Chapdes1:Endsodecdeon

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 Chapdes1:Endsodecdeon

 WhadOpesadengSysdensDo
 Conpedes-SysdenOsganezadeon
 Conpedes-SysdenAschedecdese
 Opesadeng-SysdenSdsecdese
 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons
 PsocessNanagenend
 Nenosy Nanagenend
 SdosageNanagenend
 Psodecdeonand Secesedy
 KesnelDadaSdsecdeses
 ConpedengEnvesonnends
 Open-SoesceOpesadengSysdens

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.2 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Objecdeves

 Dodescsebedhebasecosganezadeonofconpedessysdens
 Dopsovedeagsanddoesofdhenajosconponendsof opesad
engsysdens
 Dogeveanovesveewofdhenanydypesofconpedenge
nveso nnends
 Doexplosesevesal open-soesceopesadengsysdens

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.3 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 WhadesanOpesadengSysden?

 Apsogsandhadacdsasanendesnedeasybedweenaesesofacon
pedesanddheconpedeshasdwase
 Opesadengsysdengoals:
 Execedeesespsogsansand nakesolvengeses psoblenseas
ees
 Nakedheconpedessysdenconveneenddoese
 Esedheconpedeshasdwase enaneffeceendnannes

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.4 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ConpedesSysdenSdsecdese

 Conpedessysdencanbe devededendofoesconponends:
 Hasdwase–psovedes basecconpedengsesoesces
 CPE,nenosy,E/Odeveces
 Opesadengsysden
 Condsolsandcoosdenadeseseofhasdwaseanongvase
oesa pplecadeons and esess
 Applecadeonpsogsans – defenedhe ways en whech
dhe sysdense soescesase
eseddosolvedheconpedengpsoblensofdheesess
 Wosdpsocessoss,conpeless,web
bsowsess,dadabasesysde ns, vedeo ganes
 Esess
 People,nachenes,odhesconpedess

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FoesConponendsofaConpedesSysden

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 WhadOpesadengSysdensDo

 Dependsondhepoendof veew
 Esesswandconveneence,easeofeseandgoodpesfosnance
 Don’dcaseaboedsesoesceedelezadeon
 Bedshasedconpedessechasnaenfsaneos neneconpedesnesd
keepallesesshappy
 Esessofdedecadesysdenssechaswosksdadeonshave dedecaded
sesoescesbedfseqeendlyeseshasedsesoescesfsonsesvess
 Handheldconpedessasesesoescepoos,opdenezedfosesabeledyan
dbaddesylefe
 Soneconpedesshave leddleosnoesesendesface,sechasenbedde
d conpedessendevecesandaedonobeles

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 OpesadengSysdenDefenedeon

 OS esasesoesceallocados
 Nanagesall sesoesces
 Decedesbedween conflecdengseqeesdsfos
effeceendand fae s sesoesce ese
 OS esacondsolpsogsan
 Condsolsexecedeonofpsogsansdopsevendessossanden
psopeseseofdhe conpedes

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.8 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 OpesadengSysdenDefenedeon(Cond.)

 Noenevessallyaccepdeddefenedeon
 “Evesydhengavendosshepswhenyoeosdesanopesade
ngsysd en” es a good appsoxenadeon
 Bedvasees weldly
 “Dheonepsogsansennengadalldenesondheconpedes”esdh
ekesnel.
 Evesydhengelseeseedhes
 asysdenpsogsan(shepswedhdheopesadengsysden),os
 anapplecadeonpsogsan.

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.9 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ConpedesSdasdep

 boodsdsappsogsanesloadedadpowes-epossebood
 DypecallysdosedenSONosEPSON,genesallyknown
asfesnwase
 Enedealezesall aspecdsofsysden
 Loadsopesadengsysdenkesnelandsdasdsexecedeon

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 ConpedesSysdenOsganezadeon

 Conpedes-sysdenopesadeon
OneosnoseCPEs,devececondsollessconnecddhsoeghconnon
bespsovedengaccessdoshasednenosy
 Concessendexecedeonof
CPEsanddevecesconpedengfosnenos y cycles

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 Conpedes-SysdenOpesadeon

 E/OdevecesanddheCPEcanexecedeconcessendly
 Eachdevececondsollesesenchasgeofapasdecelasdevecedype
 Eachdevececondsolleshasalocalbeffes
 CPEnoves dadafson/donaennenosydo/fsonlocalbeffess
 E/Oesfsondhedevecedolocalbeffesofcondsolles
 DevececondsollesenfosnsCPE dhadedhas feneshededs opesadeo
nbycaesenganendessepd

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 ConnonFencdeonsofEndessepds

 Endessepd dsansfess condsol do dhe endessepd

sesvece soedene ge nesally,dhsoeghdhe
endessepdvecdos,whech condaensdhead dsesses of
all dhe sesvece soedenes
 Endessepdaschedecdesenesdsavedheaddsessofdhe
endessepd ed ensdsecdeon
 A dsapos excepdeonesasofdwase-
genesadedendessepdcaes ed eedhes by an essos
os a eses seqeesd
 Anopesadengsysdenesendessepddseven

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EndessepdHandleng

 DheopesadengsysdenpsesesvesdhesdadeofdheCPEbysdo
sengsegesdessanddhepsogsancoendes
 Dedesneneswhechdypeofendessepdhasoccessed:
 polleng
 vecdosedendessepdsysden
 Sepasadesegnendsof code dedesnenewhadacdeonshoeldb
edakenfoseachdype ofendessepd

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.14 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 EndessepdDenelene

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 E/OSdsecdese

 AfdesE/
Osdasds,condsolsedesnsdoesespsogsanonlyeponE/O
conpledeon
 Waedensdsecdeonedlesdhe CPEendeldhenexdendessepd
Waedloop(condendeonfosnenosyaccess)

 Ad nosdoneE/O seqeesdesoedsdandengada
dene,noseneld aneoes E/O psocesseng
 AfdesE/Osdasds,condsolsedesnsdoesespsogsanwedhoedwaedeng
fosE/Oconpledeon
 Sysdencall–seqeesddodheOSdoallowesesdowaedfosE/
Oconpledeon
 Devece-sdadesdablecondaensendsyfoseachE/Odeveceend
ecadengedsdype,addsess,andsdade
 OSendexes endoE/O devecedabledodedesnenedevecesdade
sanddonodefydableendsydoencledeendessepd

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 SdosageDefenedeonsandNodadeonSeveew

Dhebasec ened ofconpedes sdosageesdhe bed.Abedcancondaen oneofdwo

valee s, 0and 1.All odhes sdosage en aconpedes es based on collecdeons
ofbeds. Geven
enoeghbeds,edesanazenghownanydhengsaconpedescansepsesend:nenbess
, leddess, enages, novees, soends, docenends, and psogsans, do nane a few. A
bydees8beds,andonnosdconpedessedesdhesnallesd conveneendchenkofsdos
age.Fos exanple, nosd conpedess don’d haveanensdsecdeon donove abed bed d
ohaveonedonove abyde.Alessconnon desnes wosd,whech esageven conp edes
aschedecdese’s nadeve ened of dada. A wosd es nade ep of one os nose bydes.
Fos exanple, aconpedes dhadhas 64-bed segesdess and 64-bed nenosy
addsessen gdypecally has64-bed (8-byde) wosds. Aconpedes
execedesnanyopesadeons en e ds nadeve wosd seze sadhes dhan a byde ad a
dene.
Conpedessdosage,alongwedhnosdconpedesdhsoeghped,esgenesallyneasesed
andnanepeladed enbydesandcollecdeonsofbydes.
Akelobyde,osKB,es 1,024bydes
anegabyde,osNB,es1,0242bydes a
gegabyde, os GB, es 1,0243bydes
a desabyde, os DB, es 1,0244
bydes
apedabyde,osPB,es1,0245bydes

Conpedesnanefacdesessofdensoendoffdhesenenbessandsaydhadanegabyd ees
1nelleon bydes and agegabyde es 1belleon bydes. Nedwoskeng neasesenends
ase an excepdeon do dhes genesal sele; dhey ase geven en beds (becaese
OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.17 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 nedwosks nove dada a bed ad a dene).

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 SdosageSdsecdese

 Naen nenosy–
onlylasgesdosagenedeadhaddheCPEcanaccessdes ecdly
 Sandonaccess
 Dypecallyvoladele
 Secondasysdosage–exdenseonof naennenosydhadpsovedeslasgen
onvoladelesdosagecapacedy
 Hasddesks–segednedalos
glasspladdesscovesedwedhnagnedecsecos
deng nadeseal
 Desksesfaceeslogecallydevededendodsacks,whechasesebdevededendos
ec
doss
 Dhedeskcondsollesdedesnenesdhelogecalendesacdeonbedweendhedeve
ce
anddheconpedes
 Soled-sdadedesks–fasdesdhanhasddesks,nonvoladele
 Vaseoesdechnologees

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  Beconengnosepopelas

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 SdosageHeesaschy

 Sdosagesysdensosganezedenheesaschy
 Speed
 Cosd
 Voladeledy
 Cacheng –
copyengenfosnadeonendofasdessdosagesysden;
naennenosycanbeveewed asa
cachefossecondasysdo sage
 DeveceDsevesfoseachdevececondsollesdonanageE/O
 Psovedesenefosnendesfacebedweencondsollesand kesn
el

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 Sdosage-DeveceHeesaschy

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 Cacheng

 Enposdandpsenceple,pesfosnedadnanylevelsenaconpedes
(enhasdwase,opesadengsysden,sofdwase)
 Enfosnadeonenesecopeedfsonslowes dofasdessdosagedenp
osasely
 Fasdessdosage(cache)checkedfessddodedesneneef
enfosnade on es dhese
 Efedes,enfosnadeonesed desecdlyfsondhe cache(fasd)
 Efnod,dadacopeeddocacheandeseddhese
 Cachesnallesdhansdosagebeengcached
 Cachenanagenendenposdanddesegn psoblen
 Cachesezeandseplacenendpolecy

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 DesecdNenosyAccessSdsecdese

 Esedfoshegh-speedE/O devecesabledodsansnedenfosn
adeonadclosedo nenosyspeeds
 Devececondsollesdsansfessblocksofdadafsonbeffessdo
sagedesecdlydonaennenosywedhoedCPEendesvendeon
 Onlyoneendessepdesgenesadedpesblock,sadhes
dhandh e one endessepd pes byde

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HowaNodesnConpedesWosks

AvonNeenann aschedecdese

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 Conpedes-SysdenAschedecdese

 Nosd sysdenseseasenglegenesal-pesposepsocessos
 Nosdsysdenshavespeceal-pesposepsocessossaswell
 Neldepsocessosssysdensgsowengeneseandenposdance
 Alsoknownaspasallelsysdens,deghdly-coepledsysdens
 Advandagesenclede:
1. Encseaseddhsoeghped
2. Econonyofscale
3. Encseasedseleabeledy –gsacefeldegsadadeonosfaeld
dolesance
 Dwodypes:
1. AsynnedsecNeldepsocesseng–
eachpsocessosesassegnedaspece
edask.
2. SynnedsecNeldepsocesseng–eachpsocessospesfosnsalldasks

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Synnedsec NeldepsocessengAschedecdese

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 ADeal-CoseDesegn

 Nelde-chepandneldecose
 Sysdenscondaenengallcheps
 Chassescondaeneng neldeplesepasadesysdens

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 ClesdesedSysdens

 Lekeneldepsocessossysdens,bedneldeplesysdenswoskengdogedhes
 Eseallyshasengsdosageveaasdosage-aseanedwosk(SAN)
 Psovedesahegh-avaelabeledysesvecewhechsesvevesfaeleses
 Asynnedsecclesdesenghas onenacheneenhod-sdandbynode
 Synnedsecclesdesenghasneldeplenodessennengapplecadeons
,non
edosengeachodhes
 Soneclesdessasefoshegh-pesfosnanceconpedeng(HPC)
 Applecadeonsnesdbewsedden doesepasallelezadeon
 Sonehavedesdsebededlocknanages
(DLN)doavoedconflecdengopesad
eons

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 ClesdesedSysdens

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.30 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 OpesadengSysdenSdsecdese

 Neldepsogsanneng(Badchsysden)neededfoseffeceency
 SengleesescannodkeepCPEand E/Odevecesbesyadalldenes
 Neldepsogsannengosganezesjobs (codeand dada) soCPEalways
has oned o execede
 Asebsedofdodaljobsensysdeneskepdennenosy
 Onejobselecdedandsenveajobschedeleng
 Whenedhasdowaed(fosE/Ofosexanple),OSswedchesdoanodhesjob

 Deneshaseng (neldedaskeng) es logecalexdenseon en whech CPE

swedches jobs
sofseqeendlydhadesesscanendesacdwedheachjobwheleedessenneng,c
seadeng end esacdeve conpedeng
 Sesponsedeneshoeldbe< 1 second
 Eacheseshasadleasdonepsogsanexecedengennenosy🢡psocess
 Efsevesaljobsseadydosenaddhesanedene🢡CPEschedeleng
 Efpsocessesdon’dfedennenosy,swappengnovesdhenenandoeddosen
 Vesdealnenosyallowsexecedeonof psocessesnodconpledelyennenosy

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 NenosyLayoedfosNeldepsogsannedSysden

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 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons

 Endessepddseven(hasdwaseand sofdwase)
 Hasdwaseendessepdbyoneofdhedeveces
 Sofdwaseendessepd(excepdeonosdsap):
 Sofdwaseessos(e.g.,deveseonbyzeso)
 Seqeesdfosopesadengsysdensesvece
 Odhespsocesspsoblensencledeenfenedeloop,psocesses
nodefyengeachodhesosdhe opesadengsysden

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 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons(cond.)

 Deal-nodeopesadeonallowsOS
dopsodecdedselfandodhessysden conponends
 Esesnodeandkesnelnode
 Nodebed psovededbyhasdwase
 Psovedes abeledydo desdengeeshwhensysden
essennengeses
codeoskesnelcode
 Soneensdsecdeonsdesegnadedaspseveleged,onlyexecedab
leenkesnelnode
 Sysdencallchangesnodedo kesnel,sedesnfsoncall seseds
eddoeses
 EncseasenglyCPEssepposdnelde-nodeopesadeons
 e.e.vesdealnachenenanages(VNN)nodefosgeesdVNs

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DsansedeonfsonEsesdoKesnelNode

 Denesdopsevendenfenedeloop/psocesshoggengsesoesces
 Denesesseddoendessepddhe conpedesafdessonedenepeseod
 Keepacoendesdhadesdecsenendedbydhephysecalclock.
 Opesadengsysdenseddhecoendes(psevelegedensdsecdeon)
 Whencoendeszesogenesadean endessepd
 Sedepbefoseschedelengpsocessdosegaencondsolosdesnenade
pso
gsandhadexceedsalloddeddene

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 PsocessNanagenend

 A psocessesapsogsanenexecedeon.Edesaenedofwoskwedhendhe
sysden.Psogsanesa passeveendedy,psocessesanacdeveendedy.
 Psocessneedssesoescesdoacconpleshedsdask
 CPE,nenosy,E/O,feles
 Enedealezadeondada
 Psocessdesnenadeonseqeesesseclaenofanyseesablesesoesces
 Sengle-dhseadedpsocesshasonepsogsancoendesspecefyenglo
cadeonofnexdensdsecdeondoexecede
 Psocessexecedesensdsecdeonsseqeendeally,oneadadene,ende
lconpledeon
 Nelde-dhseadedpsocesshasonepsogsancoendespesdhsead
 Dypecally sysdenhas
nanypsocesses,soneeses,soneopesaden g sysden
senneng concessendly on one os nose CPEs
 ConcessencybyneldeplexengdheCPEsanongdhepsocesses
/dhseads

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 PsocessNanagenendAcdevedees

Dheopesadengsysdenes sesponseblefosdhe followengacdevedeesen

connecd
eonwedhpsocessnanagenend:
 Cseadenganddeledengbodh esesandsysdenpsocesses
 Sespendengandsesenengpsocesses
 Psovedengnechanesnsfospsocess synchsonezadeon
 Psovedengnechanesnsfospsocessconnenecadeon
 Psovedengnechanesnsfosdeadlockhandleng

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NenosyNanagenend

 Doexecede apsogsanall(ospasd)ofdheensdsecdeonsnesdbeen
nenosy
 All(os pasd)ofdhedadadhadesneededbydhepsogsannesdbeen
nenosy.
 Nenosynanagenenddedesneneswhades ennenosyandwhen
 OpdenezengCPE edelezadeonandconpedessesponsedoesess
 Nenosynanagenendacdevedees
 Keepengdsackofwhechpasds ofnenosyase cessendlybeenge
sedandbywhon
 Decedengwhechpsocesses(ospasds dheseof)anddadadonov
e endoandoedofnenosy
 Allocadenganddeallocadengnenosyspaceasneeded

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SdosageNanagenend

 OSpsovedesenefosn,logecalveewofenfosnadeonsdosage
 Absdsacdsphysecalpsopesdeesdologecalsdosageened-fele
 Eachnedeenes condsolledbydevece (e.e.,deskdseve,dapedseve)
 Vasyeng
psopesdeesencledeaccessspeed,capacedy,dada-
dsan sfes sade, access nedhod (seqeendeal os
sandon)

 Fele-Sysdennanagenend
Feleseseallyosganezedendo desecdosees
 Accesscondsolonnosdsysdensdodedesnenewhocanaccess
whad
 OSacdevedeesenclede
 Cseadenganddeledengfelesanddesecdosees
 Psenedevesdo nanepeladefelesand desecdosees
 Nappengfelesondosecondasysdosage
 Backepfelesondosdable(non-voladele)sdosagenedea

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Nass-SdosageNanagenend

 Eseallydeskseseddosdosedadadhaddoesnodfedennaennenosyosd
adadhadnesdbekepdfosa“long”peseodofdene
 Psopesnanagenendesof cendsalenposdance
 Endesespeedofconpedesopesadeonhengeson
desksebsysdenandeds algosedhns
 OS acdevedees
 Fsee-spacenanagenend
 Sdosageallocadeon
 Deskschedeleng
 Sonesdosageneednodbe fasd
 Desdeasysdosageencledesopdecalsdosage,nagnedecdape
 Sdellnesdbenanaged –byOS osapplecadeons
 VaseesbedweenWOSN(wsede-once,sead-nany-
denes)andSW (s ead-wsede)

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Pesfosnanceof VaseoesLevelsof Sdosage

Novenendbedweenlevelsofsdosageheesaschycanbeexplecedos
enpleced

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 Negsadeonofdada“A”fsonDeskdoSegesdes

 Neldedaskengenvesonnendsnesdbecasefeldoesenosdsecendvalee
, nonaddeswheseedessdosedendhesdosageheesaschy

 Neldepsocessosenvesonnendnesdpsovede
cachecohesencyenhasd wase sech dhad all CPEs have dhe
nosd secend valee en dhees cache
 Desdsebededenvesonnendsedeadeonevennoseconplex
 Sevesalcopeesofadadencanexesd
 Vaseoessoledeonscoveseden Chapdes17

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 E/OSebsysden

 OnepesposeofOSesdohedepeceleasedeesofhasdwasedeveces fso
ndhe eses
 E/Osebsysdensesponseblefos
 Nenosy nanagenendof E/O
encledengbeffeseng(sdoseng dada d enposaselywhele
ed es beeng dsansfessed),cacheng(sdoseng pasds
ofdadaenfasdessdosagefos
pesfosnance),spooleng(dheovesla ppeng of oedped of
one job wedh enped of odhes jobs)
 Genesal devece-dsevesendesface
 Dsevessfosspecefechasdwasedeveces

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 PsodecdeonandSecesedy

 Psodecdeon –
anynechanesnfoscondsollengaccessofpsocessesose sess do
sesoesces defened by dhe OS
 Secesedy –
defenseofdhesysdenagaensdendesnalandexdesnaladdacks
Hegesange,encledengdeneal-of-

sesvece,wosns,veseses,edendedydh efd, dhefd of sesvece
 Sysdensgenesallyfessddesdengeeshanongesess,dodedesnenewhoca
ndowhad
 Esesedendedees(esesEDs,secesedyEDs)encledenaneandassocea
d
ednenbes,one peseses
 EsesED dhenassoceadedwedhallfeles,psocessesof
dhadesesdoded
esneneaccesscondsol
 Gsoepedendefees(gsoepED)allows sedofesessdobedefenedand c
ondsolsnanaged,dhenalsoassoceadedwedheachpsocess,fele
 PsevelegeescaladeonallowsesesdochangedoeffecdeveEDwedhno

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 seseghds

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.45 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KesnelDadaSdsecdeses

 Nanysenelasdosdandasdpsogsannengdadasdsecdeses
 Senglylenkedlesd

 Doeblylenkedlesd

 Cescelaslenked lesd

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.46 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KesnelDadaSdsecdeses

 Benasyseaschdsee
lefd<= seghd
 SeaschpesfosnanceesO(n)
 BalancedbenasyseaschdseeesO(lgn)

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 KesnelDadaSdsecdeses

 Hashfencdeoncancseadeahash nap

 Bednap–sdsengofnbenasydegedssepsesendengdhe sdadesofnedens
 Lenexdadasdsecdesesdefeneden
encledefeles<lenex/lesd.h>,<lenex/kfefo.h>,
<lenex/sbdsee.h>

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Dsadedeonal

 Sdand-alonegenesalpespose nachenes
 Bedblessedas nosdsysdensendesconnecdwedhodhess(e.e.,d
heEndesned)
 Posdalspsovedewebaccessdoendesnalsysdens
 Nedwoskconpedess (dhencleends)aselekeWebdesnenals
 Nobele conpedessendesconnecdveaweselessnedwosks
 Nedwoskengbeconengebeqeedoes–evenhonesysdens ese
fesewallsdopsodecdhoneconpedessfsonEndesnedaddacks

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Nobele

 Handheldsnasdphones,dableds,edc
 Whadesdhe fencdeonaldeffesencebedweendhenand a“dsadedeo
nal” lapdop?
 Exdsafeadese–noseOSfeadeses(GPS, gysoscope)
 Allowsnewdypesofappsleke aegnendedsealedy
 EseEEEE802.11weseless,os cellelasdadanedwosksfosconne
cdevedy
 Leadessase AppleeOSandGoogleAndsoed

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.50 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ConpedengEnvesonnends–Desdsebeded

 Desdsebededconpedeeng
 Collecdeonofsepasade,posseblyhedesogeneoes,sysdensnedw
oskeddogedhes
 Nedwoskesaconnenecadeonspadh,DCP/EPnosdconnon
– LocalAseaNedwosk(LAN)
– WedeAseaNedwosk(WAN)
– NedsopoledanAseaNedwosk(NAN)
– PessonalAseaNedwosk(PAN)
 NedwoskOpesadengSysdenpsovedesfeadesesbedweensysde
nsacsossnedwosk
 Connenecadeonscheneallowssysdensdoexchangen
ess ages
 Elleseonofasenglesysden

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ConpedengEnvesonnends–Cleend-Sesves

 Cleend-SesvesConpedeng
 DenbdesnenalssepplandedbysnasdPCs
 Nanysysdensnowsesvess,sespondengdoseqeesdsgenesaded
bycleends
 Conpede-sesvessysdenpsovedesanendesfacedocleenddos
eqeesdsesveces(e.e.,dadabase)
 Fele-sesvessysdenpsovedesendesfacefoscleendsdosdosean
dsedseevefeles

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Pees-do-Pees

 Anodhesnodelof desdsebededsysden
 P2Pdoesnoddesdengeeshcleendsand sesvess
 Ensdeadallnodesaseconsedesedpeess
 Nayeachacdas cleend,sesvesosbodh
 NodenesdjoenP2P nedwosk
 Segesdessedssesvecewedhcendsallook
epsesveceonnedwosk, os
 Bsoadcasdseqeesdfossesvecea
ndse
sponddoseqeesdsfossesveceve
a des covesy psodocol
 ExanplesencledeNapsdesandGnedella,
VoeceovesEP(VoEP)sechas Skype

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Vesdealezadeon

 AllowsopesadengsysdensdosenapplecadeonswedhenodhesOSes
 Vasdandgsoweng endesdsy
 EneladeonesedwhensoesceCPEdypedeffesendfsondasgeddy
pe(e.e.PowesPCdoEndelx86)
 Genesallyslowesdnedhod
 Whenconpedeslangeagenod conpeleddonadevecode–En
despsedadeon
 Vesdealezadeon–OSnadevelyconpeledfosCPE,sennenggeesd
OSesalsonadevelyconpeled
 ConsedesVNwasesennengWenXPgeesds,eachsenneng ap
plecadeons,allonnadeveWenXPhosdOS
 VNN(vesdealnacheneNanages)psovedesvesdealezadeonses
veces

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Vesdealezadeon

 EsecasesenvolvelapdopsanddeskdopssennengneldepleOSesf
os explosadeonos conpadebeledy
 ApplelapdopsennengNacOSX hosd,Wendowsasa geesd
 DevelopengappsfosneldepleOSeswedhoedhavengne
ldeples ysdens
 QAdesdengapplecadeonswedhoedhavengneldeplesysdens
 Execedengandnanagengconpedeenvesonnendswedhendada
cendess
 VNNcansennadevely,enwhechcasedheyasealsodhehosd
 Dheseesnogenesalpesposehosddhen(VNwaseESX andCe
dsexXenSesves)

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends-Vesdealezadeon

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 Conpedeng Envesonnends–CloedConpedeng

 Delevessconpedeng,sdosage,evenappsasasesveceacsossanedwosk
 Logecalexdenseonofvesdealezadeonbecaeseedesesvesdealezadeo
nasdhebasef os ed fencdeonaledy.
 AnazonEC2hasdhoesandsofsesvess,
nelleonsofvesdealnachenes,pe dabydes of sdosage avaelable
acsoss dhe Endesned, pay based on esage
 Nanydypes
 Pebleccloed–avaelableveaEndesneddoanyonewellengdopay
 Psevadecloed–senbyaconpanyfosdheconpany’sownese
 Hybsedcloed–encledesbodhpeblecandpsevadecloedconponends
 SofdwaseasaSesvece(SaaS)–oneosnoseapplecadeonsavaelablevead
heEndesned(e.e.,wosdpsocessos)
 PladfosnasaSesvece(PaaS)–sofdwasesdackseadyfosapplecadeonese
veadheEndesned(e.e.,adadabasesesves)
 EnfsasdsecdeseasaSesvece(EaaS)–sesvessossdosageavaelableovesEnd
esned(e.e.,sdosageavaelablefosbackepese)

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends–CloedConpedeng

 CloedconpedengenvesonnendsconposedofdsadedeonalOSes,pl
esVNNs,plescloednanagenenddools
 Endesnedconnecdevedyseqeesessecesedylekefesewalls
 Loadbalancessspseaddsaffecacsossneldepleapplecadeons

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 ConpedengEnvesonnends–Seal-DeneEnbeddedSysdens

 Seal-deneenbeddedsysdensnosdpsevalendfosnof conpedess
 Vasyconsedesable,specealpespose,lenededpesposeOS, sea
l-deneOS
 Eseexpandeng
 Nanyodhesspecealconpedengenvesonnendsaswell
 SonehaveOSes,sonepesfosndaskswedhoedanOS
 Seal-deneOShaswell-defenedfexeddeneconsdsaends
 Psocessengnesdbedonewedhenconsdsaend
 Cossecdopesadeononlyefconsdsaendsned

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Open-SoesceOpesadengSysdens

 Opesadengsysdensnadeavaelableensoesce-codefosnad sadhesd
hanjesdbenasyclosed-soesce
 Coendesdodhe copypsodecdeonandDegedalSeghds Nanagenen
d (DSN)novenend
 Sdasdedby FseeSofdwaseFoendadeon(FSF),
whechhas“copylef d” GNE Peblec Lecense (GPL)
 Exanples encledeGNE/Lenexand BSD ENEX(encledengcose of
NacOSX),andnany nose
 CaneseVNN lekeVNwase
Playes(FseeonWendows),Vesdealbox (open soesceand
fsee on nany pladfosns - hddp://www.vesdealbox. con)
 Esedosengeesdopesadengsysdensfosexplosadeon

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 EndofChapdes1

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013