1.

1: Introduction

• Questions and observations that have led to

knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the

human body.

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 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

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 1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
3
 Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Ato
m

Organ system
Molecule

Macromolecule

Organ

Organelle
Organism

Cell
Tissue
 Organ Systems
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Integumentary Skeletal Muscular 5

system system system
 Organ Systems
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6
Nervous system Endocrine system
 Organ Systems
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7
Cardiovascular Lymphatic system
system
 Organ Systems
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8
Digestive Respiratory Urinary
system system system
 Organ Systems
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Male reproductive Female reproductive
 1.1 Clinical Application

• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into

body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

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 1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature

• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

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 Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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 Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called

the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control
center
(set point)
(Change is
Receptor compared Effectors
s to the set point.) (muscles or
glands)

Stimulus
(Change
occurs
in internal Response 17
environment.) (Change is
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector
organs.

Receptors Effectors
Thermoreceptors Skin blood vessels
send signals to dilate and sweat
the glands
control center. secrete.

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is lost to
rises above normal. surroundings,
temperature
drops toward normal.

too
high

Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)

too
low

Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is conserved,
drops below temperature rises toward normal.
normal.

Receptors Effectors Effectors

Thermoreceptors Skin blood Muscle
send signals to vessels constrict activity
the and sweat generates
control center. glands body
remain inactive. heat.

Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector If body temperature
organs. continues to drop,
control center 18
signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms

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 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• short-lived
• do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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 1.6: Organization
of the Human Body

Cranial
Cranial
cavity
cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
Mediastinum
Thoraci cavity
Thoracic Left pleural
c Pericardia cavity
cavity
cavity l
Diaphragm
cavity Diaphrag
m
Abdominal
Abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Pelvic (b)
cavity
(a
)
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 Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Visceral pleura • Parietal peritoneum
• Parietal pleura • Visceral peritoneum
• Visceral pericardium • Parietal perineum
• Parietal pericardium • Visceral perineum

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Serous Membranes
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 1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out

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Integumentary
system
 Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

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 Body Sections or Planes
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

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 Body Sections

Median Parasagittal
(midsagittal) plane
plane

Transverse
A section along the (horizontal
median plane )
plane

A section along a transverse

plane

Frontal
(coronal)
A section along a frontal
plane
plane

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 Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

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 Other Body Sections
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
tion a
Cross-section sec
que l
Obli

s
e
c
t
i
o
n
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(a) (b) (c)
 Abdominal Subdivisions

Right Left
hypochondria Epigastri hypochondria
c c c
Right upper Left upper
region region region quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Umbilica Left
lumba l lumba
r region r Right lower Left lower
region region quadrant quadrant
Right Hypogastri Left
(RLQ) (LLQ)
iliac c iliac
regio region regio
n n

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 Body Regions
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Cephalic
(head)
Frontal
Otic (ear) (forehead)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose) Occipital
Buccal (cheek)
Oral (back of
(mouth)
Cervical (neck) Mental head)
(chin)
Sternal
Acromial Acromial
(point of Pectoral (point of
shoulder) (chest) shoulder)
Axillary (armpit) Vertebral
Mammary (breast) (spinal
column)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm) Dorsum (back)
Umbilica
Antecubital l Cubital
(front of (navel) (elbow)
elbow) Inguina Lumbar
Abdomina (lower
l l
(groin) back)
(abdomen) Sacral (between
Antebrachial
(forearm) Coxal hips)
Gluteal
(hip) (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm) Perineal

Digital
(finger)

Femoral
Genital (thigh)
(reproductive
organs) Popliteal (back of
Patellar
knee)
(front of
knee) Sural
(calf)

Crural
(leg)

Tarsal (instep)
Pedal

Digital
(foot)
Plantar 33
(a) (toe) (b (sole)
)