24 Complex Numbers

15. Since, z1 + z2 = − p and z1z2 = q B (z2) 18. Since, z1 , z2 and origin form an equilateral triangle.
z1 |z1| Q if z1 , z2, z3 from an equilateral triangle, then 
Now, = (cos α + i sin α )
z2 |z2|  
z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 
z1 cos α + i sin α
⇒ = A (z1)
z2 1 O ⇒ z12 + z22 + 02 = z1z2 + z2 ⋅ 0 + 0 ⋅ z1
[Q|z1|=|z2|] ⇒ z12 + z22 = z1z2 ⇒ z12 + z22 − z1z2 = 0
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get 19. Since, z1 , z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral
z1 + z2 cos α + i sin α + 1
= triangle.
z1 − z2 cos α + i sin α − 1
 z + z2 + z3 
2 cos 2(α /2) + 2i sin (α /2) cos (α /2) ∴ Circumcentre (z0 ) = Centroid  1  ...(i)
=  3 
−2 sin 2(α /2) + 2i sin (α /2) cos (α /2)
Also, for equilateral triangle
2 cos (α /2) [cos (α /2) + i sin (α /2)]
= z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 ... (ii)
2i sin (α /2)[cos (α /2) + i sin (α /2)]
cot (α /2) −p On squaring Eq. (i), we get
= = − i cot α /2 ⇒ = − i cot (α /2) 9z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 )
i z1 − z2
p2 ⇒ 9z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z12 + z22 + z32 ) [from Eq. (ii)]
On squaring both sides, we get = − cot2(α /2)
(z1 − z2)2 ⇒ 3z02 = z12 + z22 + z32

p 2 20. For a complex number z, it is given that

⇒ = − cot2(α /2) z 4 − | z |4 = 4iz 2
(z1 + z2)2 − 4z1z2
⇒ z 4 − z 2z 2 = 4 iz 2
p2
⇒ = − cot2(α /2) ⇒ z (z − z ) (z + z ) = 4iz 2
2
p − 4q
2
So, either z = 0 or (z − z ) (z + z ) = 4i
2
⇒ p2 = − p2 cot2(α /2) + 4q cot2(α /2)
Now, Case-I, if z 2 = 0 and z = x + iy
⇒ p (1 + cot α /2) = 4q cot2(α /2)
2 2
So, x2 − y2 + 2ixy = 0 ⇒ x2 − y2 = 0
⇒ p cosec2(α /2) = 4q cot2(α /2) ⇒ p2 = 4q cos 2 α /2
2
and xy = 0 ⇒ x = y = 0
16. Since, triangle is a right angled isosceles triangle.
⇒ z = 0, which is not possible according to given
∴ Rotating z2 about z3 in anti-clockwise direction conditions.
through an angle of π / 2 , we get
Case-II, if (z − z ) (z + z ) = 4i and z = x + iy
z2 − z 3 | z 2 − z 3 | iπ / 2
= e A (z1) So, (2iy) (2x) = 4i
z1 − z3 | z1 − z 3 |
⇒ xy = 1 is an equation of rectangular hyperbola and for
where,|z2 − z3|= |z1 − z3| minimum value of | z1 − z2|2, the z1 and z2 must be
⇒ (z2 − z3 ) = i (z1 − z3 ) vertices of the rectangular hyperbola.
On squaring both sides, we get B (z3) C (z2)
Therefore, z1 = 1 + i and z2 = − 1 − i
(z2 − z3 ) = − (z1 − z3 )
2 2
∴Minimum value of| z1 − z2|2 = (1 + 1)2 + (1 + 1)2
⇒ z22 + z32 − 2z2z3 = − z12 − z32 + 2z1z3 4 + 4 =8
⇒ z12 + z22 − 2z1z2 = 2z1z3 + 2z2z3 − 2z32 − 2z1z2  kπ  kπ
21. Given, α k = cos   + i sin  
⇒ (z1 − z2)2 = 2{(z1z3 − z32 ) + (z2z3 − z1z2)}  7  7
⇒ (z1 − z2)2 = 2(z1 − z3 )(z3 − z2)  2 kπ   2 kπ 
= cos   + i sin  
17. We have, iz = ze i π/2
. This implies that iz is the vector  14   14 

obtained by rotating vector z in anti-clockwise direction ∴ α k are vertices of regular polygon having 14 sides.
through 90°. Therefore, OA ⊥ AB. So, Let the side length of regular polygon be a.
Y ∴ α k + 1 − α k = length of a side of the regular polygon
B
z + iz

=a …(i)
iz and α 4k−1 − α 4k− 2 = length of a side of the regular
A polygon
z
X′
O
X =a …(ii)
12

∑ αk+1 −αk
k =1 12 (a )
Y′ ∴ 3
= =4
3 (a )
Area of ∆ OAB =
1 1 1
OA × OB = |z ||iz | = |z |2 ∑ α 4k−1 − α 4k− 2
2 2 2 k =1
 Complex Numbers 25

Topic 5 De-Moivre’s Theorem, Cube Roots 3. Key Idea Use, e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ
π
and nth Roots of Unity 3  1 π π i
Given, z = +   i = cos + i sin = e 6
1. Given expression 2  2 6 6
3
 2π 2π  so, (1 + iz + z5 + iz 8 )9
 1 + sin + i cos 
 9 9  π 5π 8π 9
2 π 2 π  i i i 
 1 + sin − i cos  = 1 + ie 6 + e 6 + ie 6 
 9 9   
 
3
  2 2π 2 2π   2π 2π   π π 5π π 4π 9 π
 sin 9 − i cos 9  + sin 9 + i cos 9  
2
 i i i i i   i 
=  = 1 + e 2 ⋅ e 6 + e 6 + e 2 ⋅ e 3  Q i = e 2 
2π 2π  
     
1 + sin − i cos
 9 9   i
2π
i
5π
i
11 π  9

= 1 + e 3 + e 6 + e 6 
 2π 2π   2π 2π 
3
 
 
 sin 9 + i cos 9  ⋅ sin 9 − i cos 9 + 1 
=    2π 2π   5π 5π 
2π 2π = 1 +  cos + i sin  +  cos + i sin 
 1 + sin − i cos    3 3  6 6
 9 9 
9
 2 π 2 π 
3
 2 π 2 π 
3
 11π 11π  
= sin + i cos  =  − i 2 sin + i cos  +  cos + i sin 
 9 9  9 9  6 6  
3 9
 2π 2π   1 i 3 3 1 3 i
= i3 cos − i sin = 1 − + − + i+ − 
 9 9  B (z2)
 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 9
  2π   2π   1 3i   π π
9
= − i cos  −  + i sin  −   = +  =  cos + i sin 
  9   9  2 2   3 3
π
 2π 2π  2
= − i cos − i sin O A (z1) = cos 3π + i sin 3π [Q for any natural number ‘n’
 3 3 
(cos θ + i sin θ )n = cos(nθ ) + i sin(nθ )]
[according the De-Movier’s theorem]
= −1
  1 3 
= − i  −  − i
  2 2  4. Given, x2 + x + 1 = 0
− 1 ± 3i
3 i 1 ⇒ x=
=− + = − ( 3 − i) 2
2 2 2
[Q Roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
2. It is given that, there are two complex numbers z and w,
such that| z w| = 1 and arg (z ) − arg (w) = π / 2 −b± b2 − 4ac
are given by x = ]
∴ |z || w| = 1 [Q| z1 z2| = | z1 || z2|] 2a
−1 + 3 i
π ⇒ z0 = ω , ω 2 [where ω = and
and arg (z ) = + arg (w) 2
2
−1 − 3 i
Let| z | = r, then| w| =
1
…(i) ω2 =
r 2
π are the cube roots of unity and ω, ω 2 ≠ 1)
and let arg(w) = θ, then arg(z ) = + θ …(ii)
2 Now consider z = 3 + 6i z081 − 3i z093
So, we can assume = 3 + 6i − 3i (Qω3 n = (ω 2)3 n = 1)
z = rei ( π / 2 + θ ) …(iii) = 3 + 3i = 3(1 + i )
[Q if z = x + iy is a complex number, then it can be If ‘θ’ is the argument of z, then
written as z = reiθ where, r =|z|and θ = arg (z )] Im(z )
1 tan θ = [Qz is in the first quadrant]
and w = ei θ …(iv) Re(z )
r 3 π
1 = =1⇒ θ=
Now, z ⋅ w = re− i( π / 2 + θ ) ⋅ eiθ 3 4
r
5. Given that, z = cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ
= ei( − π / 2 − θ + θ ) = e− i( π / 2) = − i [Qe− i θ = cos θ − i sin θ] 15 15 15

and
1
z w = re i( π / 2 + θ ) ⋅ e− iθ ∴ ∑ Ιµ(ζ 2 µ −1 ) = ∑ Ιµ( ε ιθ )2 µ −1 = ∑ Ιµ ε ι ( 2 µ −1 ) θ
r µ =1 µ =1 µ =1

= ei( π / 2 + θ − θ ) = e i ( π / 2) = i = sin θ + sin 3 θ + sin 5 θ + ... + sin 29 θ

26 Complex Numbers

 θ + 29 θ   15 × 2 θ   z2 
n
sin   sin   ⇒   =i
n
 2   2 
=  z1 
 2 θ
sin   ∴ z1 and z2 are nth roots of unity.
 2 
z1n = z2n = 1
sin (15 θ )sin (15 θ ) 1  z2 
n
= = ⇒
sin θ 4 sin 2°   =1
 z1 
6. Let z = |a + bω + cω 2| ⇒ in = 1
⇒ z 2 = |a + bω + cω 2|2 = (a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca ) ⇒ n = 4k, where k is an integer.
1 10. We know that,
or z 2 = {(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a )2} …(i)
2 1 3
ω=− + i
Since, a , b, c are all integers but not all simultaneously 2 2
equal. 334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
⇒ If a = b then a ≠ c and b ≠ c ∴ 4 + 5 − +  + 3 − + 
 2 2   2 2 
Because difference of integers = integer
⇒ (b − c)2 ≥ 1 {as minimum difference of two consecutive = 4 + 5 ω334 + 3 ω365
integers is (± 1)} also (c − a )2 ≥ 1 = 4 + 5 ⋅ (ω3 )111 ⋅ ω + 3 ⋅ (ω3 )121 ⋅ ω 2
and we have taken a = b ⇒ (a − b)2 = 0 = 4 + 5 ω + 3 ω2 [Q ω3 = 1]
1
From Eq. (i), z 2 ≥ (0 + 1 + 1) ⇒ z 2 ≥ 1 = 1 + 3 + 2 ω + 3 ω + 3 ω2
2 = 1 + 2 ω + 3 (1 + ω + ω 2) = 1 + 2 ω + 3 × 0
Hence, minimum value of|z | is 1 .
[Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0]
7. Given, (1 + ω ) = (1 + ω )
2 n 4 n
= 1 + (−1 + 3i ) = 3i
⇒ (− ω ) = (− ω )
n 2 n
[Qω = 1 and 1 + ω + ω = 0]
3 2 11. (1 + ω − ω 2)7 = (− ω 2 − ω 2)7 [Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0]
⇒ ωn = 1 = (−2ω 2)7 = (−2)7ω14= − 128 ω 2
⇒ n = 3 is the least positive value of n.
12. (1 + ω )7 = (1 + ω ) (1 + ω )6
1 1 1 = (1 + ω ) (−ω 2)6 = 1 + ω
8. Let ∆ = 1 −1 − ω 2
ω 2
⇒ A + Bω = 1 + ω
1 ω2 ω
⇒ A = 1, B = 1
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 ; R3 → R3 − R1 6
 2 kπ 2 kπ 
1 1 1  13. ∑ sin 7
− i cos
7 

k =1
=
 0 − 2 − ω 2
ω 2
−1  6
ω 2
− ω −  2 kπ 2 kπ 
∑ − i  cos
 0 1 1  = + i sin 
k =1
7 7 
= (−2 − ω 2)(ω − 1) − (ω 2 − 1)2
= − 2ω + 2 − ω3 + ω 2 − (ω 4 − 2ω 2 + 1)  6 i2kπ 
= − i  ∑ e 7  = − i { ei2π / 7 + e i4 π / 7 + e i6π /7
= 3 ω 2 − 3 ω = 3ω (ω − 1) [Q ω 4 = ω ] k = 1 
z π + e i8π / 7 + e i10π / 7 + e i12π / 7 }
9. Since, arg 1 =
z2 2  (1− ei12 π / 7 )
z1 π π = − i  ei 2 π / 7 
⇒ = cos + i sin = i  1− ei 2 π / 7 
z2 2 2
 ei2π / 7 − ei14π / 7 
z1n = −i  [Q e i14π /7= 1]
∴ = (i )n ⇒ i n = 1 [Q|z2| = |z1| = 1] i2π / 7
z2n  1−e 
⇒ n = 4k  e i2π / 7 − 1 
= −i  i2π / 7 
=i
Alternate Solution 1 − e 
z π 14. (P) PLAN e iθ⋅ e iα
=e i( θ + α )
Since, arg 2 =
z1 2 2 kπ  2π 
π i i  ( k + j)
 10 
z2 z2 i Given zk = e 10 ⇒ zk ⋅ z j = e
∴ = e 2
z1 z1
zk is 10th root of unity.
z2 ⇒ zk will also be 10th root of unity.
⇒ =i [Q|z1| = |z2| = 1]
z1
Taking, z j as zk, we have zk ⋅ z j = 1 (True)