100 SB 100 SB 100
ZB1 = 0.64 Ω ZB2 = 64 Ω ZB3 = 2.56 Ω

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 15 / 33

 Per Unit System

Z1,pu = 1 j/0.64 = 1.5625j

Z2,pu = 24 j/64 = 0.395j
Z3,pu = 1 j/2.56 = 0.390625j ≈ 0.39j
Z4,pu = 10/2.56 = 3.90625j ≈ 3.91j

1.5625j 0.375j 0.39j

1∠0 pu 3.91

Per unit impedance remains same on both sides of transformer

Vs 1∠0
I= = = 0.22∠ − 30.8◦ pu
ZT 1.5625j + 0.375j + 0.39j + 3.91
VL = 1∠0 − I × (1.5625j + 0.375j + 0.39j) = 0.8589∠ − 30.8◦ pu
(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 16 / 33
 Per Unit System

|VL |2 0.8592
SL = VL IL∗ = = = 0.1899 pu
Z 3.91
SG = 1∠0 × 0.22∠30.8 = 0.22∠30.8◦ pu
Actual Values

VLactual = 0.8589∠ − 30.8◦ × VB3 = 13.74∠ − 30.8◦ kV

SLactual = 0.189 × 100 = 18.9∠0 MVA
SGactual = 0.22∠30.8◦ × 100 = 22∠30.8◦ MVA

I actual = IB2 × I
SB
= 0.22∠ − 30.8 ×
VB2
100 × 106
= 0.22∠ − 30.8 ×
80 × 103
◦
= 275∠ − 30.8 A

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 17 / 33

 Per Unit System

Procedure for Three-Phase System

• Procedure is very similar to 1 φ except we use a 3 φ VA base, and

use line-to-line voltage bases
• Pick a 3 φ VA base for the entire system, SB3φ

• Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB . Voltages are
line to line.
• Calculate the impedance base ZB
• Calculate the base current IB

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 18 / 33

 Per Unit System

Base Impedance in 3-Phase System

In a three-phase balance system
VLL Vbase,LL
Vphase = √ =⇒ Vbase, phase = √
3 3
Sbase
Sbase = 3 × Sphase, base =⇒ Sbase, phase =
3
For a single phase of the system, the impedance base is determined by
the phase voltage and phase power:
 2
2 Vbase,LL
√
Vbase,phase 3
Zbase,phase = =⇒ Zbase,phase = Sbase
Sbase,phase 3

2
Vbase,LL
Zbase,phase =
Sbase

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 19 / 33

 Per Unit System

Example 3

Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the previous circuit,
assuming a 3-phase power base of 300 MVA, and line to line voltage
bases of 13.8 kV, 138 kV and 27.6 kV (square root of 3 larger than the
single-phase example voltages). Also assume the generator is
Y-connected so its line to line voltage is 13.8 kV.
1j 24j Ω 1j Ω
1:10 5:1

13.8∠0 kV 10 Ω

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 20 / 33

 Per Unit System

Solution

1j 24j Ω 1j Ω
1:10 5:1

13.8∠0 kV 10 Ω

VB1,LL = 13.8 kV VB2,LL = 138 kV VB3,LL = 27.6 kV

VB21,LN 82 VB22,LN 802 VB23,LN 162
ZB1 = 1φ
= ZB2 = 1φ
= ZB3 = 1φ
=
SB 100 SB 100 SB 100
ZB1 = 0.64 Ω ZB2 = 64 Ω ZB3 = 2.56 Ω

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 21 / 33

 Per Unit System

1.5625j 0.375j 0.39j

1∠0 pu 3.91

1.0∠0◦
I= = 0.22∠ − 30.8◦ p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j2.327
VL = 1.0∠0◦ − 0.22∠ − 30.8◦ × 2.327∠90◦
= 0.859∠ − 30.8◦ p.u.
|VL |2
SL = VL IL∗ = = 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG = 1.0∠0◦ × 0.22∠30.8◦ = 0.22∠30.8◦ p.u.

Again, analysis is exactly the same!

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 22 / 33
 Per Unit System

VLActual = 0.859∠ − 30.8◦ × 27.6kV = 23.8∠ − 30.8◦ kV

SLActual = 0.189∠0◦ × 300MVA = 56.7∠0◦ MVA
SGActual = 0.22∠30.8◦ × 300MVA = 66.0∠30.8◦ MVA
300MVA
IMiddle
B =√ = 1250Amps ( same current! )
3138kV
◦ ◦
IActual
Middle = 0.22∠ − 30.8 × 1250Amps = 275∠ − 30.8 A

Differences appear when we convert back to actual values

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 23 / 33

 Per Unit System

Comparison of Per Unit Analysis for Single-Phase and

Three-Phase Systems
3φ 1φ
1 Pick SB for three-phase and SB for single-phase.
2 Pick VB,LN for single-phase and VB,LL for three-phase.
3 Calculate the impedance base (same for single-phase and
three-phase)
√ 2
2
VB,LL 3VB,LN 2
VB,LN
ZB = 3φ
= 1φ
= 1φ
SB 3SB SB
4 Calculate the current base, IB (same for single-phase and
three-phase)
3φ
SB 3S 1φ S 1φ
I3φ
B = √ =√ √ B = B = I1φ
B
3VB,LL 3 3VB,LN VB,LN
5 Convert actual values to per unit
(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 24 / 33
 Per Unit System

Important

Exactly the same impedance and current bases as with single phase!

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 25 / 33

 Per Unit System

Impedance - Change of Base Value

The actual impedance Zactual does not change when converting between
base systems. Thus:

Zactual = Zpu, old × Zbase,old = Zpu,new × Zbase,new

Equating the two forms of Zactual :

Zpu,old × Zbase,old = Zpu,new × Zbase,new

Rearranging for Zpu, new :

Zbase,old
Zpu,new = Zpu,old ×
Zbase,new

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 26 / 33

 Per Unit System

Impedance - Change of Base Value

The base impedance Zbase for a power system is given by:

2
Vbase
Zbase =
Sbase
For the old and new base systems, the ratio of base impedances becomes:
2
Vbase,old
Zbase,old Sbase,old
= 2
Vbase,new
Zbase,new
Sbase,new

Simplify this expression:

Zbase,old V2 × Sbase,new
= base,old
2
Zbase,new Vbase,new × Sbase,old

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 27 / 33

 Per Unit System

Impedance - Change of Base Value

Substitute the base impedance ratio into the earlier equation for Zpu,new :
2
Vbase,old × Sbase,new
Zpu, new = Zpu, old × 2
Vbase,new × Sbase,old
Final Formula
For impedance in the per-unit system, the conversion formula is:

2
Vbase,old × Sbase,new
Zpu, new = Zpu, old × 2
Vbase,new × Sbase,old

• Usually voltage is taken in KV and S in MVA for a bigger power

system

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 28 / 33

 Per Unit System

Changing Voltage from one base to other

The actual voltage Vactual does not change between different base
systems. Thus:

Vactual = Vpu, old × Vbase,old = Vpu, new × Vbase,new

Equating the two Expressions for Vactual

Vpu, old × Vbase,old = Vpu,new × Vbase,new

Rearranging for Vpu,new :

Vbase,old
Vpu, new = Vpu,old ×
Vbase,new

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 29 / 33

 Per Unit System

Example - 4

The reactance of a generator is given as 0.25 per-unit based on the

generator’s of 18 kV, 500 MVA. Find its per-unit reactance on a base of
20 kV, 100 MVA.

Solution
 2
100
• New per-unit reactance =0.25 × 500 18
× 20 = 0.0405 pu

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 30 / 33

 Per Unit System

Example - 5
A single phase 9.6 kVA, 500 V/1.5 kV transformer has an impedance of
1.302 Ω with respect to primary side. Find its per-unit impedance with
respect to primary and secondary sides.
Solution
With respect to Primary:
MV AB 0.0096
Per-unit impedance = Za × 2 = 1.302 × (0.5)2 = 0.05
(kVB )
With respect to Secondary
2
1.5

Impedance = 1.302 × = 11.718 Ω
0.5
0.0096
Per-unit impedance = 11.718 × = 0.05
(1.5)2
Conclusion: Per-unit impedance of the transformer is same referred to
primary as well as secondary.
(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 31 / 33
 Per Unit System

Acknowledgement

• Prof. Dr. Farhan Mahmood

• Prof. Tom Overbye

• Some more examples to be covered in the next lecture!

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 32 / 33

 Per Unit System

Thank You

(EED, UET Lahore) Week 1 January 18, 2025 33 / 33