THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT

ENVIRONMENT
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Project Proposal

(Design and construction of a fire detection and

control system)

Musa Omar
EEEI/01282/2020

EEEI493 TECHNICAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

Course Program Coordinator

Bachelor of Technology

This project proposal is submitted to the School of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology

@2023
 Declaration

This proposal is my original work and has not been presented in any other university for a
degree of otherwise.

Student Name:………………………………………… Date:…………………..

This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as the Program Project
Coordinator.

Name ………………………… Signature ……………………. Date………………….

Program Project Coordinator

i
Acknowledgement

ii
Table of Contents
Declaration......................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................ii
List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables................................................................................................................................................v
List of Acronyms..........................................................................................................................................vi
Abstract......................................................................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background Information (citations are found here)......................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement.........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Proposed Solution..........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objectives......................................................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Main Objective.......................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................2
1.5 Block Diagram...............................................................................................................................3
1.5.1 Su b - b l o c k 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 Sub-block 2…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………. 3
1.5.3 Sub-block 3…………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 3
1.5.4 Sub-block 4……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….. 3
1.5.5 Sub-block 5………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….. 4
1.5.6 Sub-block 6…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. 4
1.5.7 Sub-block 7……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….. 4
1.5.8 Sub-block 8………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 4
1.5.9 Sub-block 9……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 4
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Related Work.................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Smoke detectors………...……………………………………………………….. 6

2.3 Pulse generator(555 timer at astable state)……………………………………… 6

2.4 BCD TO 7 SEG DECODER………………………………..………………………………………. 6

2.5 Multiplexer……………………………………………………………………………………… 7
2.6 Up/down counter……………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.7 Relay…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Power Supply.................................................................................................................................8

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 3.2 Fire detection.................................................................................................................................9
3.3 Fire control...................................................................................................................................10
Chapter Four: Expected Results...................................................................................................................11
Budget.......................................................................................................................................................12
Project Work plan......................................................................................................................................13
References.................................................................................................................................................14

List of Figures
Figure 1: Smart antenna system.....................................................................................23
Figure 2: Block diagram of the design problems...........................................................29

iv
 List of Tables
Table I........................................................................................................12

v
 List of Acronyms
(Should be in alphabetical order)

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 Abstract
The fire alarm and controlling method present in this paper includes the use of various electrical and
electronics instruments and water sprinkling system. Fire is considered as the most dangerous hazard
at Residential Area, Commercial Area, industries, Educational institutions, Healthcare facilities and
Government Buildings. It is very dangerous and can affect human life and cause a mass destruction
of properties that’s why we require high security and control to avoid this mass destruction. That’s
why to protect from the danger caused by fire, preventive measures are to install an automatic fire
alarm detector at endangered locations, and hence the Fire detection and control system was
proposed. It is capable of automatically detecting smoke and spray water to reduce the intensity of
fire. The system uses a MQ2 sensor, 555 timer, up/down counter, Multiplexer IC 4051, BCD to 7
SEG Decoder a 5V buzzer, Display, Relays . Fire Alarm and control system is a system that senses
the fire from respective sensors and activates Buzzer. Fire Detection and controlling is the important
to sense fire in the proper time and take safety measures to avoid many hazards to humans or
property. Fire detection and control system, smoke are a part of the entire systems which help in
detecting the fire and take necessary actions to avoid damage. In the market there are many fire
alarms available, but they are expensive and having complicated design and system, but in this
system have been designed in simple form and it includes the water sprinkling also. The primary
purpose of this fire alarm and controlling system is to give an immediate warning of fire so that
respective person of that building can be informed and immediate action can be taken so that prevent
fire effect and hazards caused by it as soon as possible.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background Information (citations are found here)

All throughout Kenya, structures and institutions are vulnerable to the constant threat of fire. Fire
continues to be a constant threat to people and property, as seen by the horrific infernos that have
consumed houses, businesses, and institutions. For instance the fire incident at Kitui county treasury
offices on 22nd July 2019 led to a lot of loses to the county (AD HOC COMMITTEE Report, County
of Kitui, October 2019) .This revolutionary fire detection and control system, a ray of hope in the
battle against fire, in response to this persistent threat.

A network of MQ2 sensors, carefully placed sentinels entrusted with spotting the telltale presence of
smoke, a sign of an approaching fire, is at the center of this cutting-edge system. The system's alarm
activates when it detects smoke, letting out a sharp noise that startles people into sudden awareness
and encourages a quick escape.
In order to stop the fire from growing larger and causing catastrophic damage, the device
simultaneously triggers an advanced water spraying mechanism.

Unlike traditional fire alarm systems, which might have expensive installation costs and complex
setups, our system is primarily built to be simple and inexpensive. Because of its affordable parts
and easy-to-use interface, a broader user base may utilize it, guaranteeing that the importance of fire
safety transcends the boundaries of wealth. In order to protect people and communities from the
destructive effects of fire, it is imperative that protection become more accessible.

This approach to fire safety has undergone a paradigm shift with the proposed fire alarm and
controlling system. Its unmatched quickness in identifying and putting out fires would surely save
lives and reduce property damage. By equipping communities with this creative answer, we can
work together to create a future in which fire is no longer a cause of terror and destruction, but rather
a force that is resisted by the determination of a Kenya that is fire-safe.

The main benefits:

Early Detection: The MQ2 sensor network in our system makes sure that smoke is detected as soon
as possible, giving firefighters and evacuation critical time to put out the fire.

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Prompt Alert: Everyone within the building is promptly alerted by the system's loud alarm, which
minimizes the chance of casualties and ensures a timely evacuation.

Targeted Suppression: The water sprinkling mechanism efficiently suppresses the fire by sending a
targeted cascade of water straight to the fire's source.

Accessibility and affordability: Our system is designed to be both simple to use and reasonably
priced. It is suitable for a broad spectrum of users, hence increasing everyone's access to fire
protection.

Integration Capability: The system offers a holistic approach to fire protection by enhancing overall
safety measures through its ability to integrate with pre-existing security systems.

1.2 Problem Statement

The current fire alarm and controlling systems available in Kenya are often expensive, have
complicated designs, and lack the ability to effectively detect and suppress fires in enclosed spaces
such as buildings and institutions. This results in a significant risk of fire-related casualties and
property damage.

1.3 Proposed Solution

To address these shortcomings, there is a need for a cost-effective, user-friendly, and reliable
fire detection and control system specifically designed for enclosed spaces.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 Main Objective
To design, construct and test the fire detection and control system

1.4.2 Specific objectives

i. To construct a power supply to power the system
ii. To develop the fire detection system
iii. To construct the fire control system

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 1.5 Block Diagram

Power supply BCD TO 7 DISPLAY

SEG
DECODER

555 UP/DOWN
TIMER MULTIPLEXER RELAYS BUZZER
COUNTER 4051

SMOKE SPRINKLER
DETECTORS

1.5.1 Sub-block 1

Smoke Detectors: Smoke detectors are sensors that detect smoke, a primary indicator of fire.

1.5.2 Sub-block 2

555 Timer: A 555 timer is an integrated circuit that can be used to generate a variety of timing
signals. In this case, it is used to generate a clock pulse to drive the counter

1.5.3 Sub—block 3

Up/Down Counter: An up/down counter is an integrated circuit that can be used to count up or
down depending on the control signal. In this case, it is used to count the number of smoke
detectors that have been activated

1.5.4 Sub-block 4

Multiplexer: A multiplexer is an integrated circuit that allows multiple inputs to be selected

and routed to a single output. In this case, it is used to select the smoke detector input that is
currently being monitored

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1.5.5 Sub-block 5

BCD to 7-Segment Decoder: A BCD to 7-segment decoder is an integrated circuit that

converts a binary-coded decimal (BCD) input to a 7-segment display output. In this case, it is
used to display the fire alarm status on the 7-segment display.

1.5.6 Sub-block 6

Relays: Relays are electromechanical switches that are controlled by an electrical signal. In
this case, they are used to switch on the alarm siren and water sprinkler system.

1.5.7 Sub-block 7

Buzzer: A buzzer is an audio signaling device that produces a high-pitched tone. In this case, it
is used to alert occupants to the presence of fire.

1.5.8 Sub-block 8

Display: A display is a device that displays information to the user. In this case, it is a 7-
segment display that displays the fire alarm status.

1.5.9 Sub-block 9

The power supply block is an essential component of the fire detection and control system, as
it ensures that the system operates reliably and consistently. Without a stable power supply,
the system may not function properly, or worse, it may cause damage to the components. It
converts the AC mains power into the DC voltage levels required by the various components.

The power supply block typically consists of the following components:

i. Transformer: The transformer converts the AC mains voltage to a lower AC voltage.

ii. Diodes: The diodes rectify the AC voltage to DC voltage.

iii. Capacitors: The capacitors smooth out the output voltage and provide a stable DC
supply.

iv. Regulators: The regulators maintain a constant DC voltage level, even if the input
voltage fluctuates.

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 2.8 Related Work
Fire protection systems play a crucial role in safeguarding properties, buildings and lives. There
has been a lot of research in the field and such are below.

Abdusalomov et al. (2021) presented a novel approach for real-time, high-speed fire detection using
deep learning techniques. They employed the YOLOv3 algorithm (You Only Look Once), a
powerful convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, to effectively detect fire regions in real
time. The researchers modified YOLOv3 to specifically identify fire patterns and integrated it into
their real-time fire detector cameras, constructed using Banana Pi M3 boards.

Jain et al. (2018) highlighted the crucial role of fire safety in buildings and explored the potential of
integrating Internet of Things (IoT) devices for continuous monitoring and control. Envision a
network of interconnected sensors, smoke detectors, and heat sensors seamlessly feeding real-time
data to a central system, enabling swift and effective responses during fire incidents.

Hannant (2022) discussed the inherent trade-offs in existing fire detection systems, which often
struggle to balance sensitivity with reliability. While highly sensitive systems may trigger false
alarms, those prioritizing reliability may miss early-stage fires. Researchers continue to grapple with
optimizing these trade-offs to create effective fire safety solutions.

Lofti et al. (2020) proposed a practical model for evacuation assessment during a Potential
Emergency Fire (PEF) utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) and PyroSim. Their study
involved simulating smoke and fire developments across various floors, providing valuable insights
into the placement of additional safety equipment like smoke curtains and rescue chutes on different
floors. Imagine BIM-enhanced escape plans guiding occupants to safety during emergencies.

Hannant (2023) ventured beyond fire detection to explore the potential of AI in guiding
evacuations. An integrated AI and data collection system could predict fire behavior, structural
integrity, and optimal escape routes, providing real-time guidance to both occupants and first
responders as smoke billows.

These studies exemplify the dynamic field of fire safety research, showcasing the continuous
innovation and dedication to creating safer buildings and enhancing fire prevention strategies. Each
contribution brings us closer to a world where technology seamlessly intertwines with human lives
to safeguard our well-being.

2.9 Smoke detectors

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Smoke detectors
are usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in
diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either
optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization). Detectors may use one or both sensing

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 methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect and deter smoking in banned areas. Smoke
detectors in large commercial and industrial buildings are usually connected to a central fire alarm
system.

2.3.1 Ionazation detectors

An ionization smoke detector ionizes air molecules to create a small electric current.
Then, when smoke is detected in the air, the current is reduced, which signals the
alarm to sound. Ionization smoke detectors are usually better for detecting flaming
fires. Additionally, they’re usually more affordable than photoelectric smoke
detectors.

2.3.2 Photoelectric detectors

Alternatively, a photoelectric smoke detector uses a light source and a photosensitive

cell to detect smoke. As smoke enters the chamber, the light will scatter, and this
change will be sensed by the photoelectric cell, causing the alarm to sound.
Moreover, photoelectric smoke detectors are better for detecting smoking, smoldering
fires, like cigarette smoke.

2.10 Pulse generator(555 timer at astable state)

The 555 timer IC is a versatile integrated circuit that can be used for a variety of applications,
including astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. In astable mode, the 555 timer can be
used as a pulse generator, producing a train of pulses with a frequency that can be controlled by
external resistors and capacitors. To configure the 555 timer as a pulse generator, connect pins 2 and
6 together. This puts the 555 timer in astable mode. (ElecCircuit.com,2014)

2.11 BCD to 7 Segment Decoder

A BCD-to-seven-segment decoder is a combinational circuit that converts a binary-coded decimal

(BCD) digit (0 to 9) to an appropriate code for selecting the segments of a seven-segment display.
Seven-segment displays are commonly used to display digits in calculators, clocks, and other
electronic devices.
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The BCD-to-seven-segment decoder typically has four input lines (A, B, C, and D) for the BCD
digit and seven output lines (a, b, c, d, e, f, and g) for the seven segments of the display. The decoder
uses a truth table to determine which segments of the display should be illuminated for each input
BCD digit.

BCD-to-seven-segment decoders are commonly available as integrated circuits (ICs). Some popular
ICs include the 7447 and 74LS47. These ICs can be used to easily convert BCD digits to seven-
segment display signals. Digital electronics(Anil, 2007)

2.12 Multiplexer

A multiplexer, also known as a data selector or mux, is a digital circuit that selects one of several
input signals and forwards the selected signal to a single output line. The selection of the input
signal is controlled by a separate set of digital inputs known as select lines.

2.13 UP/DOWN COUNTER

A up/down counter, also known as a bidirectional counter, is a type of digital circuit that can
count in either an upward or downward direction. Up/down counters are commonly used in
applications where it is necessary to count events that can occur in either direction, such as in
frequency counters, timing circuits, and control systems.

2.14 Relays

A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to control a separate circuit. When an
electric current is applied to the electromagnet, it creates a magnetic field that pulls a switch into contact,
completing or interrupting the circuit.

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 Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Power Supply

INPUT

TRANSFORMER

RECTIFIER

FILTER

REGULATOR

OUTPUT

The regulator IC should be able to handle the input voltage and output current requirements. For a
240V AC input voltage and a 5/12V DC output voltage, a regulator IC such as the LM7805 or
LM7812 can be used. These ICs can handle up to 35V input voltage and can provide up to 1A of
output current.

The transformer turns ratio is the ratio of the number of turns on the primary winding to the number
of turns on the secondary winding. It can be calculated using the following formula:

Turns ratio = Input voltage / Output voltage

For a 240V AC input voltage and a 5/12V DC output voltage, the turns ratio will be:

Turns ratio = 240V / 5V = 48

The diodes for the full-bridge rectifier should be able to handle the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the
transformer secondary winding. The PIV is the maximum voltage that the diode will see in reverse
bias. It can be calculated using the following formula:

PIV = Input voltage * √2

For a 240V AC input voltage, the PIV will be:

PIV = 240V * √2 = 339V

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Therefore, the diodes for the full-bridge rectifier should have a PIV rating of at least 339V.

The filter capacitor is used to smooth out the output voltage of the full-bridge rectifier. The value of
the filter capacitor can be calculated using the following formula:

C = 1000 * I_out / f_ripple

Where:

 C is the value of the filter capacitor in microfarads

 I_out is the maximum output current in milliamps
 f_ripple is the desired ripple frequency in hertz

For a 240V AC input voltage and a 5/12V DC output voltage, the desired ripple frequency is
typically 120Hz. Assuming an output current of 1A, the value of the filter capacitor can be
calculated as follows:

C = 1000 * 1A / 120Hz = 8.33uF

The nearest standard value to 8.33uF is 10uF. Therefore, a 10uF filter capacitor can be used in this
circuit.

3.2 Fire detection

Pulse generator up/down counter BCD to 7 seg Dec

Display

up/down counter multiplexer Relay Buzzer

MUX DISPLAY

The block diagram you provided shows a basic fire detection system using a pulse generator,
up/down counter, BCD to 7-segment decoder, display driver, multiplexer, relay, and buzzer.

How to achieve these blocks:

Pulse generator: A pulse generator is a circuit that generates a repetitive series of electrical pulses.
It can be implemented using a variety of components, such as a 555 timer IC or a microcontroller.

Up/down counter: An up/down counter is a digital circuit that counts up or down depending on the
input signal. It can be implemented using a variety of components, such as a 74LS193 IC or a
microcontroller.

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BCD to 7-segment decoder: A BCD to 7-segment decoder is a circuit that converts a 4-bit binary
coded decimal (BCD) number to a 7-segment code that can be used to drive a 7-segment display. It
can be implemented using a variety of components, such as a 74LS47 IC.

Display driver: A display driver is a circuit that amplifies the current from the BCD to 7-segment
decoder to drive the 7-segment display. It can be implemented using a variety of components, such
as a Darlington pair or a transistor array.

Multiplexer: A multiplexer is a circuit that allows multiple inputs to be selected and routed to a
single output. It can be used to drive multiple 7-segment displays using a single display driver. It can
be implemented using a variety of components, such as a 74LS48 IC.

Relay: A relay is an electromechanical switch that can be used to control high-power devices, such
as a fire alarm. It can be activated by a signal from the up/down counter.

Buzzer: A buzzer is an audio signaling device that can be used to alert people of a fire. It can be
activated by a signal from the up/down counter.

3.3 Fire Control

Smoke Detector MUX Relay Sprinkler

 Smoke detector: A photoelectric smoke detector can be implemented using a photodiode and a
light source. An ionization smoke detector can be implemented using an ionization chamber.
 MUX: A 74LS48 IC can be used to implement a 4-to-1 MUX.

 Sprinkler: A solenoid valve can be used to control the flow of water to the sprinkler system.

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 Chapter Four: Expected Results
Fire safety is a critical aspect of any building or structure, and effective fire detection, fire control,
and power supply systems are essential components of comprehensive fire safety strategies. These
systems work together to identify and extinguish fires, protecting both property and lives.

Fire Detection

Fire detection systems are designed to identify the presence of fire in its early stages, allowing for
prompt action to prevent its spread and minimize damage. The expected results of a fire detection
system include:

 Early detection of fire: The system should be able to detect fires quickly and reliably, even
in small or confined spaces.
 Accurate identification of fire: The system should be able to distinguish between fire and
other potential sources of smoke or heat, minimizing false alarms.
 Real-time alerting: The system should provide real-time notifications to occupants and first
responders, allowing for timely evacuation and fire suppression efforts.

Fire Control

Fire control systems are designed to extinguish or contain fires once they have been detected. The
expected results of a fire control system include:

 Effective fire suppression: The system should be able to extinguish fires effectively,
preventing their spread and minimizing damage to property.
 Isolation of fire zones: The system should be able to isolate fire zones, preventing the
spread of fire to other areas of the building or structure.
 Control of sprinkler systems: The system should be able to control the activation and
operation of sprinkler systems, providing a reliable means of fire suppression.

Power Supply

A reliable power supply is essential for the operation of fire detection and fire control systems. The
expected results of a power supply for these systems include:

 Continuous power supply: The power supply should provide continuous power to the fire
detection and fire control systems, ensuring their uninterrupted operation.
 Protection against power surges: The power supply should be able to protect the fire
detection and fire control systems from power surges and spikes, preventing damage to the
systems.
 Backup power: The power supply should have a backup power source, ensuring the
continued operation of fire detection and fire control systems in the event of a primary power
outage.

By achieving these expected results, fire detection, fire control, and power supply components play a
crucial role in enhancing fire safety and protecting lives and property.

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 Budget
 In a table form, approximate the proposed budget for your project.

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 Project Work plan

gantt chart
9-Jan 19-Jan 29-Jan 8-Feb 18-Feb 28-Feb 9-Mar 19-Mar29-Mar 8-Apr
project Re- dvel- soft- hard- testing proto- docu- final-
initia- search op- ware ware and op- type menta- ization
project initiation and requirement analysis tion and ment devel- devel- timiza- testing tion and
and design and op- op- tion and report-
re- proto- ment ment sub- ing
Research and design quire- typing mis-
ment sion
analy-
dvelopment and prototyping sis
sta 45295 45312 45326 45340 45349 45357 45369 45377 NaN
rt
software development dat
e
hardware development du- 17 13 14 9 10 12 8 14 NaN
ra-
tio
n
testing and optimization

prototype testing

documentation and submission

finalization and reporting

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 References

Campbell, S. (2021, November 14). 555 Timer Basics - Astable Mode. Circuit Basics.

https://www.circuitbasics.com/555-timer-basics-astable-mode/

GeeksforGeeks. (2023, September 19). Multiplexers in digital logic.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multiplexers-in-digital-logic/

Instructables. (2017, September 26). How to interface with Active Buzzer Sensor Module. Instructables.

https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Interface-With-Active-Buzzer-Sensor-Module/

Log in | MYTI | Texas Instruments. (n.d.). https://www.ti.com/seclit/ml/slup230/slup230.pd

Prasad, L. (2022, September 20). What is Relay? How it Works? Types, Applications, Testing.

ElectronicsHub. https://www.electronicshub.org/what-is-relay-and-how-it-works/

Technology, E. (2022, September 14). BCD to 7-Segment Display decoder – construction, circuit &

operation. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2018/05/bcd-to-

7-segment-display-decoder.html

What is a Sprinkler Valve? Working Principle & Function | Linquip. (n.d.).

https://www.linquip.com/industrial-directories/995/sprinkler-valve

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