Introduction to
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Lecture 3
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet
Handout 07
Node Method
2
using Kirchhoff’s laws.
A
7A 14V -2A -8V
4
V1 = 2. I1 (1) V2 = 4. I2 (2)
-22 + V1 – V2 = 0 (3)
@A I1+ I2 = 5 (4)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 3
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 4
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 5
A B
Vk = VA - VB
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 6
12V 0V
-21V 0V
𝑽𝑨𝑩
(Ohm)
𝑹
VA - VB
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 Current equation in terms of
the node voltages
𝑹
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 7
A B C 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 + 𝑽𝑪 + 𝑽𝑫 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟔
⟹ 𝟖 − 𝑽𝑩 + 𝟏 + 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟓
D ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑽
4 4
(VA, VB, VC, VD?) VA – VB = 16 – 7.5 = 8.5V
VD = 0V
voltage sources constraints:
VB – VC = 7.5 – 5 = 2.5V
VA – VD = 16 ⟹ VA = 16V
VB – VD = 7.5 – 0 = 7.5V
VC – VD = 5 ⟹ VC = 5V
VB ? V1/2 = 8.5/2 = 4.25A
B
V2/5 = 2.5/2 = 0.5A
i1 = i2 + i3
V3/2 = 7.5/2 = 3.75A
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽 𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑫
= +
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 B I1 = I2 + I 3
− − − 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 4.25 = 0.5 + 3.75
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 8
B 4
A C
VA, VB, VC, VD?
D
VD = 0 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟒 𝑨 𝟒 𝑩 𝟐 𝑪
VA – VD = 5 ⟹ VA = 5V
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑
VA – VC = 2 ⟹ VC = 3V ⟹ − 𝑽𝑩 + = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
VB ? 𝟏𝟏
B ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽
𝟑
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 ??? B
= +
𝟒 𝟔 𝟑
same!!!
𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽 𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
= +
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− − − + 𝟎 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 9
3
A
B
C
VB = 0V 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
𝟖= +
𝟓 𝟕
𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽𝑪 𝟎 − 𝑽𝑪
VA - VB = 20V ⟹ VA = 20V ⟹𝟖= +
𝟓 𝟕
𝟑𝟓
⟹ 𝑽𝑪 = − 𝑽
VC ? 𝟑
C
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 10
I1 + I2 + I = 0
-I + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0 (1)
(super node ‘AB’)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 11
I1 + I2 + I = 0
-I + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0 (1)
(super node ‘AB’)
Additional equation: VA – VB = VS (2)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet (voltage source constraint) 12
Example 5: Floating voltage source
4
A B C
KCL @’BC’:
i1 i2 i2 i1 + i2 +8 = 0
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫
⟹ + +𝟖=𝟎
D 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑽𝑩 − 𝟏𝟎 𝑽𝑪
⟹ + +𝟖=𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪
⟹ + = −𝟕 (𝟏)
VD = 0V 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
KVL:
VA - VD = 10 ⟹ VA = 10V
VB – VC = 10 (2)
VB, VC? (1), (2) ⟹ VB = -10/3,
2 VC = -40/3
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 13
i1 + i 3 = i 2
Example 6:
+ 1+
i2
i4 + i 5 + i 2 = i 3
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽 𝑪 𝑽𝑬 − 𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑨
+ +𝟏=
𝟒 𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝑨 + 𝑽𝑩 − + 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫 + 𝑽𝑬 = −𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟔
i1 + i 3 = i 2
i4 + i 5 + i 2 = i 3
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 14
Example 7.
Using node method to determine the values of the
node voltages of the circuit below.
𝑣5
15
V5 = VGND = 0V
V4 – V5 = 12 ⟹ V4 = 12V
16
I2
𝑣2 − 12 𝑣1 − 𝑣3
⟹1= +
20 10
I3 I4 ⟹ 𝟎. 𝟏𝒗𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒗𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝒗𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟔 (1)
I5 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 5
I1 ⟹ 𝑣1 −𝑣2 = −5 (2)
V5 = VGND = 0V
V4 – V5 = 12 ⟹ V4 = 12V
KCL @ ’v1v2’
I1 = I2 + I3
𝑣2 − 𝑣4 𝑣1 − 𝑣3
⟹1= +
20 10 17
I2
𝑣2 − 12 𝑣1 − 𝑣3
⟹1= +
20 10
I3 I4 ⟹ 𝟎. 𝟏𝒗𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒗𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝒗𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟔 (1)
I5 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 5
I1 ⟹ 𝑣1 −𝑣2 = −5 (2)
KCL @ 𝑣3
I3 = I4 + I5
V5 = VGND = 0V
𝑣1 − 𝑣3 𝑣3 − 𝑣4 𝑣3 − 𝑣5
V4 – V5 = 12 ⟹ V4 = 12V ⟹ 10 = 12 + 100
KCL @ ’v1v2’ 𝑣1 − 𝑣3 𝑣3 − 12 𝑣3 − 0
⟹ = +
I1 = I2 + I3 10 12 100
𝑣2 − 𝑣4 𝑣1 − 𝑣3 29
⟹1= + ⟹ 0.1𝑣1 − 𝑣 = −1 (3)
20 10 150 3 18
I2
+ -
I3 I4 𝑣1 = 19𝑉
I1
I5 𝑣2 = 24𝑉
𝑣3 = 15𝑉
0.1𝑣1 + 0.05𝑣2 − 0.1𝑣3 = 1.6 (1)
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = −5 (2)
29
0.1𝑣1 − 𝑣3 = −1 (3)
150
19
Example 8.
Using node method to determine the value of the
current I of the circuit below.
20
A
C B
VD = VGND = 0V
VA – VD = 15 ⟹ VA = 15V
21
A
I1 I3
C B
I2 I4
VD = VGND = 0V ⟹
5 1 3 11
𝑉 − 𝑉 − 𝑉 + 𝑉 =0
12 𝐴 2 𝐵 8 𝐶 24 𝐷
VA – VD = 15 ⟹ VA = 15V 1 3 25
KCL @ ‘BC’ ⟹ − 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = − (1)
2 8 4
I1 + I 3 = I 2 + I 4 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 = 10
⟹ 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = −10 (2)
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷
⟹ + = +
4 6 8 3 22
A
1 3 25
− 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = −
2 8 4
I1 I3
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = −10
C B
I2 I4 𝑉𝐵 = 2.857𝑉
𝑉𝐶 = 12.857𝑉
D
𝐼 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 = 1.071𝐴
VD = VGND = 0V ⟹
5 1 3 11
𝑉 − 𝑉 − 𝑉 + 𝑉 =0
12 𝐴 2 𝐵 8 𝐶 24 𝐷
VA – VD = 15 ⟹ VA = 15V 1 3 25
KCL @ ‘BC’ ⟹ − 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = − (1)
2 8 4
I1 + I 3 = I 2 + I 4 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 = 10
⟹ 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = −10 (2)
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷
⟹ + = +
4 6 8 3 23
A B
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
= +
𝟑 𝟔 𝟒
C ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 =
𝟏𝟓
⟹𝒊= 𝑨
𝟐𝟕
A B 𝟏 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩
= +
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
⟹ 𝑽𝑨 = 𝟑𝑽
C
⟹ 𝒊 = 𝟎𝑨
Floating voltage source
A B 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑫 − 𝑽𝑪
+ + 𝟎. 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟓 𝟖
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟑
C
D
Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 24
B 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫
A + + =𝟎
C 𝟓 𝟒 𝟔
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎
D
A B
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
+ =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
C
Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 25
Introduction to
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Lecture 3
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet
Handout 08
Thévenin & Norton Equivalent Circuits
27
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 28
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝑽
𝟐𝑽 𝟓
open
I
0A
𝟓𝛀
𝟏
− 𝑽
𝟓
Same as (b)
I 0A
𝟓𝛀
𝟏
− 𝟕𝑽 Terminals are important.
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 29
(This is a Thévenin circuit.)
I
+ V1 - KVL:
-20 + V1 + V = 0
⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽
𝑽𝟏
(Ohm’s law)
𝟐
𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽 𝟏
− 𝟏𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
10
10
20 20
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 30
I1 A
KVL : -30 + V1 +V = 0
+ V1 -
I2 ⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝑽
KCL @A:
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 Circuit (b) ⇔ Circuit (a)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽
−
𝟑 𝟔
𝟑𝟎 − 𝑽 𝑽
−
𝟑 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
− − 𝑽 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟔
𝟏 Same as in (a).
− 𝟏𝟎 (a) is the Thévenin circuit.
𝟐
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 31
RTH
VTH
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 32
𝑽𝟏
(Ohm’s law)
𝑹𝐓𝐇
+ V1 - 𝑽𝐓𝐇 − 𝑽
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝟏 𝑽𝐓𝐇
− 𝑽+
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑹𝐓𝐇
? 𝟏 𝟏
−𝟔 = − ⟹ 𝑹𝐓𝐇 =
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝟔
? 𝑽𝐓𝐇
−𝟑 = ⟹ 𝑽𝐓𝐇 = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝑹𝐓𝐇
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 33
+ 0V -
15 15
𝑽𝐓𝐇 = 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓𝑽 𝑉TH = 𝑣
5
5 𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝒊=
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
⟹ 𝑹𝐓𝐇 = = 𝟑𝛀
𝒊
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 34
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 35
𝟑𝛀 and 𝟔𝛀 are in series.
𝟔
𝒗= × 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝟑+𝟔
20V
i
𝟑𝟎
𝒊= = 𝟏𝟎𝐀
0A 𝟑
𝒗 𝟐𝟎
= = 𝟐𝛀
𝒊 𝟏𝟎
2𝛀 I
+
20V V
-
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 36
𝒗 = 𝟒𝟎𝐕
𝒊 = 𝟖𝐀
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 37
I1
𝑰𝑵 – 𝑰𝟏
𝑽
𝑰𝑵 −
𝑹𝑵
− 𝟏 𝑹𝑵 𝑰𝑵
IN
𝒗 = 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
IN
IN
𝒊 = 𝑰𝑵 0A 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 38
IN
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
VTH
3𝛀
15V 5A 3𝛀
RTH = RN
𝟏 𝑽𝐓𝐇
− +
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝟏
Slope = −
𝟏 𝑹𝐓𝐇
−
𝑹𝑵 +𝑰𝑵
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 39
𝑽𝐓𝐇 VTH VTH 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑰𝑵
𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵 𝑽𝐓𝐇
IN IN 𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑰𝑵
𝑽𝐓𝐇
RTH
𝑹𝐓𝐇
RN
𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 40
𝑽𝐓𝐇
IN 𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 =
𝑰𝑵
VTH
4𝛀 I I
24V 6A 4𝛀
2𝛀 I I
-8V -4A 2𝛀
0.5𝛀 I I
-10V -20A 0.5𝛀
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 41
𝑽𝐓𝐇
=
𝑰𝑵
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 42
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 43
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 44
𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟐𝛀 + 𝟓𝛀||𝟔𝛀
𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀
𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀 + 𝟐𝛀 ||𝟏𝟎𝛀
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 45
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 46
𝟔
× 𝟑𝟎
𝟑+𝟔
= 𝟐𝟎V
𝟑𝛀||𝟔𝛀 = 𝟐𝛀
𝟑𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎A
𝟑
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎A
𝟐
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 47
Problem 1.
Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the
circuit below.
48
RTH ?
⟹ VTH ?
49
RTH ?
I1 a I2 0A
I2 +
Voc ⟹ VTH ?
-
Determine the values of Voc
Apply KCL at node a, we
obtain the node equation
𝐼1 = 2 + 𝐼2 (I: A)
125 − 𝑉oc 𝑉oc
⟹ =2+ ⟹ 𝑉oc = 20𝑉 VTH = 20V
50 200 50
RTH ?
I1 a Isc
Determine the short-circuit
current Isc
Apply KCL at node a, we
obtain the node equation
𝐼1 = 2 + 𝐼sc (I: A)
125
⟹ = 2 + 𝐼sc Isc = 0.5A
50 51
I1 a Isc
Determine the short-circuit
current Isc
Apply KCL at node a, we 𝑉𝑜𝑐 20
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = = = 40Ω
obtain the node equation 𝐼𝑠𝑐 0.5
𝐼1 = 2 + 𝐼sc (I: A)
125
⟹ = 2 + 𝐼sc Isc = 0.5A
50 52
Determine RTH by using the fast algorithm:
Short-circuit all independent voltage sources
Open-circuit all independent current sources
RTH = the equivalent resistance of the remaining
resistances.
⟹
RTH
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑎𝑏 = 50//200 = 40Ω
53
Second Solution: using source transformations and
equivalent circuits.
54
Second Solution: using source transformations and
equivalent circuits.
⟹
55
Second Solution: using source transformations and
equivalent circuits.
⟹
⟹
56
Problem 2. Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with
respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit below.
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current. RTH = Vos/Isc
2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing
the independent sources. fast algorithm
-
VTH = Voc = Vab ?
Isc = ?
RTH = ?
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current.
Find Voc
oc = open-circuit
+
VTH = Voc = Vab
-
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current.
Find Voc
I3
I1 + - 0A
I2 I4 +
VTH = Voc = Vab
-
Apply KVL for loop #1
-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1)
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current.
Find Voc
I3
I1 c 0A
I2 I4 +
VTH = Voc = Vab
I4 -
Apply KVL for loop #1 Apply KCL @ c
-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) I1 = I2 + 1.8 (3)
Apply KVL for loop #2 Apply KCL @ a
-9 + 20I3 + 70I4 = 0 (2) 1.8 + I3 = I4 (4)
I4 = 0.5A Voc = 60.I4 = 30V
Ans. VTH = 30V
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current.
Find Isc
RTH = ?
I3
I1 c a
I2 + 0A
+
Isc Vab = 0V
- -
Isc
Apply KVL for loop #1 Apply KCL @ c
-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) I1 = I2 + 1.8 (3)
Apply KVL for loop #2 Apply KCL @ a
-9 + 20I3 + 10Isc = 0 (2) 1.8 + I3 = Isc (4)
Isc = 1.5A
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current.
Find Isc
I3
I1
I2 0A
Isc
Ans. ISC = 1.5A
RTH = Voc/Isc = 30/1.5 = 20
2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing
the independent sources. fast algorithm
Find RTH
Determine RTH by using the fast algorithm:
Short-circuit all independent voltage sources
Open-circuit all independent current sources
RTH = the equivalent resistance of the remaining
resistances.
2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing
the independent sources. fast algorithm
Find RTH
RTH = Rab
Voltage source short-circuit (5 in series 25) short-circuit
Current source open-circuit 20 in series 10 = 30 // 60 = 20 = RTH
RTH = Voc/Isc Isc = Voc/RTH
Problem 3.
Find Vo in the network below using Thévenin’s
theorem.
65
Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit
with respect to terminals a and b
a
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Determine VTH (VTH = Vab = Voc)
0A a KCL @ c:
+
2 + Ix + 2Ix = 0
Ix = -2/3 (mA)
I1
d c Voc
I2 KCL @ d:
I1 + I2 + Ix = 0
2 + I2 + (- 2/3) = 0
-
b I2 =-4/3 (mA)
KVL:
Voc = Vab = 12 + 1.I2 = 12 + 1. (-4/3) = 32/3 = 10.67 (V)
VTH = Voc = 10.67 (V)
67
Determine Isc KCL @ c:
a Isc 2 + Ix + 2Ix = 0
+ Ix = -2/3 (mA)
KCL @ d:
I1 + I2 + Ix = 0
I1
d c Isc I1 + I2 = 2/3 (1)
I2 KCL @ a:
I1 = Isc + 2 (2)
- KVL for the biggest loop
b 12 + 1.I2 = 0
I2 = -12 (mA) (3)
(1), (2), (3) Isc = 32/3 = 10.67 (mA)
RTH = Voc/Isc = 1k 68
a
1k
10.67 V
b VDR: Vo =
1
∙ 10,67 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 (𝑽)
a 1+1
b
69
Simulation results
Vo
70
VTH = Voc = 10.667V
+
Voc
-
Isc Isc = 10.667mA
RTH = Voc/Isc = 1k
71
Another solution to find RTH with dependent sources
- Short all independent voltage sources Deactivate all
- Open all independent current sources independent sources
- Attach a test voltage (or current) source at the a-b
terminal.
- Find I (or V). RTH = V/I
I a a
Deactivate all Deactivate all + I
independent + independent V
V
sources - sources
-
b b
When modeling a circuit that contains dependent sources, it is
possible that the Thévenin equivalent resistance is negative.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCAjWcnwYXA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMzBgcXe41c
72
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKvneHLtvWI
1mA
0A
c
+
V
-
Ix = 0(A) (KCL @ c)
V = 1(k).1(mA) = 1V
RTH = V/I = 1V/1mA = 1k
73
RTH = V/I
= 1V/1mA
= 1k
Attach a test current source
Find the voltage across the test current source
Attach a test voltage source
Find the current through the test voltage source
RTH = V/I
= 1V/1mA
= 1k
74
Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 75
