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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to
Emerging Technology
Mulugeta G..
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Contents
Evolution of Technology
Role of Data for Emerging Technology
Programmable Devices
Human to Machine Interaction
Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
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Emerging Technology
• Is a term generally used to describe a new technology
• It may also refer to the continuing development of existing
technology
• The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently
developing, or that are expected to be available within the next
five to ten years
• The term is usually reserved for technologies that are creating
or are expected to create significant social or economic effects.
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What is the root word of Technology and Evolution?
Technology
• 1610s, "discourse or treatise on an art or the arts," from Greek tekhnologia
"systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique,"
• Originally referring to grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy.
• The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial arts" is first recorded
in 1859.
Evolution
• Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes.
• This noun is from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or opening," combined from
the prefix e-, "out," plus volvere, "to roll."
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List of some currently available Emerged
Technologies
• Artificial Intelligence
• Blockchain
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• Cloud Computing
• Angular and React
• DevOps
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
• Big Data
• Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• A period of major industrialization and innovation that took place
during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
• IR occurs when a society shifts from using tools to make products to
use new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories.
• The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to make
labor more efficient and productive.
• IR was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small
shops and homes to large factories.
• This shift brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural
areas to big cities in order to work.
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as
the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between
1820 and 1870.
• Industries such as textile manufacturing, mining, glass making,
and agriculture all had undergone changes.
• For example, prior to the Industrial Revolution, textiles were
primarily made of wool and were handspun.
• From the first industrial revolution (mechanization through
water and steam power) to the mass production and assembly
lines using electricity in the second, the fourth industrial
revolution will take what was started in the third with the
adoption of computers and automation and enhance it with smart
and autonomous systems fueled by data and machine learning.
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• Generally, the following industrial revolutions
fundamentally changed and transfer the world around us
into modern society.
• The steam engine,
• The age of science and mass production, and
• The rise of digital technology
• Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and
machine learning.
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Introduction to the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution
• Transportation: The Steam Engine, The Railroad, The Diesel
Engine, The Airplane.
• Communication.: The Telegraph, Transatlantic Cable,
Phonograph, the Telephone.
• Industry: The Cotton Gin. The Sewing Machine. Electric
Lights.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
• The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1770s
before spreading to the rest of Europe.
• The first European countries to be industrialized after England
were Belgium, France, and the German states.
• The final cause of the Industrial Revolution was the effects
created by the Agricultural Revolution.
• As previously stated, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain
in the 18th century due in part to an increase in food production,
which was the key outcome of the Agricultural Revolution.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
• The four types of industries are:
• Primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining,
farming, and fishing.
• Secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars
and steel.
• Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
• Quaternary industry involves research and development
industries e.g. IT.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
• Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)
• The Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition to new
manufacturing processes.
• IR was first coined in the 1760s, during the time where this revolution
began.
• The transitions in the first IR included going from hand production
methods to machines, the increasing use of steam power, the development
of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
• Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)
• Also known as the Technological Revolution, began somewhere in the
1870s.
• The advancements in IR 2.0 included the development of methods for
manufacturing interchangeable parts and widespread adoption of pre-
existing technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks.
• This adoption allowed the vast movement of people and ideas, enhancing
communication.
• Moreover, new technological systems were introduced, such as electrical
power and telephones.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0)
• Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)
• Introduced the transition from mechanical and analog electronic
technology to digital electronics which began from the late 1950s.
• Due to the shift towards digitalization, IR 3.0 was given the nickname,
“Digital Revolution”.
• The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and widespread
use of digital logic circuits and its derived technologies such as the
computer, handphones and the Internet.
• These technological innovations have arguably transformed traditional
production and business techniques enabling people to communicate with
another without the need of being physically present.
• Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0 is still being practiced
until this current day, for example – the proliferation of digital computers
and digital record.
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Historical Background (IR 1.0, IR 2.0, IR 3.0, IR 4.0)
• Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
• Now, with advancements in various technologies such as robotics, Internet of
Things (IoT), additive manufacturing and autonomous vehicles, the term
“Fourth Industrial
• Revolution” or IR 4.0 was coined by Klaus Schwab, the founder and
executive chairman of World Economic Forum, in the year 2016.
• The technologies mentioned above are what you call – cyber physical systems.
• A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or monitored by
computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet and its users.
• Examples: Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines and Artificial
Intelligence (AI).
• CNC Machines: operated by giving it instructions using a computer
• AI: one of the main elements that give life to Autonomous Vehicles and
Automated Robots.
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Role of Data for Emerging Technology
• Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset since we are living in the
age of big data, and drives or even determines the future of science,
technology, the economy, and possibly everything in our world today and
tomorrow.
• Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more
importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring incredible
innovation and economic opportunities.
• This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just by data itself but all
other aspects that could be created, transformed, and/or adjusted by
understanding, exploring, and utilizing data.
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Role of Data for Emerging Technology
• The preceding trend and its potential have triggered new debate about data-
intensive scientific discovery as an emerging technology, the so-called
“fourth industrial revolution,” There is no doubt, nevertheless, that the
potential of data science and analytics to enable data-driven theory, economy,
and professional development is increasingly being recognized.
• This involves not only core disciplines such as computing, informatics, and
statistics, but also the broad-based fields of business, social science, and
health/medical science.
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Enabling Devices & Network (Programmable
Devices)
• In the world of digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of devices:
memory, microprocessors, logic, and networks.
• Memory devices store random information such as the contents of a spreadsheet or
database.
• Microprocessors execute software instructions to perform a wide variety of tasks
such as running a word processing program or video game.
• Logic devices provide specific functions, including device-to-device interfacing,
data communication, signal processing, data display, timing and control operations,
and almost every other function a system must perform.
• Network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices,
peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data.
• Example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people all over the
world Programmable devices usually refer to chips that incorporate field
programmable logic devices (FPLDs), complex programmable logic devices
(CPLD) and programmable logic devices (PLD).
• There are also devices that are the analog equivalent of these called field
programmable analog arrays.
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Enabling Devices & Network (Programmable
Devices)
• Why is a computer referred to as a programmable device?
• Because a computer follows a set of instructions.
• Many electronic devices are computers that perform only one operation, but they are
still following instructions that reside permanently in the unit.
• List of some Programmable devices
• Achronix Speedster SPD60
• Actel’s
• Altera Stratix IV GT and Arria II GX
• Atmel’s AT91CAP7L
• Cypress Semiconductor’s programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) family
• Lattice Semiconductor’s ECP3
• Lime Microsystems’ LMS6002
• Silicon Blue Technologies
• Xilinx Virtex 6 and Spartan 6
• Xmos Semiconductor L series
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Enabling Devices & Network (Programmable
Devices)
• Service Enabling Devices (Network Related Equipment)
• Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit (DSU)
• Modems
• Routers
• Switches
• Conferencing equipment
• Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)
• Hosting equipment and servers
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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)
• HMI refers to the communication and interaction between a human and a machine via
a user interface.
• Nowadays, natural user interfaces such as gestures have gained increasing attention as
they allow humans to control machines through natural and intuitive behaviors.
1. What is interaction in human-computer interaction?
• HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with
computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for
successful interaction with human beings.
• As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts: the User, the Computer
itself, and the ways they work together.
2. How do users interact with computers?
• The user interacts directly with hardware for the human input and output
such as displays, e.g. through a graphical user interface.
• The user interacts with the computer over this software interface using the
given input and output (I/O) hardware.
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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)
3. How important is human-computer interaction?
• The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users and
computers by making computers more user-friendly and receptive to the
user's needs.
• The main advantages of HCI are
• Simplicity
• Ease of deployment & operations
• Cost savings for smaller set-ups
• Reduce solution design time and integration complexity.
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Human to Machine Interaction(HMI)
• Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
• Cognitive psychology: Limitations, information processing, performance
prediction, cooperative working, and capabilities.
• Computer science: Including graphics, technology, prototyping tools, user
interface management systems.
• Linguistics
• Engineering and design
• Artificial intelligence
• Human factors
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Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
• Emerging Technology trends in 2019
• 5G Networks
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Autonomous Devices
• Blockchain
• Augmented Analytics
• Digital Twins
• Enhanced Edge Computing and
• Immersive Experiences in Smart Spaces
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Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
• Some emerging technologies that will shape the future of you and
your business
• The future is now or emerging technologies are taking over our minds
more and more each day.
• These are very high-level emerging technologies though.
• Chatbots
• Virtual/augmented reality
• Blockchain
• Ephemeral Apps and
• Artificial Intelligence are already shaping your life whether you like it or
not.
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END OF CHAPTER ONE
Next: Chapter Two: Data Science
